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2012

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Articles 8011 - 8040 of 8516

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Factors Affecting Short-Term Oxygen Variability In The Northern Gulf Of Mexico Hypoxic Zone, Brenda Leroux Babin Jan 2012

Factors Affecting Short-Term Oxygen Variability In The Northern Gulf Of Mexico Hypoxic Zone, Brenda Leroux Babin

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Open-water continuous monitoring of DO concentrations at a single station (C6) in the Gulf of Mexico from 1989 to 2008 afforded an excellent opportunity to characterize short-term oxygen variability and to estimate the relative importance of key physical and biological factors controlling the development, persistence, and dissipation of hypoxia. I investigated temporal trends in three aspects of short-term DO variability: respiration rates (i.e., how quickly bottom waters become hypoxic), persistence of hypoxia, and the dissipation of hypoxia (i.e., re-aeration events). I identified the range of respiration rates present at the study site, and showed how these rates vary throughout the …

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Geometrical And Electronic Structure Of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles On Silica And Alumina, Udaya Indike Rodrigo Jan 2012

Geometrical And Electronic Structure Of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles On Silica And Alumina, Udaya Indike Rodrigo

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Recent studies demonstrated nanometer-scale combustion-generated nanoparticles cause demonstrable health effects. It is essential to understand the chemical characteristics of these nanoparticles. Since combustion-generated nanoparticles arise in complex mixtures, we employed a dendrimeric method to generate simpler, more reproducible nanoparticles, which were tethered to fumed silica and alumina to provide surrogates for fly ash. We collected XANES and EXAFS data, which are useful for characterizing disordered mixtures where the metal is a minor component. The effect of particle size on structural properties was studied with copper oxide nanoparticles on fumed silica. XANES data demonstrated copper atoms in the nanoparticles are present …

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An Investigation Into Feature Selection For Oncological Survival Prediction, Dmitry Strunkin, Brian Mac Namee, John D. Kelleher Jan 2012

An Investigation Into Feature Selection For Oncological Survival Prediction, Dmitry Strunkin, Brian Mac Namee, John D. Kelleher

Conference papers

In machine learning based clinical decision support (CDS) systems the features used to train prediction models are of paramount importance. Strong features will lead to accurate models, whereas as weak features will have the opposite effect. Feature sets can either be designed by domain experts, or automatically extracted for unstructured data that happens to be available from some process other than a CDS system. This paper compares the usefulness of structured expert-designed features to features extracted from unstructured data sources in an oncological survival prediction application scenario.

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Software Architectural Support For Tangible User Interfaces In Distributed, Heterogeneous Computing Environments, Cornelius Toole Jan 2012

Software Architectural Support For Tangible User Interfaces In Distributed, Heterogeneous Computing Environments, Cornelius Toole

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This research focuses on tools that support the development of tangible interaction-based applications for distributed computing environments. Applications built with these tools are capable of utilizing heterogeneous resources for tangible interaction and can be reconfigured for different contexts with minimal code changes. Current trends in computing, especially in areas such as computational science, scientific visualization and computer supported collaborative work, foreshadow increasing complexity, distribution and remoteness of computation and data. These trends imply that tangible interface developers must address concerns of both tangible interaction design and networked distributed computing. In this dissertation, we present a software architecture that supports separation …

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Function And Diversity Of The Ship, Trinity, And Tiger Shoal Complex, With Emphasis On Macrofauna And Spawning Blue Crabs (Callinectes Sapidus), Carey George Gelpi Jr. Jan 2012

Function And Diversity Of The Ship, Trinity, And Tiger Shoal Complex, With Emphasis On Macrofauna And Spawning Blue Crabs (Callinectes Sapidus), Carey George Gelpi Jr.

