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Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons™
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- Alcohol (3)
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Articles 31 - 60 of 67
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Moral Perceptions In The Workplace, Leonid V. Beletski
Moral Perceptions In The Workplace, Leonid V. Beletski
Undergraduate Honours Theses
Substantial prior research has investigated various aspects of interpersonal perceptions, such as the dimensions of warmth and competence. Researchers have suggested that morality as a human trait is a salient basis for forming perceptions of people, including how warm and competent they are perceived. The present study was designed to examine how people’s moral decisions affect warmth, competence, and morality perceptions in the workplace, how attractive these decisions make an individual for prospective project cooperation, as well as the perceived tendencies of individuals’ workplace decisions. The present study confirmed previous findings in the moral psychology literature, and also begins to …
The Role Of Extraversion, Sensitivity To Music Reward, And Music Tempo On Word Recall, Mingyang Xu
The Role Of Extraversion, Sensitivity To Music Reward, And Music Tempo On Word Recall, Mingyang Xu
Undergraduate Honours Theses
The Mozart Effect refers to the theory that exposure to classical music will make people more intelligent. The study explored whether the benefits of classic music extended to memory processes such as immediate word recall, while considering individual differences in extroversion and sensitivity to music reward. To test this, 56 first-year psychology students completed Eysenck’s Personality Inventory, the Barcelona Music Reward Questionnaire and a music experience questionnaire. Participants then were exposed to a three-minute Mozart excerpt that was either slow, regular or fast tempo, then completed an immediate recall task. A 2X2X3 ANOVA was conducted, a significant interaction effect was …
The Effects Of Aromatherapy On Stress In A University Population, Theresa L. Flagler
The Effects Of Aromatherapy On Stress In A University Population, Theresa L. Flagler
Undergraduate Honours Theses
The purpose of the present study was to determine whether aromatherapy has an effect on stress responses in a population of undergraduate university students at a liberal arts college. To do this, participants were brought to a laboratory room and asked to complete a task designed to increase feelings of stress and anxiety by having participants perform a song in front of the researcher. During this, either water vapor infused with a small quantity of lavender oil or unadulterated water vapour was diffusing into the room. To measure stress, participants wore a heart rate monitor throughout the duration of the …
The Impact Of Age And Social Media Preference On Facebook And Instagram Users Reactions To Social Media, L. E. Taylor Trelford
The Impact Of Age And Social Media Preference On Facebook And Instagram Users Reactions To Social Media, L. E. Taylor Trelford
Undergraduate Honours Theses
Due to the paucity of research concerning age effects and social media preference, 164 individuals completed a survey pertaining to their age, preference for Facebook versus Instagram, and responded to 20 hypothetical questions concerning their emotional reactance to different types of events that occur on Facebook and Instagram (i.e., positive social events, positive romantic events, negative social events, and negative romantic events). It was revealed that the majority of participants prefer Facebook to Instagram, although this finding was weaker in younger adults. Further, it was found that individuals who rated Facebook or Instagram as more important tended to react more …
Me Or We? The Effect Of Team And Individual Sports Activity On Executive Functioning, Alexander I. Mckenzie
Me Or We? The Effect Of Team And Individual Sports Activity On Executive Functioning, Alexander I. Mckenzie
Undergraduate Honours Theses
There is limited research examining the processes by which open and closed motor skill sports optimize Executive Functions (EFs). The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of motor sequencing and repetitive movement in individual and team sports and their influence on EFs. The study also investigated gender differences in EF abilities within a sporting context. We tested 40 University students (17 = Male, 23 = Female) aged 17-29 (M = 20.47, SD = 2.75) who were randomly assigned to a team and individual sports-oriented intervention focused on either repetitive or variable motor sequential movement. We predicted …
The Effects Of Fantasy Role-Play On Bravery, Motivation, And Physiological Fear Responses While Playing Horror Video Games, Paul A. Giulietti
The Effects Of Fantasy Role-Play On Bravery, Motivation, And Physiological Fear Responses While Playing Horror Video Games, Paul A. Giulietti
Undergraduate Honours Theses
A prior study found that role-playing exercises might have the capacity to reduce people’s fear (Giulietti, 2017). The present experiment was designed to replicate, improve upon, and extend the results of the prior study. Participants were randomly assigned to role-play either as a brave and powerful wizard or an ordinary accountant before playing the computer horror game, Slender: The Eight Pages. While participants played, they imagined themselves as their respective role-play character, were observed for their bravery and motivation to complete the game’s objective, and had their skin conductance measured. No significant differences were found between conditions and the prior …
