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Articles 241 - 270 of 476

Full-Text Articles in Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology

Licensing Of The U. S. Maritime Personnel: The International Impacts, Warren G. Schneeweis Jan 1987

Licensing Of The U. S. Maritime Personnel: The International Impacts, Warren G. Schneeweis

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

This paper examines the international and Federal efforts to enhance safety at sea and the protection of the marine environment through the development of standards to improve the training and strengthen the professional qualifications of seafarers. Special regard is made to the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978, signed by the United States in 1979, and to the proposed amendments to the Federal regulations for licensing U. S. maritime personnel which will bring the U. S. licensing scheme in general conformance with that Convention. This research should lessen resistance to U. S. ratification of …

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Objectives Of The Soviet Merchant Marine, James T. Sharp Jan 1987

Objectives Of The Soviet Merchant Marine, James T. Sharp

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

In the years since the end of the Second World War, no aspect of merchant shipping has created greater controversy than the phenomenal growth of the merchant fleet of the Soviet Union. Starting in 1945 with a makeshift fleet that was a motley collection of obsolete vessels, ships received as reparations from the defeated Axis nations and Lend-Lease Liberty ships, the Soviets have fashioned a modern, efficient merchant marine that is currently second in the world in numbers of ships and sixth in deadweight tonnage. Employed as a powerful instrument of the Soviet state, this fleet now competes effectively with …

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A Multidisciplinary Analysis Of The Imposition Of Countervailing Duties On Canadian Groundfish Imports, Richard A. Pearson Jan 1987

A Multidisciplinary Analysis Of The Imposition Of Countervailing Duties On Canadian Groundfish Imports, Richard A. Pearson

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

This thesis provides a multidisciplinary analysis of the circumstances which surrounded the successful imposition of a countervailing duty on whole Canadian groundfish, and indicates what implications this action may have for the future. First, it will situate the countervailing duty investigation in terms of its relationship with U.S. statutes, and also with the Nation's international obligations. Then, the impact of the duty is examined to see how it might affect a potential free trade agreement with Canada. Similarly, the thesis projects what effect the duty will have in establishing a precedent, and assesses the likelihood of imposing similar duties on …

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A Scientific Application For Remotely Operated Vehicles, Mark S. Gustafson Jul 1986

A Scientific Application For Remotely Operated Vehicles, Mark S. Gustafson

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

Although Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) have been employed in the underwater circuit since the mid-1990s, their impact upon the ocean community has not been felt until the past decade. The remotely operated vehicle (ROV) industry developed from the needs of the oil and gas community to find a cost efficient, and safe method of replacing man and manned submersibles underwater. However, marine scientists have been reluctant to accept this tool as part of their research inventory. The slowness of technological transfer stems from several issues: the lack of quantifiable results; the untried technology; and a lack of awareness. The objective …

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Fishermen's Personal Injuries: A New Look At The Fishing Industry's Insurance Crisis, Frederic M. Fairfield May 1986

Fishermen's Personal Injuries: A New Look At The Fishing Industry's Insurance Crisis, Frederic M. Fairfield

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

Increasing cost and shrinking availability of marine insurance have resulted in serious problems for broad sectors of the nation's commercial fishing fleet. Sharp reductions in the availability of Protection and Indemnity coverage have idled vessels nationwide regardless of individual safety records. The causes of the current problem are varied and numerous, with significant roles played by the fishing industry, the regulatory framework, the insurance industry, and the legal remedies involved. Ultimately, the solution will require both a reduction in the frequency of fishermen's injuries and modifications to the present compensation system, reducing insurance costs while security equitable compensation for the …

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As Assessment Of The Fisheries Research Program Of The National Marine Fisheries Service, Gary Page Bulmer May 1986

As Assessment Of The Fisheries Research Program Of The National Marine Fisheries Service, Gary Page Bulmer

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

The nation's fishery management regime has three primary sets of players: the scientific advisors, the managers, and the fishermen. The advisors include federal agencies, state agencies, universities, regional and interstate bodies, and international bodies. The National Marie Fisheries Service (NMFS) has the lead role as scientific advisor. As used here "management" is defined broadly to include the instructions and funding that the researchers are given. "Fisheries research" is also defined broadly for the purposes of this paper. It means the collection of any biological, economic, or social information which is relevant to fisheries management.