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The ecological and economic value of sandy shoals off the Louisiana coast is not well understood. During three years of comprehensive benthic sampling and environmental measurements I studied the Ship, Trinity, Tiger Shoal Complex (STTSC), which comprises changing and discrete benthic habitats including high relief sandy shoals, and muddier, mostly deeper off-shoal areas, prone to hypoxia. Benthic macrofaunal assemblages of shoals included endemic species, and shoal communities were significantly different from each other and the muddier offshoal habitat, contributing to northern Gulf of Mexico (GoM) regional biodiversity. Sand percentage was the most influential environmental parameter shaping macrofaunal community composition across …

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The New Stochastic Integral And Anticipating Stochastic Differential Equations, Benedykt Szozda Jan 2012

The New Stochastic Integral And Anticipating Stochastic Differential Equations, Benedykt Szozda

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

In this work, we develop further the theory of stochastic integration of adapted and instantly independent stochastic processes started by Wided Ayed and Hui-Hsiung Kuo in [1,2]. We provide a first counterpart to the Itô isometry that accounts for both adapted and instantly independent processes. We also present several Itô formulas for the new stochastic integral. Finally, we apply the new Itô formula to solve a linear stochastic differential equations with anticipating initial conditions.

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Fabrication, Analysis, Application, And Characterization Of Core-Containing Microparticles And Hydrophilic Microfluidic Devices Produced Via The Primary- And In Situ Tertiary-Amine Catalyzed Michael Addition Of Multifunctional Thiols To Multifunctional Acrylates, Christopher O. Bounds Jan 2012

Fabrication, Analysis, Application, And Characterization Of Core-Containing Microparticles And Hydrophilic Microfluidic Devices Produced Via The Primary- And In Situ Tertiary-Amine Catalyzed Michael Addition Of Multifunctional Thiols To Multifunctional Acrylates, Christopher O. Bounds

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The objective of this research was to investigate amine-catalyzed thiol-acrylate chemistry for various novel applications that could fully utilize the untapped potential of this useful and robust chemistry. The use of this chemistry in each application solved a problem, improved on a disadvantage of current technologies, and decreased the level of complexity in association with required time, cost, and/or preparation conditions. The first novel application conceived, applied, and analyzed was in the field of microencapsulation. A novel approach for the preparation of microparticles via a dispersion polymerization using the primary amine-catalyzed addition of a trithiol to a triacrylate was realized …

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All-Sky Search For Periodic Gravitational Waves In The Full S5 Ligo Data, J. Abadie, Marco Cavaglia, For Full List Of Authors, See Publisher's Website. Jan 2012

All-Sky Search For Periodic Gravitational Waves In The Full S5 Ligo Data, J. Abadie, Marco Cavaglia, For Full List Of Authors, See Publisher's Website.

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

We report on an all-sky search for periodic gravitational waves in the frequency band 50-800Hz and with the frequency time derivative in the range of 0 through -6 x 10-9Hz/s. Such a signal could be produced by a nearby spinning and slightly nonaxisymmetric isolated neutron star in our Galaxy. After recent improvements in the search program that yielded a 10x increase in computational efficiency, we have searched in two years of data collected during LIGO's fifth science run and have obtained the most sensitive all-sky upper limits on gravitational-wave strain to date. Near 150Hz our upper limit on …

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Strongly Enhanced Backward Emission Of Electrons In Transfer And Ionization, Michael Schulz, Xincheng Wang, M. Gundmundsson, Katharina R. Schneider, Aditya H. Kelkar, Alexander B. Voitkiv, B. Najjari, Markus S. Schoffler, Lothar Ph H H Schmidt, Reinhard Dorner, Joachim Hermann Ullrich, Robert Moshammer, Daniel Fischer Jan 2012

Strongly Enhanced Backward Emission Of Electrons In Transfer And Ionization, Michael Schulz, Xincheng Wang, M. Gundmundsson, Katharina R. Schneider, Aditya H. Kelkar, Alexander B. Voitkiv, B. Najjari, Markus S. Schoffler, Lothar Ph H H Schmidt, Reinhard Dorner, Joachim Hermann Ullrich, Robert Moshammer, Daniel Fischer

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

We studied three-dimensional angular distributions and longitudinal momentum spectra of electrons ejected in transfer plus ionization (TI), i.e., the ejection of one and the capture of a second target electron, for ion-helium collisions. We observe a pronounced structure strongly focused opposite to the projectile beam direction, which we associate with a new correlated TI mechanism proposed recently. This process contributes significantly to the total cross sections over a broad range of perturbations η, even at η as large as 0.5, where uncorrelated TI mechanisms were thought to be dominant.

