Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology Commons^™

Impact Of Development Of Offshore Oil: East Coast Of South American Case Study, Aldo H. Brussoni

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

To analyze this Coastal Management problem it is convenient to have a regional overview of the entire South Atlantic Coast (South America). Go over some of its physical characteristics, the state of development of the offshore oil industry, the volume of its activities, and other related data, the recreational and the fishing industries, the population and its characteristics. This will develop a regional comprehension which is absolutely necessary to have in mind before analyzing the problems of any particular situation created in a country or an area of a country of the Southwest Atlantic Coast. After covering, very generally, all …

An Evaluation Of The National Sea Grant Program, Christopher B. Llana

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

This paper will discuss the philosophies and management of the Sea Grant program and their effectiveness in meeting the original goals of the program as they were perceived when the National Sea Grant College and Program Act of 1966 were formulated.

Public Access To Beaches In America, Michael Betty

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

In the United States today there exists a growing, mobile population who wish to make use of what is considered to be a diminishing natural resource, the shoreline beaches. The public is denied access to the sea and the enjoyment of shore by the littoral land owner who occupies the beach area to the exclusion of all others.

It appears that the rights of the public will have to be expanded to insure adequate space and facilities for recreation. This expansion will encroach on private rights as the population seeks access to beach areas that have assumed a public character. …

Maritime Environment: A Systems Approach, Peter A. Roche

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

Some maritime activities may be independent of each other but most are in competition and some are supportive in one way or other with most other maritime activities. Fisheries and merchant vessels rarely are at odds over matters of ocean traffic. However, both those activities may object to obstructions related to offshore oil drilling. Both municipalities and fisheries complain of merchant vessel pollution. Companies of different, states compete for offshoreoil lease rights. On the other hand, synergy and sublimation sometimes result from interworkings of maritime activities. Complexes of offshore platforms increase fish congregations. Powerplant cooling ponds transmute thermal pollution into …

The Deepwater Port Act Of 1974, James C. Moses

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

During the past two years of the 93rd Congress, no less than eleven different bills were introduced to deal with the various aspects of deep-water port development. Much has been made of the supposition that with energy conservation, higher petroleum prices, import quotas and all the other gas-saving ideas in vogue, deepwater ports have become an anachronism of pre-energy crisis days, the days of world-scale 400 in tankers and dreams of million-ton ULCC's. The truth of the matter is that we shall still, for an indeterminate period, require imported oil, by the dictum of economics, it will come via the …

Marine Orientation In The Republic Of South Africa, D. A. Bonvouloir

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

Discusses marine orientation in The Republic of South Africa through the following topics; inputs (geography, population, fisheries); input processing (governmental structure, economic development, maritime utilization); decision making processes (Value System as Filter); marine-related decisions (pollution, shipbuilding); and outputs (treaties and agreements, domestic status, conflicts).

The Development Of The Soviet Merchant Marine, Wayne L. Chadick

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

The commercial fleet of the Soviet Union serves several purposes. It is an economic tool used to conserve scarse hard currency and even to earn it. The merchant marine has been a viable political tool. It has carried the influence and the doctrine of the USSR to many countries of the world. This has not been a recent use, but was done as far back as 1936 during the Spanish Civil War. Merchant shipping also supports the Russian Navy. This paper traces the development of the Russian Merchant Marine under the Soviet regime, and it discusses why and how this …

Vessel Traffic System (Vts) Solutions To Marine Traffic Problems, Warren W. Erikson

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

In modern times groundings, collisions, storm damage and losses of ships will all hands are not rare; these are still common risks. The essence of the modern problem is the growing size and speed of ships and the inadequacy of the "Rules" which have stood the test of human failings for so many years. Also, new concern for the environment and social consciousness make the situation urgent. This paper will examine the need for revision of rules and traditional attitudes. Present systems developed to cope with modern problems will be discussed, applications will be considered, and recommendations made for future …

A Regime For Archipelagos, Ralph Fink Iii

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

An analysis of the development of international law in the case of island States. The rights of these States to establish special juridical arrangements for their adjacent waters, and the effects of these decisions on other nations form the central theme. Any attempt at combining all the issues at stake into a single principle by LOS III appears doomed to failure. Success will be achieved by agreement on the separate issues and as a result of other actions not directly related to the problem of archipelagic States.

Beach Access: Public Right Or Public Privilege, John E. Jessup

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

All the coastal states of the U.S., particularly the more populous, have been and are struggling with the problem of obtaining public access to the nation's coastal beaches. There s a large volume of litigation and legislation devoted wholly or in part to mitigating the problem. It is the intent of this paper to examine some of the landmark court cases on the subject throughout the U.S. and also Federal legislation which has been proposed or enacted. Because the issue joined is so basic, i.e., public rights to use the beach vs. private property rights in that same beach, emotions …

A Joint Action Model For Semi-Enclosed Seas: A First Cut, Arthur W. Tate Jr.