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Acid Deposition: Legal And Political Controversies, Noelle F. Lewis Jan 1986

Acid Deposition: Legal And Political Controversies, Noelle F. Lewis

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

Acid rain is more accurately referred to as acid deposition since acidity is deposited in both the wet and dry form. Acid rain results from the conversion of sulfur and nitrogen gases to sulfates and nitrates, respectively. In the United States, sulfur compounds are responsible for about two-thirds of the acidity in precipitation; nitrogen compounds, one-third. In 1980, man-made sources in the United States emitted approximately 26 million tons of sulfur dioxide and 21 million tons nitrogen oxides. Within the United States, the major sources of sulfur dioxide emissions, approximately 90-95% of the total, are electric generating utilities, industrial boilers, …

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Management Of Marine Fisheries Resources In Peninsular Malaysia, Abdul Jamal Mydin Jan 1986

Management Of Marine Fisheries Resources In Peninsular Malaysia, Abdul Jamal Mydin

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

The inshore fisheries of Peninsular Malaysia are intensively exploited on the east coast and over-exploited on the west coast. Fishing effort and investment need to be reduced, particularly on the west coast. This is important in order to make harvest more economically efficient in terms of manpower and capital and to conserve the resources. Since 1981 Malaysia has adopted a Fisheries Licensing Policy addressed to (1) the elimination of the competition and ensuing conflict between the traditional fishermen and minitrawler fishermen in inshore waters; (2) the prevention of over-exploitation of the fishery resources in the inshore waters; and (3) the …

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A Review Of The Management And Current Status Of Northern Fur Seals Of The Pribilof Islands, Holly Hansell Jan 1986

A Review Of The Management And Current Status Of Northern Fur Seals Of The Pribilof Islands, Holly Hansell

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

The North pacific fur seals of Alaska's Pribilof Islands have been subjected to commercial harvest for nearly 200 years. The harvest has been regulated under international agreement almost continuously since 1911; first under the 1911 North Pacific Fur Seal Convention, and following that under the 1957 Interim Convention on Conservation of North Pacific Fur Seals. Both Conventions banned pelagic sealing and divided the restricted land harvest among the four member states, the United States, Canada, Japan, and the Soviet Union. Management under the 1911 convention resulted in a steady increase in the severely depleted fur seal herd, restoring the population …

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Murky Waters: United States Port Capacity And Dredging Issues, Peter John Rochford Jan 1986

Murky Waters: United States Port Capacity And Dredging Issues, Peter John Rochford

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

The events of this decade has brought public attention on the adequacy of United States ports to serve the nation's needs. Many experts involved in maritime transportation have noted that the United States would be able to enjoy economies of scale associated with large vessels only if the United States developed substantially deeper ports capable of handling these large vessels. Although the apparent advantages and trends to larger vessels in the world fleet were evident, recent history has seen little in the way of a response to these perceived needs for deeper United States ports. This study addresses important issues …

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The Development Of The Shrimp Mariculture Industry In Ecuador And Its Impact On The U.S. Market, Richard A. Norton Jan 1986

The Development Of The Shrimp Mariculture Industry In Ecuador And Its Impact On The U.S. Market, Richard A. Norton

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

The demand for tropical shrimp is increasing at a much higher rate than other fish and seafood commodities. With this increase in demand, there has been enormous interest to expand global shrimp production. Mariculture, the term used to describe the practice of farming animal and/or plant life from the sea, has created new opportunities and problems for the future of the global shrimp industry. Since shrimp is considered a high-value food commodity, the development has drawn interest from many United States and European investors. One country in particular, Ecuador, which will be the focus of this discussion, has exemplified many …

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The Canadian And Soviet Claims To The Arctic Sea Routes: A Comparative Study, Raymond C. Bourgeois Jan 1986

The Canadian And Soviet Claims To The Arctic Sea Routes: A Comparative Study, Raymond C. Bourgeois