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Predictive Modeling For Navigating Social Media, Meiqun Hu Jan 2012

Predictive Modeling For Navigating Social Media, Meiqun Hu

Dissertations and Theses Collection (Open Access)

Social media changes the way people use the Web. It has transformed ordinary Web users from information consumers to content contributors. One popular form of content contribution is social tagging, in which users assign tags to Web resources. By the collective efforts of the social tagging community, a new information space has been created for information navigation. Navigation allows serendipitous discovery of information by examining the information objects linked to one another in the social tagging space. In this dissertation, we study prediction tasks that facilitate navigation in social tagging systems. For social tagging systems to meet complex navigation needs …

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Robust Execution Strategy For Scheduling Under Uncertainity, Na Fu Jan 2012

Robust Execution Strategy For Scheduling Under Uncertainity, Na Fu

Dissertations and Theses Collection (Open Access)

Resource Constrained Project Scheduling Problems with minimum and maximum time lags (RCPSP/max) provides a general model for resource scheduling in many real-world problems (such as manufacturing and construction engineering). Due to its practical importance and generality, providing effective algorithms and scalable solutions for RCPSP/max is a topic of growing research. Traditional methods have addressed deterministic models with all parameters known with certainty. In this thesis, we are concerned with RCPSP/max problems in an uncertain environment where durations of activities are stochastic and resource availabilities are subject to unforeseen breakdowns. We propose methods for generating robust execution strategy to protect against …

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Novel Techniques Of Using Diversity In Software Security And Information Hiding, Jin Han Jan 2012

Novel Techniques Of Using Diversity In Software Security And Information Hiding, Jin Han

Dissertations and Theses Collection (Open Access)

Diversity is an important and valuable concept that has been adopted in many fields to reduce correlated risks and to increase survivability. In information security, diversity also helps to increase both defense capability and fault tolerance for information systems and communication networks, where diversity can be adopted from many different perspectives. This dissertation, in particular, focuses mainly on two aspects of diversity – the application software diversity and the diversity in data interpretation. Software diversity has many advantages over mono-culture in improving system security. A number of previous researches focused on utilizing existing off-theshelf diverse software for network protection and …

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Go Niche Or Go Home: Influence Maximization In The Presence Of Strong Opponent, Long Foong Liow Jan 2012

Go Niche Or Go Home: Influence Maximization In The Presence Of Strong Opponent, Long Foong Liow

Dissertations and Theses Collection (Open Access)

In hotly contested product categories dominated by a few powerful firms, it is quite common for weaker or late entrants to focus only on particular segments of the whole market. The rationale for such strategy is intuitive: to avoid direct confrontation with heavy-weight firms, and to concentrate in segments where these weaker firms have comparative advantages. In marketing, this is what people called “go niche or go home”. The niche-building strategy may rely on “homophily”, which implies that consumers in a particular market segment might possess certain set of attributes that cause them to appreciate certain products better (in other …

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Experimental And Theoretical Investigation Of The Triple Differential Cross Section For Electron Impact Ionization Of Pyrimidine Molecules, J. D. Builth-Williams, Susan M. Bellm, Darryl B. Jones, Hari Chaluvadi, Don H. Madison, Chuangang Ning, B. Lohmann, Michael J. Brunger Jan 2012

Experimental And Theoretical Investigation Of The Triple Differential Cross Section For Electron Impact Ionization Of Pyrimidine Molecules, J. D. Builth-Williams, Susan M. Bellm, Darryl B. Jones, Hari Chaluvadi, Don H. Madison, Chuangang Ning, B. Lohmann, Michael J. Brunger