Examining The Effects Of Framing On Probability Discounting, Owen M. Chevalier
Examining The Effects Of Framing On Probability Discounting, Owen M. Chevalier
Undergraduate Honours Theses
Probability discounting is the process by which people choose a smaller, more-likely reward instead of a larger, less-likely reward (McKerchar & Renda, 2012). While this phenomenon has been well documented, very few studies have tested discounting experimentally using real money. The present experiment was designed to remedy this by replicating a study by Weatherly and Derenne (2013) which showed that undergraduate students discounted money they believed they had won more than money they believed they were owed. 27 undergraduate students were asked to either complete a simple cognitive task or roll a die. The participants in the owed condition were …
Every Other, Every Time - Rat Imitative Pattern Learning, Peter A. Khouri
Every Other, Every Time - Rat Imitative Pattern Learning, Peter A. Khouri
Undergraduate Honours Theses
Keshen (2011) showed that rats better learned to find visually-distinctive food locations arranged in a circle after watching an expert demonstrator rat forage in the setting. Phillips (2013) failed to find a similar imitative effect when 6 of 12 visually-identical food towers, also arranged in a circle, were consistently baited, but in a random pattern. The present experiment was designed to determine whether rats could display imitative learning using a more-regular pattern. Eight rats were assigned to be either demonstrators or observers. The experimental arena contained 12 identical food towers in a circular formation with every other tower baited. In …
Snapchat And Its Relationship To Alcohol Consumption And Associated Behaviours, Kellie S. Thomas
Snapchat And Its Relationship To Alcohol Consumption And Associated Behaviours, Kellie S. Thomas
Undergraduate Honours Theses
The current study examined the relationship between Snapchat use, alcohol consumption and associated behaviours and motivations. The participants in the study were 200 undergraduate students enrolled at Western University. Participants in the control condition watched a video made up of 11 Snapchats where subjects were consuming water, the experimental condition was identical except subjects were consuming alcoholic beverages. Regression analyses indicated that relationship management motivation (RMM) and self-enhancement motivation (SEM) were the most significant predictors across condition and gender. Implications are discussed.
The Effects Of Interpersonal Relations In The Workplace On Cognitive Performance: Does Working With Irritating People Decrease Your Performance?, Kristin Skritek
The Effects Of Interpersonal Relations In The Workplace On Cognitive Performance: Does Working With Irritating People Decrease Your Performance?, Kristin Skritek
Undergraduate Honours Theses
The present study examined how individuals’ emotions from interpersonal interactions in the workplace influenced their cognitive performance. Fifty-two participants were randomly assigned to either think about a coworker who has made them feel content or a coworker that has made them feel irritated. The findings showed that participants who thought about an irritating coworker not only felt more irritated and less content than their counterparts, but they also ruminated more about the coworker, felt that it would more difficult to work with the coworker, and experienced more negative affect. However, the results showed that there were no differences on cognitive …
The Effects Of Conformity On Eyewitness Testimony And Confidence, Kaitlyn B. Sluys
The Effects Of Conformity On Eyewitness Testimony And Confidence, Kaitlyn B. Sluys
Undergraduate Honours Theses
The purpose of this study was to determine if eyewitness testimony and confidence are affected by conformity. Participants watched a crime video and then watched three videos of three confederates who were believed to be participants. For the three videos, each confederate looked at pictures of suspects and identified which one committed the crime. Participants in the ‘unbelievable suspect choice’ condition watched videos of confederates purposely choosing the wrong suspect. Participants in the ‘believable suspect choice’ condition watched the confederates choosing the correct suspect. After the participant chose a suspect, a confidence scale was filled out. The participant then assessed …
Attention To Melodic Versus Phonetic Cues In 8-Month-Old Infants, Alexandra M. Ryken
Attention To Melodic Versus Phonetic Cues In 8-Month-Old Infants, Alexandra M. Ryken
Undergraduate Honours Theses
Infant listeners have very sophisticated auditory processing skills. In the music domain, infants as young as 6-months of age can recognize familiar and novel melodies (e.g., Trainor, Wu, & Tsang, 2004), and in the speech domain 8-month-old infants can use the statistical frequency of syllables to recognize familiar and novel nonsense words (e.g., Saffran, Aslin, & Newport, 1996). Though infants can process music and speech information when presented separately, there has been little research to date on whether infants can process information from both streams simultaneously. Auditory streams such as lullabies often contain both a melody and lyrics, but can …