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

The Arctic Polar Region is becoming increasingly important in terms of strategic operations. especially on the part of the superpowers. Surrounding the Arctic Ocean are two passages through which international navigation is possible. The Northwest Passage lies within Canada's coastline. and the Northeast Passage. within the Soviet Union's northern shores. Both countries have advanced claims to the effect that the waters of these passages are under their respective exclusive jurisdiction; thus. they are claiming these as their internal waters. The US disagrees and maintains that the waters of those northern Arctic sea routes are international waters. This paper discusses the …

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Analysis Of A Worst Case Oil Spill Eis, Galveston, Gail Elizabeth Meisner Jan 1986

Analysis Of A Worst Case Oil Spill Eis, Galveston, Gail Elizabeth Meisner

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

On July 8, 1980, the Galveston district of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) issued the permits required for the construction of an onshore deepwater port. The proposed port expansion project has been the subject of extensive controversy and litigation. The primary conflict has centered on the exclusion of a worst case oil spill analysis, as required by recent Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations. A rational-deductive approach to this decision leads to the conclusion that the economically and environmentally favored choice would have been to include the worst case analysis in the initial Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). Because …

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Satellite Remote Sensing And Fisheries Applications, Holly M. Turton Jan 1986

Satellite Remote Sensing And Fisheries Applications, Holly M. Turton

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

Satellite remote sensing has the capacity to aid the three major components of a fishery: research, management, and the fishing industry. An evaluation of the potential of satellite-derived data to the fishery is based upon six case studies which are presented as evidence of the capabilities of satellite-borne sensors. Peripheral applications pertaining to the marine environment and possible applications for the future are reviewed. Three basic categories of remote sensing programs related to the fishery are defined: one to test the applicability of the technology to the field of fisheries; another to employ the technology to fisheries research; and a …

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Containerized Cargo Flow Analysis Between The United States And The Far East, Bi-Chou Wei Jan 1986

Containerized Cargo Flow Analysis Between The United States And The Far East, Bi-Chou Wei

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

Within less than a decade, containerization has revolutionized maritime general cargo transportation throughout major world trade routes, especially the trade routes between the Far East and the United States. Few commodity flow studies have focused on this latest innovation in maritime transport. To most of the rapidly developing state-owned Far East shipping industries, an understanding of container flow variation and port calling preference with U.S. seaports has become essential in order to maximize investments and to rationalize services. By applying 1974, 1977, and 1980 Far East/U.S. container flow data, this study intends to explore the non-physical and economic elements which …

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Investment Opportunities In The Nigerian Fishing Industry, Ayotunde M. Giwa Jan 1986

Investment Opportunities In The Nigerian Fishing Industry, Ayotunde M. Giwa

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

The major problem facing the Nigerian fishing industry is in its inability to satisfy the demand for tasty yet inexpensive animal protein. Nigeria's marine biological resources are limited and the Gulf of Guinea is among the poorest in the whole of West Africa. Nigeria's population is estimated to have reached about 100 million and is growing at 3.09 per cent per annum. Nigeria's fishing industry is multi-sectoral and composed of the riverine, lake, coastal, estuarine, and culture fisheries. Together they constituted about 1.5 per cent of the GDP in 1976. Up to the present moment, the National has relied on …

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American Coastwise Trade Law, Mark Dean Aspinwall Jan 1986

American Coastwise Trade Law, Mark Dean Aspinwall

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

Federal involvement in the shipping industry dates back to 1789. Since then, governmental efforts to promote the American merchant marine have taken a variety of forms, including the prohibition of foreign shipping from the coastwise trade. To this end, laws have been enacted which deal with specific activities considered to be coastwise trade in nature and which ban the use of foreign-flag and, in some cases, foreign-built ships from those activities. However, the laws are narrowly worded and archaic, and have been unable to adequately address modern trends in coastal commerce. Maritime service industries have emerged in recent years which …

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Somalia Fisheries Development: Past, Present And Future, Bruce Barbour Oct 1985

Somalia Fisheries Development: Past, Present And Future, Bruce Barbour

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

This paper is being presented in three distinct parts. Each section deals with fisheries development in Somalia, East Africa, past, present and future. The first section focuses on a project proposal by a World Bank/U.N. FAO joint effort. This proposal exemplifies a traditional approach to development. This traditional approach will be defined and then evaluated. The second section is a report of the authors consultancy to the Somali government concerning the development of the fisheries within the Coastal Development Projects jurisdiction. The approach employed was one of first defining the problem and then working on solutions. This section is being …