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

Cross-section data for electron impact induced ionization of bio-molecules are important for modelling the deposition of energy within a biological medium and for gaining knowledge of electron driven processes at the molecular level. Triply differential cross sections have been measured for the electron impact ionization of the outer valence 7b 2 and 10a 1 orbitals of pyrimidine, using the (e, 2e) technique. The measurements have been performed with coplanar asymmetric kinematics, at an incident electron energy of 250 eV and ejected electron energy of 20 eV, for scattered electron angles of -5°, -10°, and -15°. The ejected electron angular range …

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Effect Of Projectile Coherence On Atomic Fragmentation Processes, Michael Schulz, Kisra N. Egodapitiya, Sachin D. Sharma, Aaron C. Laforge, Robert Moshammer, A. A. Hasan, Don H. Madison Jan 2012

Effect Of Projectile Coherence On Atomic Fragmentation Processes, Michael Schulz, Kisra N. Egodapitiya, Sachin D. Sharma, Aaron C. Laforge, Robert Moshammer, A. A. Hasan, Don H. Madison

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

We demonstrate that the projectile coherence can have a major impact on atomic fragmentation processes. This has been overlooked for decades in formal scattering theory and may explain puzzling discrepancies between theoretical and experimental fully differential cross sections for single ionization.

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Comparison Of Experiment And Theory For Electron Impact Ionization Of Isoelectronic Atoms And Molecules, Hari Chaluvadi, Kate L. Nixon, Sadek M. Amami, Andrew James Murray, Don H. Madison Jan 2012

Comparison Of Experiment And Theory For Electron Impact Ionization Of Isoelectronic Atoms And Molecules, Hari Chaluvadi, Kate L. Nixon, Sadek M. Amami, Andrew James Murray, Don H. Madison

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

Experimental and Theoretical Triply Differential Cross sections will be presented for low energy electron impact ionization of Ne, CH4, and NH3. The collision mechanisms responsible for the various structures found in the cross sections will be discussed.

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Equivalent Circuit Model Of Coaxial Probes For Patch Antennas, Y. S. Hu, Yanzhi Zhang, Jun Fan Jan 2012

Equivalent Circuit Model Of Coaxial Probes For Patch Antennas, Y. S. Hu, Yanzhi Zhang, Jun Fan

Mathematics and Statistics Faculty Research & Creative Works

An equivalent circuit model of coaxial probes is derived directly from the intrinsic via circuit model. as all the higher-order evanescent modes have been included analytically in the parasitic circuit elements, only the propagating mode needs to be considered by the simplest uniform-current model of a coaxial probe in numerical solvers such as -nite element method (FEM) or -nite divergence time domain (FDTD). This avoids dense meshes or sub-gridding techniques and greatly reduces the computational efforts for accurate calculation of the probe input impedance. the derived equivalent circuit model and the new feeding technique have been validated by both analytical …

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An Investigation Of Guiding Of Positrons Through Insulating Capillaries, Robert D. Dubois, K. Tökési Jan 2012

An Investigation Of Guiding Of Positrons Through Insulating Capillaries, Robert D. Dubois, K. Tökési

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

Guiding of diffuse low-intensity positron and electron beams through macroscopic tapered insulating capillaries was investigated. Transmitted positrons and electrons were observed. However, further investigations are necessary to clarify whether the transmitted particles are a true indication of guiding or simply due to a range of diffuse angles of the incoming beams.

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Triply Differential Measurements For Single Ionization Of Molecular Nitrogen By 250 Ev Positron Impact, Robert D. Dubois, O. G. De Lucio Jan 2012

Triply Differential Measurements For Single Ionization Of Molecular Nitrogen By 250 Ev Positron Impact, Robert D. Dubois, O. G. De Lucio

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

Triply differential cross sections are presented for 250 eV positron impact single ionization of molecular nitrogen. Data are presented for binary and recoil interactions resulting from projectiles being scattered between 0 and 5 degrees and energy losses up to approximately 50 eV.