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

Dr. Lewis Alexander of the University of Rhode Island authored a most informative and incisive paper concerning the relationship of regionalism and the Law of the Sea. In this paper Alexander focused on the special case of the semi-enclosed sea and suggested that the potential for joint action of nations surrounding these seas is worthy of special interest and study. Even a cursory review of a geographic atlas reveals that the 25 seas under consideration constitute rather definitive, logical, potential regions. Nations bordering a particular semi-enclosed sea assume at least one commonality immediately-the bordered sea. Such commonality theoretically infers that …

A Geo-Marine Informational System For Coastal Zone Management, Stella Maris A. Vallejo

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

The purpose of this paper is to present a system analysis for the evaluation and interpretation of information on coastal zone management. We understand by system analysis the consideration of a complex made by related parts, and not merely a totally of parts, where the significance of one thing depends on its relationship with the others. Based on this criteria of interconnections between phenomena, we assume, we are going to give the coastal zone a treatment of a system and in this way impose a correlative statement to the information related to this area. This system approach for the information …

Regionalization As An Effect Of Offshore Oil And Gas Exploitation: A Case Study Of The North Sea, Mark J. Chittum

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

This study attempts to analyze whether oil and gas exploitation in a semi-enclosed sea will result in closer relations being developed in the region leading to the establishment of a special regime for that sea. The study area is Northwestern Europe which is centered on the North Sea. All the littoral states of Northwestern Europe have major interests in the North Sea, one of which is oil and gas exploitation. This study is developed through the examination of the activities in the North Sea, related to oil and gas production, which tend to join the region together followed by an …

Public Access To The Beaches Of Connecticut, Don W. Oswalt

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

Elements of the public of Connecticut are engaged in direct conflict against private and municipal property rights over the issue of increased public access to beaches of the state. In Connecticut, as well as the nation, definite solutions to the problem are slow to materialize. The public's right to the whole beach is being clarified by only a few states, while public access under common law remains a clouded issue nationwide. The research study I am proposing would examine in detail the legal issues involved, the state and federal legislative actions, geographical considerations, etc. I feel that the resulting collation …

The European Economic Community: Example Of Regionalization Of The Sea?, B. Deniaux

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

The European Law and power has not such a world-wide application nowadays, and it is rather against the rules created by the old European order that the nations formed during the second part of this century have begun a rebellion process. One can address the following questions: what exactly is nowadays the action of the European Community at sea: is there a common policy of the common Market toward marine related problems? If there is one, what is the actual impact of this policy at the international level, and especially these days, in regards of the Law of the Sea …

International Regulation Of Marine Pollution From Land-Based Sources, Richard Tucker Scully

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

Most of the waste products of human society end up in the oceans and the number and quantities of pollutants entering the oceans have been increasing at exponential rates. Recognition of these trends has resulted in expansion of international environmental attention to include sources of marine pollution other than vessels. Source, in this sense, refers to the pathway through which pollutants reach the sea. Land-based sources accounts for the vast bulk of the pollutants reaching the oceans. Effective protection of the marine environment, therefore, must include regulation of land-based sources of marine pollution.

The Perplexities Of The U. S. Marine Transportation System, Stewart B. Nelson

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

The U. S. merchant marine, today, is struggling to attain physical and economic health, but it is a formidable undertaking since approximately 95 percent of U. S. ocean-borne trade is currently being carried by foreign flag vessels. As used in this paper, the marine transportation system will focus upon the "well-balanced" aspects of maritime activities. Emphasis will be placed on the carriage of water-borne commerce and related supportive activities and industries. This paper, with only the broadest of perspectives, attempts to make some general comments concerning the economies of the marine transportation system and the interrelationships between marine transportation modes …

Very Large Crude Carriers (Vlccs) And Rules Of The Road For The Prevention Of Collisions, Charles F. Ake

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

A discussion of tanker ship development from the World War II T-2 to the million ton "Delta Ship" concept and an analysis of present and proposed Rules of the Road as they apply to VLCCs.The advantages of size, design characteristics, crew size and automation, propulsion systems and shiphandling characteristics are discussed in general comparitive terms. Projections show tremendous increase not only in the size of tank ships, but also in the size of the world's tanker fleet - approaching 5,000 vessels in the next ten years or so. The increasing size of crude oil carriers and their immense pollution potential …

The Tanker And Ocean Oil Pollution, Raymond Coombs

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

It is now clear that the capacity of the oceans to accept some of the by-products of civilization is limited. The oceans can no longer be the world's sink, it we are to maintain the ecological viability of the biosphere. The dangers of the present situation are compounded by the difficulties in defining "marine pollution." Today's concern with pollution and its effects upon our way of life requires that the impact of ships on the marine environment be considered in order to minimize the risk that waterborne cargoes, particularly petroleum products, present to the ecology.

The Dilemma Of Deep Ocean Mining, Paul W. Dillingham Jr.

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

Mineral substances and materials derived from them, whether in the form of fuels, construction materials, metals for farbication, tools, chemicals, or fertilizers, are the foundation of our technological civilization. The modern industrial civilization depends upon the continued availability of mineral raw materials. The problem is not one of actual scarcity ; the raw materials are there in the ground and in the sea in great supply. The question and the uncertainty is economic; How will these resources be recovered and by whom? This proposition becomes the central force in order to adjust to the new resources climate.