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A Water Quality Element For The Extension Of The Salt Ponds Special Area Management Plan To Quonochontaug, Winnapaug (Brightmans) And Maschaug Ponds, Clarkson A. Collins Jul 1985

A Water Quality Element For The Extension Of The Salt Ponds Special Area Management Plan To Quonochontaug, Winnapaug (Brightmans) And Maschaug Ponds, Clarkson A. Collins

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

The Salt Ponds Project scientific research and management efforts were designed to address the management issues typical to barrier beach-lagoon systems. It was anticipated that the finds of the project would be applied to the management of similar estuarine systems in Rhode Island and elsewhere. This paper presents findsings and recommendations relating to water quality and land use for the watersheds of Quonochontaug Pond, Winnapaug Pond, and Maschaug Ponds. With the inclusion of these waterbodies into the SAM Plan framework, all of the barrier beach-coastal lagoon ecosystems of the south shore will come under a plan specifically designed to protect …

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Pollution In The Mediterranean: A Regional Response, Antony O. Heimer May 1985

Pollution In The Mediterranean: A Regional Response, Antony O. Heimer

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea has been an issue of significant political, economic and environmental concern for more than a decade. It has more recently become a regional issue with politically diverse coastal states and a wide variety of international agencies implementing cooperative programs of scientific research, education and training, planning, and treaty drafting. Being a regional issue, the pollution problem has facilitated discussions between nations on several levels and governments have found it politically advantageous to use the issue for a variety of purposes.This paper will provide an overview of the Mediterranean pollution problem, covering the nature of the …

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Approaches To Development And Extension Of Capture Technologies For Developing Small Scale Fisheries, Stephen C. Drew May 1985

Approaches To Development And Extension Of Capture Technologies For Developing Small Scale Fisheries, Stephen C. Drew

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

Over half the world's supply of fish for human consumption is produced by small scale fisheries. In recent years, increasing attention has been focused on improvement of small scale fisheries in developing countries. In spite of substantial investments, and the arduous labor of many competent, well-intentioned people, the success rates of small scale fisheries development projects have not been encouraging. This paper will discuss two types of project approaches which have been used in small scale fisheries development, with examples of the challenges and problems they have encountered. A description of the Appropriate Technology Adaptive Research, Development, and Extension (ATARDE) …

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The Feasibility Of A Zone Of Peace, P. R. Kendrick May 1985

The Feasibility Of A Zone Of Peace, P. R. Kendrick

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

Starting in 1964 there has been a movement to declare the Indian Ocean a "Zone of Peace." In an age when many in the world feel threatened by the potential of nuclear holocaust this is not striking in and of itself. What the Zone of Peace proposal provides is more valuable than the actual resolution. Empirically, it is obvious that nuclear free zones and peace zones have little validity. Historically, the weak have been vanquished by the powerful; their proclaimed neutrality notwithstanding. Consequently, a study of the peace movement in the Indian ocean may be utilized to investigate why proclamations …

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The Seasonal Pattern Of Shipping Freight Rates, Wathanachai Raunglerdpanyagul May 1985

The Seasonal Pattern Of Shipping Freight Rates, Wathanachai Raunglerdpanyagul

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

This paper reviews the behavior of shipping freight rate by using the freight index as an proxy variable. A proxy variable is the one that is a substitute to the intended one because it is difficult to obtain. It was found that a seasonal pattern in the freight rate exists, but no specific estimated pattern of the seasonal variation was found. Generally, tramp freight rates rise above average level from February or March to June or July, and from September or October to December or January. The tanker freight rate, which differs from the tramp freight rate, has only one …

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A Case Study In Maritime Boundary Delimitation: The Gulf Of Maine Dispute, Herbert D. Frerichs Jr. Jan 1985

A Case Study In Maritime Boundary Delimitation: The Gulf Of Maine Dispute, Herbert D. Frerichs Jr.