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X-Ray Emission Cross Sections Following Charge Exchange Collisions On Neutral Targets: The Role Of Multiple Electron Capture, Sebastian Otranto, Ronald E. Olson Jan 2012

X-Ray Emission Cross Sections Following Charge Exchange Collisions On Neutral Targets: The Role Of Multiple Electron Capture, Sebastian Otranto, Ronald E. Olson

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

Line emission and charge exchange cross sections obtained from a three-active electrons CTMC code allow us to determine the role of multiple electron capture for charge exchange collisions on neutral argon and neon. the present results can be compared to recent experimental data from EBIT groups operating at Liver-more, NIST and Berlin.

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Reaction Dynamics In Double Ionization Of Helium By Electron Impact, Michael Schulz, M. F. Ciappina, T. Kirchner Jan 2012

Reaction Dynamics In Double Ionization Of Helium By Electron Impact, Michael Schulz, M. F. Ciappina, T. Kirchner

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

Multiple differential cross sections for double ionization of helium by electron impact were calculated within various models. using a Monte Carlo Event Generator technique, additional physics, not included in the primary calculations, are modeled and cross sections are convoluted with the experimental resolution.

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Electron Loss By Fast Heavy Ions: Target Scaling Dependence, Robert D. Dubois, A. C.F. Santos, G. M. Sigaud, E. C. Montenegro Jan 2012

Electron Loss By Fast Heavy Ions: Target Scaling Dependence, Robert D. Dubois, A. C.F. Santos, G. M. Sigaud, E. C. Montenegro

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

Using data taken from the literature, the scaling of electron loss cross sections as a function of target Z was investigated. It was found that for energies /u, a wide range of systems demonstrated very similar target Z dependences where, for heavier targets, the slope increased very slowly with impact energy. at higher energies, this increase was much faster. a "universal" formula capable of fitting these dependences is being developed.

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Scattering Angle Dependence Of Double Differential Cross Sections For Dissociative Ionization Of H2 By Proton Impact, Michael Schulz, K. Egodapitiya, S. Sharma, A. C. Laforge Jan 2012

Scattering Angle Dependence Of Double Differential Cross Sections For Dissociative Ionization Of H2 By Proton Impact, Michael Schulz, K. Egodapitiya, S. Sharma, A. C. Laforge

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

We have measured double differential cross sections for dissociative ionization of H2 by 75 keV proton impact for fixed energy losses as a function scattering angle. the data exhibit an oscillating pattern with a frequency about twice as large as found earlier for non-dissociative ionization. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

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Electron Transfer And Ionization In Collisions Of He-Like Ions With Na(3s) And Na(3p), I. Blank, S. Otrantcr, C. Meinema, Ronald E. Olson, R. Hoekstra Jan 2012

Electron Transfer And Ionization In Collisions Of He-Like Ions With Na(3s) And Na(3p), I. Blank, S. Otrantcr, C. Meinema, Ronald E. Olson, R. Hoekstra

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

Single electron transfer and ionization in collisions of He-like ions (N5+, O6+, Ne8+) and Na has been investigated both experimentally and theoretically at energies around the matching velocity of the valence electron (2 to 10 keV/amu). State selective cross sections and scattering angle distributions were obtained using recoil-ion momentum spectroscopy in combination with a magneto-optically cooled Na atom target. a strong dependence of the relative cross sections on the collision energy is observed. the results are compared with Classical-Trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) calculations and show an overall very good agreement.