Cognition And Commerce: The Impact Of Intuitive Judgment And Rational Analysis On Business Decisions, Bridget A. Bicknell
Cognition And Commerce: The Impact Of Intuitive Judgment And Rational Analysis On Business Decisions, Bridget A. Bicknell
Undergraduate Honours Theses
Decision makers who evaluate complex alternatives in real-world decision-making contexts are susceptible to cognitive biases, which can influence judgments, and may result in irrational decisions. Engaging in deliberate, systematic evaluation may reduce the extent to which biases pervade rational judgments (Kahneman, 2011). Previous studies have demonstrated that the deliberate consideration of multiple alternatives is an effective strategy to reduce biases (Lord, Lepper, & Preston, 1984). However, there is limited research on the effects of deliberate analysis on judgments in business decision-making. The present study examines whether the extent of deliberate analysis would elicit differences in the degree to which judgments …
Improving Workplace Commitment To Change: A Test Of Impact Reflection And Motivation On Perceived Commitment Constructs, Trenton J. Macduff
Improving Workplace Commitment To Change: A Test Of Impact Reflection And Motivation On Perceived Commitment Constructs, Trenton J. Macduff
Undergraduate Honours Theses
Commitment to change in the constantly evolving world of work presents compelling obstacles for both employers and employees (Meyer, Allen, & Topolnytsky, 1998). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of impact reflection (i.e., focus on employer vs. employee) and extrinsic motivation (i.e., approach vs. avoidance motivation) on employed and working participants’ commitment to change scores and other commitment constructs, such as work-life balance and job satisfaction. In an online survey, participants were asked to consider a potential policy change that their employer might adopt (i.e., formalizing the use of social networking sites to recruit and screen …
The Relationship Between Self Perceived Versus Peer Perceived Popularity And Alcohol Consumption In University Students, Dayna A. Blustein
The Relationship Between Self Perceived Versus Peer Perceived Popularity And Alcohol Consumption In University Students, Dayna A. Blustein
Undergraduate Honours Theses
Previous research suggests that alcohol use and abuse is a growing problem for emerging adults (Lyons & Willott, 2008). Emerging adults typically attend social events with their natural drinking groups (Lange et al., 2006). Examining popularity level within the natural drinking group is critical for predicting heavy episodic drinking patterns. The objective of this study is to examine the association between group members’ peer-nominated popularity and heavy alcohol consumption and whether this association is heightened among individuals aware of their popular position. The present study provided 81 university students (Mage = 19.40 years; 69% female) recruited within their natural drinking …
Speech To The Beat: Infants' Processing, Alix Altow
Speech To The Beat: Infants' Processing, Alix Altow
Undergraduate Honours Theses
Previous research suggests that infants have high sensitivity to prosodic cues when listening to continuous speech. Specifically, rhythmic patterns play a significant role for infants’ language development. Kuiack (2015) conducted a head-turn preference study where infants were shown to rely on the fine durational cues to recognize novel words from familiarized words. However, Kuiack failed to control for beat regularity between words. The present study seeks to explore whether the success in detection of the contrasting vowel durations within the words in the Kuiack (2015) study was due to the regularity in timing. The current study inserted irregular pauses between …
Peer Group Belonging, Group Norms And Alcohol Consumption In Emerging Adulthood, Angelica Bell
Peer Group Belonging, Group Norms And Alcohol Consumption In Emerging Adulthood, Angelica Bell
Undergraduate Honours Theses
Emerging adults’ alcohol consumption is strongly influenced by the behaviour and beliefs of their peer group (Arnett, 2005), with individuals tending to behave in ways that are consistent with their peer group’s norms for drinking (Dumas, Wells, Flynn, Lange, & Graham, 2014). Little research, however, has been conducted on moderators of this relationship. Such research is important in order to determine which group members are most at risk of adopting group drinking behaviour. Two studies were conducted to examine emerging adults’ sense of peer group belonging as a moderator of the relationship between peer group and individual drinking behaviour. Study …
Effects Of Visual And Geometric Cues In Rat Foraging, Kyle Rubini
Effects Of Visual And Geometric Cues In Rat Foraging, Kyle Rubini
Undergraduate Honours Theses
The purpose of the current study was to investigate cue competition in rat foraging. Rats were placed in a food tower maze comprised of 25 towers arranged in a 5 x 5 matrix. Four towers within the maze were baited and arranged in a diamond spatial pattern. The rat’s objective during each trial was to find each baited tower. The rats in the Visual + Pattern (V+P) condition had an additional, visual cue in the form of striped sleeves placed on all four baited towers. There were 80 trials in total, split into two phases of 40 trials. Rats in …