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

The Gulf of Maine area, including Georges Bank, has long been regarded as an area of special interest and importance to United States' fishermen. The riches of Georges Bank were known to New England fishermen in the 18th century, and early in the 19th century, fishermen from Gloucester, Massachusetts developed the halibut fishery on the Bank. Through the 19th century and util the 1950's the Georges Bank fishery was exclusively the province of new England fishermen. However, in the 1960's large factory fleets from the Soviet Union and Japan began to invade the waters of Georges Bank. The wave of …

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Cruising The Flag: The Evolution And Future Of The American Passenger Ship, David Charles Errickson Jan 1985

Cruising The Flag: The Evolution And Future Of The American Passenger Ship, David Charles Errickson

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

A brief history of the North Atlantic passenger vessel trade is presented with special emphasis on the development of American participation in the industry. The current cruise ship growth is outlined with insight into the economic nature of cruise sip operations, with a twenty-year cabin cost profile and analysis of price growth of foreign and domestic vessels. The results of an industry survey are presented and coastwise cruise routes are discussed as an alternative for U.S.-flag cruise ships. A sample domestic deep sea itinerary is outline.

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Economic Genuine Link: Impacts On Liberian Flag Shipping, Victor E. Dougba Jan 1985

Economic Genuine Link: Impacts On Liberian Flag Shipping, Victor E. Dougba

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

Phasing out of open registries, supported by most developing nations at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), would have triggered a chain reaction among open registries, ship owners, seafarers, and the revenues earned by those supplying shipboard labor. Adherence to the criteria proposed by developing states concerning economic "genuine link" is unsatisfactory to ship owners of developed nations, since it would increase their operating costs. Additionally, if the concept was enforced, it is likely that open registries would have experienced a massive dis-enrollment. The application of three techniques, the Chi-Square Statistic, and Index of Seafarer Displacement, and …

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The Trinidad And Tobago/Venezuela Fishing Agreement, Zaleena K. Chin-Yuen-Kee Jan 1985

The Trinidad And Tobago/Venezuela Fishing Agreement, Zaleena K. Chin-Yuen-Kee

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

The twin-island Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is situated adjacent to the Republic Of Venezuela such that at one point Trinidad is merely seven miles off the northeast coast of Venezuela. Fishing activities of nationals of each country in the waters of the other are therefore common and often lead to conflict. In an attempt to solve the fishing problem a fishing agreement was negotiated. It came into force in 1978 and expired in 1984 whereupon negotiations commenced once more in an attempt to achieve new accord. The fishing industries of both countries and the conflicts which led to the …

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Potential Impacts Of Shipping Nationalism Upon A Round-The-World Shipping Service, Marc Bissonnette Jan 1985

Potential Impacts Of Shipping Nationalism Upon A Round-The-World Shipping Service, Marc Bissonnette

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

Traditionally, carriers flying the American flag have concentrated on U. S. trades. The advent of new routing strategies in the container age has increased their ability to move cargo between foreign ports. As a result, their dependence on these cargoes is growing. An example is the "Sea Bridge" service introduced by United States Lines. With a round-the-world itinerary, this service may very well depend upon cargo carried between foreign ports in order to succeed. The ability of United States Lines to capture these foreign-to-foreign cargoes may be hampered by rising protectionism worldwide. The analysis presented here is in two separate …

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U.S./Japanese Fishery Relations: Reflections On The Past And The Unsettled Future, Matthew Axel Jan 1985

U.S./Japanese Fishery Relations: Reflections On The Past And The Unsettled Future, Matthew Axel

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

U.S.-Japan fisheries history spans over a half-century of controversy. A variety of developments have taken place over this period from past to present illustrating this point. This paper will present this subject in three parts, corresponding to the historical developments that have taken place. The saga begins with U.S. post-World War II aid in rebuilding the Japanese tuna, whaling and salmon fleets. Round two examines the rapid expansion of the Japanese utilization of Alaska pollock and the development of the surimi trawlers in the early 1960s. Finally, round three, which will encompass the majority of the subject matter discussed, begins …

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The Future Outlook For Boundary Delimitations In Africa South Of The Sahara, Marie-Christine Aquarone Jan 1985

The Future Outlook For Boundary Delimitations In Africa South Of The Sahara, Marie-Christine Aquarone

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

Marine Affairs thesis from the University of Rhode Island.

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