The Two Hundred Mile Economic Zone And Scientific Research, Peter R. Latham

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

Knowledge of the deep ocean floor; continental shelves and margins is basic to many present and future uses of the sea. Such uses include mineral extraction, navigation of surface and subsurface vehicles, construction of structures on the sea bottom and along the margin, and exploitation of living resources of the shelf and of the water column. Uses of the ocean are directly impinged upon by technological changes resulting from research efforts. Applied science is nowhere more visible than in current development of offshore petroleum sources, development of new fisheries and speculation over possibilities for wealth awaiting mankind on the sea …

Waste Disposal In The Waters Of The New York Bight: The Genesis Of A Dead Sea, Edward J. Linky

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

This paper is composed of four chapters. Chapter I will seek to delineate the scope of the paper and acquaint the reader with recent activity concerning pollution in the Bight. Chapter II will focus exclusively on scientific data gathered to date, about the effects of pollution on marine ecosystems. Chapter II will consider legal aspects of the problem, including relevant legislation, standing and other remedies which would be available to individuals or groups seeking to ultimately halt all ocean dumping in the area. Chapter IV will consist of conclusions to be drawn from this study.

The Port Of Boston: Perspective On A Maritime Dilemma, Louis Edward Cellineri

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

Few in Massachusetts, or even in the metropolitan Boston area, however, understand their Port's past, and few still appreciate its present contributions and sympathize with its struggles and problematic future. Whatever its past fame or present indignities, the excitement of a vibrant, profitable waterfront does not enter into the advocacy and implementation of harbor recreational and residential development plans, with or without commercial activities. This near dismissal of the Seaport's present and potential value in certain circles, only presents another dilemma to those attempting to cope with this veritable maritime bag of worms. But despite all these obstacles, the Port …

Deepwater Ports, Ronald Joel Calhoun

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

This paper is designed to provide an overview of the oil energy import problem and an analysis in a case study format of the various deepwater port alternatives for direct shipment and transshipment of foreign crude oil. This work was initiated prior to the recent expanded energy crisis and although touches on the problems of dependency of the United States to foreign crude oil, the various alternative sources of energy, the essence of this paper is an analysis of the various deepwater port considerations for the direct or indirect importation of foreign crude oil; specifically along the Gulf Coast.

Chile's National Interest In The Oceans, Victor Ariel Gallardo

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

The presence of the Oceans in Chile's life is uncontainable in spite that Chile's direct commitment with it has been incoherent up until the present and much of the intentions of the governments have tended to give little or no importance to this major natural resource. It is only very recent that Chile has really begun to look to the sea in search of food and a significant progress has been made in the general utilization of the living resources. Concern is being felt in connection with the lack of adequate port facilities and the insufficiency of the merchant marine …

The Mediterranean Coast Of Israel: A Planner's Approach, Sophia Professorsky

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

The coastal zone of Israel is facing an ever-growing pressure of varied and conflicting land uses. Spreading urbanization, from Nahariya in the north to Ashkelon in the south, gnaws agricultural areas; the needs for commercial ports and industrial plants stand in conflict with recreational uses of the seashore and, as described before, the natural conditions of land shelf structure, topography and climate, are favourable for both industry and residence so that the narrow stretch of the coastal zone attracts more and more of them.

Channel Improvements, New London, Connecticut: A Case Study, E. L. Gallup

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is one of the largest single Federal agencies involved in the planning, design and construction of public waterborne transportation facilities. A critical review of a typical corps of Engineers survey report on the improvements to a harbor should provide an insight to the means of allocating the costs and benefits resulting from government expenditures. The purpose of this paper is to review this process using as a vehicle the proposed improvements to the navigation channel at New London, Connecticut

A Regional Perspective For Coastal Zone Management In New England, Susan Holliday Anderson

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

To emphasize the need for a regional perspective of the coastal zone in effective planning in New England, the characteristics that make New England a distinct marine region and the use conflicts that are specific to this region are explored in the discussion that follows.The extent to which the New England states have developed coastal zone management, both in incremental local and state practice and through comprehensive plans, is also discussed. Within New England, there are regional organizations that provide assistance and guidance in matters relating to the coastal zone, but to date, most of their efforts have been directed …

Elements Of Tanzanian Coastal Planning, James J. Griffin

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

The purpose of this paper is to examine aspects of a Coastal Zone Plan as it applies to the Republic of Tanzania with its differences from and similarities to, the United States coastal zone planning experience. Possibly, as a result, some feeling for the problem of organizational concepts and approaches, as well as the current need for Tanzanian coastal zone management will emerge.

Organizing New England Commercial Fishermen; Local, State, And Regional Efforts, William Hoit Mackenzie

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

New England commercial fishermen are organizing to resolve problems among themselves and influence fishery-related decisions at all levels of government. A need emerged for regional fishermen's groups which, with a potential for large membership, substantial financing, and a full-time staff, could speak for the New England fishermen. A national organizing effort could grow from that base. This study details several forms which fishery organizations have taken at local and state levels. Emphasis is then placed on the formation, growth, and operating procedures of the two New England regional efforts.