The Effect Of Past Experiences On Forgiveness Intentions In Romantic Relationships, Morgane E. Lashkari-Moghaddam
The Effect Of Past Experiences On Forgiveness Intentions In Romantic Relationships, Morgane E. Lashkari-Moghaddam
Undergraduate Honours Theses
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of incident recall (hurtful, kind) on forgiveness decisions in romantic relationships. Participants (N=73) were undergraduate students in a current relationship of at least one month in length, recruited through a mass email. In an online survey, participants were asked to think of a time within the past month that their partner was either kind or hurtful towards them. Next, they imagined twelve hypothetical transgressions committed by their partner.. For each transgression, participants indicated the extent to which they would engage in exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect responses. Results showed that …
The Effects Of Self-Care Meditation Behaviour On Undergraduate Students’ Reported Stress, Anna Smallwood
The Effects Of Self-Care Meditation Behaviour On Undergraduate Students’ Reported Stress, Anna Smallwood
Undergraduate Honours Theses
The goal of this research study was to provide undergraduate post-secondary students with a self-care behaviour that: a) was self-help based; b) could become a routine part of their schedules; and c) was effective in lowering their stress responses. One group of participants was asked to rate their stress on a 7-point scale, twice a day, for 10 business days. A second group of participants was also asked to rate their stress following the same instructions however they were also asked to perform a 5-minute mindfulness-based meditation twice a day, immediately following the stress ratings. A 2 (Week 1 vs. …
Resting State Fcmri In The Social Cognition Network As A Predictive Measure For Scores Of Socialization Of Preterm Neonates, Angela Westgate
Resting State Fcmri In The Social Cognition Network As A Predictive Measure For Scores Of Socialization Of Preterm Neonates, Angela Westgate
Undergraduate Honours Theses
Many resting state networks have been detected in newborn infants using functional connectivity Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fcMRI). Few studies have looked at a social cognition network in adults and none have looked at this network in infants. Social cognition plays an important role in social competence at school age and beyond, and infants born prematurely tend to have difficulties with peer relationships and lower academic performance by school-age. This study had two purposes: to find a social cognition network in our preterm and neurologically diagnosed sample, and to find a relationship to social interaction scores from the Vineland Adaptive Behavior …
The Effects Of Video Feedback On Public Speaking Anxiety, Nicole M. Donovan
The Effects Of Video Feedback On Public Speaking Anxiety, Nicole M. Donovan
Undergraduate Honours Theses
Previous research has demonstrated that video feedback through video self-modelling effectively improves public speaking performance; however, results have been inconclusive with respect to its effectiveness in decreasing public speaking anxiety. The present study investigated the effects of video feedback on public speaking anxiety by implementing a video self-modelling technique in a sample of university students with public speaking anxiety. Students with upcoming presentations in their university-level courses were recruited to participate. They completed an online questionnaire measuring state and trait public speaking anxiety and were filmed performing a practice version of their upcoming presentation. Participants were randomly assigned to an …
Guilt As A Mediator In The Relationship Between Transgression Severity And Transgressors’ Feelings Of Forgiveness In Romantic Relationships, Laura Matias
Undergraduate Honours Theses
The present study examined guilt as a possible mediator between transgression severity and feelings of forgiveness in transgressors. First-year university students who were currently in a relationship were randomly assigned to describe a minor or a major transgression that they had committed against their romantic partner. They then filled out a questionnaire that assessed their feelings and expressions of guilt following the transgression, their perceptions of how their partner responded to the transgression, and finally how forgiven they felt by their partner. The results did not support the hypothesis of guilt as a mediator between transgression severity and feelings of …
Do Our Perceptions Affect Our Decision Making In Legal Contexts?, Scott Benedict
Do Our Perceptions Affect Our Decision Making In Legal Contexts?, Scott Benedict
Undergraduate Honours Theses
Previous research has established that community interaction with the mentally ill, public education on the subject, and social integration all lead to a significantly more positive prognosis for sufferers of mental illness (Trute & Loewen, 1978), especially in ensuring less-frequent interaction with the legal system. Research has also shown however, that the misinformed and uneducated are more punitive and less empathetic (Shaw & Woodworth, 2013). The large representation of the mentally ill in the prison system necessitates revisions of policies regarding the handling of mental illness in social and community immersion, public education and legal contexts. The present study was …
Infants' Sensitivity To Fine Durational Cues In Speech Perception, Alyssa K. Kuiack
Infants' Sensitivity To Fine Durational Cues In Speech Perception, Alyssa K. Kuiack
Undergraduate Honours Theses
Previous research has indicated that infants as young as 3 days of age show sensitivity to prosodic stress patterns and can use this information to distinguish word boundaries (Christophe et al., 1994). Older infants have also exhibited an ability to use prosodic stress patterns to segment streams of speech (Echols et al., 1997) and have shown a preference for samples of speech with the patterns of prosody displayed by their native language versus the prosodic patterns typical of other non-native languages (Werker & Tees 1984, Juscyzk et al. 1993). Adults have demonstrated the ability of language discrimination based strictly on …
Infants' Memory For Melody And Words In Sung Songs, Leanna De Lucia
Infants' Memory For Melody And Words In Sung Songs, Leanna De Lucia
Undergraduate Honours Theses
Past research suggests that infants' recollection of melodic information is hindered when linguistic and melodic properties of music are presented simultaneously over a short duration of time. The purpose of the present study is to examine infants' memory for melody and lyrics when the two stimuli are presented simultaneously over a prolonged exposure time. The design is a head turn preference paradigm. Thirty 6- to 8- month-old infants were familiarized to a song at home for a seven-day period. On day eight, infants were tested and randomly assigned to one of two conditions. The Melody Condition compared the familiar melody …
Rhyming Versus Repetition In Children's Stories: The Role Of Reading Strategies In New Word Recognition, Katherine Stover
Rhyming Versus Repetition In Children's Stories: The Role Of Reading Strategies In New Word Recognition, Katherine Stover
Undergraduate Honours Theses
There is a lack of research that focuses on how the structure of children's storybooks contributes to reading development. Although many parenting sites express the benefits of reading rhyming stories to one's children, there is a lack of empirical research to support this claim. The goal of the present study was to determine whether exposure to rime or repetition strategies would enhance children's ability to correctly pronounce novel words and non-words. In this study, the clue word paradigm created by Goswami (1988) was used to determine if children could more successfully use the orthographic analogy strategy in a story context, …
The Effects Of Visual Cue Facilitation In Spatial Pattern Learning In Rats, Sachia M. Grogan
The Effects Of Visual Cue Facilitation In Spatial Pattern Learning In Rats, Sachia M. Grogan
Undergraduate Honours Theses
Recently published research has shown that a consistent but not coincident visual pattern facilitated the learning of a diamond spatial pattern in humans (Katz, Brown & Sturz, 2014). The purpose of the present experiment was to examine if this could be done in rats, using a square spatial pattern. For each trial, 16 towers were arranged in a 4 X 4 matrix, with one of the nine possible 2 X 2 baiting patterns baited with cheese. The visual pattern group also had four striped towers placed in a 2 X 2 spatial pattern within the larger matrix, while the visual …
Observational Pattern Learning In Rats, Tristan J. Bell Knowlton
Observational Pattern Learning In Rats, Tristan J. Bell Knowlton
Undergraduate Honours Theses
Previous research has shown that rats can profit from watching an expert demonstrator preform a simple foraging task. The purpose of the present experiment was to examine whether observing a skilled rat perform a difficult foraging task could influence performance by the observer. The present research also examined whether familiarity with the demonstrator would have an effect on imitation. In this experiment, the testing arena contained 12 towers arranged in a circle with six of them baited. The cues to finding the bait were three different and distinctive wall posters and the pattern of the baited towers. Twelve rats were …
The Role Of Future Time Perspective On Forgiveness: A Study Of Transgressions Among Undergraduate University Students, Emily B. Briggs
The Role Of Future Time Perspective On Forgiveness: A Study Of Transgressions Among Undergraduate University Students, Emily B. Briggs
Undergraduate Honours Theses
The present study examined the effect of future time perspective (FTP) on interpersonal forgiveness. Specifically, whether varying the degree of the perceived amount of time that individuals have left with a close friend in university would influence the forgiveness of that friend if he or she transgressed against them. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three versions of a questionnaire, which either encouraged them to view their time left at university with a close friend as limited, neutral, or extensive. It was hypothesized that perceiving future time left with a friend as limited would encourage individuals to focus on …