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Multiple Ionization Of Ne In Coincidence With Partially Stripped B ²⁺ Ions In The Intermediate Energy Regime, W. Wolff, H. Luna, A. C.F. Santos, E. C. Montenegro, Robert D. Dubois, C. C. Montanari, J. E. Miraglia Jan 2012

Multiple Ionization Of Ne In Coincidence With Partially Stripped B ²⁺ Ions In The Intermediate Energy Regime, W. Wolff, H. Luna, A. C.F. Santos, E. C. Montenegro, Robert D. Dubois, C. C. Montanari, J. E. Miraglia

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

A projectile ion-recoil ion and electron-recoil ion coincidence technique has been used to study the multiple ionization process in collisions of 0.75-4.0MeV B2+ with Ne atoms. Absolute total and partial pure ionization cross sections are reported for the first time at these impact energies with the present setup. the relative contribution of each recoil charge state has been investigated. the experimental data are compared to CDW-EIS calculation and with He2+ projectiles. the data throw further light on the effect of projectile screening in the ionization of multi-electronic targets and provide a support for the validity of the CDW-EIS …

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Systematic Analysis Of Four-Particle Dalitz Plots For Double Ionization, Michael Schulz, D. Fischer, K. Schneider, R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich, M. F. Ciappina, T. Kirchner Jan 2012

Systematic Analysis Of Four-Particle Dalitz Plots For Double Ionization, Michael Schulz, D. Fischer, K. Schneider, R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich, M. F. Ciappina, T. Kirchner

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

Four particle Dalitz plots for double ionization of helium by ion impact were analyzed.

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Kinematically Complete Studies On Mutual Projectile And Target Ionization, X. Wang, D. Fischer, A. Kelkar, K. Schneider, Michael Schulz, B. Najjari, A. Voitkiv, M. Gudmundsson, M. Grieser, R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich Jan 2012

Kinematically Complete Studies On Mutual Projectile And Target Ionization, X. Wang, D. Fischer, A. Kelkar, K. Schneider, Michael Schulz, B. Najjari, A. Voitkiv, M. Gudmundsson, M. Grieser, R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

Mutual projectile and target ionizations (MPTI) of 1MeV/amu N4+ and N5+ +He collisions have been studied in kinematically complete experiments; the data is presented in four-particle (4-D) Dalitz plots. comparison to eikonal approximation (EA) calculation results shows qualitatively good agreement.

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Electron- And Proton-Impact Excitation In Stored Hydrogenlike Uranium Ions, A. Gumberidze, D. B. Thorn, S. Trotsenko, D. Banaś, H. Beyer, W. Chen, R. D. Dubois, S. Geyer, R. Grisenti, S. Hagmann, M. Hegewald, S. Hess, P. Indelicato, C. Kozhuharov Jan 2012

Electron- And Proton-Impact Excitation In Stored Hydrogenlike Uranium Ions, A. Gumberidze, D. B. Thorn, S. Trotsenko, D. Banaś, H. Beyer, W. Chen, R. D. Dubois, S. Geyer, R. Grisenti, S. Hagmann, M. Hegewald, S. Hess, P. Indelicato, C. Kozhuharov

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

The projectile excitation of high-Z ions has been investigated in relativistic ion-atoms collisions by observing the subsequent x-ray emission. within this experiment information about the population of the magnetic sublevels has been obtained via an angular differential study of the decay photons associated with the subsequent de-excitation process. in addition, we have observed for the first time the effect of electron-impact excitation in a heavy highly charged ion undergoing a collision with a neutral atom.

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The Detection Of Abnormal Events In Activities Of Daily Living Using A Kinect Sensor, Laurence Da Luz Jan 2012

The Detection Of Abnormal Events In Activities Of Daily Living Using A Kinect Sensor, Laurence Da Luz

Theses : Honours

The growing elderly population presents a challenge on the resources of carers and assisted living communities. This has led to various projects in remote automated home monitoring in order to keep the elderly in their own home environment longer. These have the promise of alleviating the strain on support services, and the benefits of keeping people in their existing familiar community environment. Such monitoring typically involves a myriad of sensors attached to the environment and person, so as to acquire rich enough data to determine the actions of the person being monitored. In this research, an algorithm based around the …

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Identifying And Localizing Intracellular Nanoparticles Using Raman Spectroscopy, Jennifer Dorney, Franck Bonnier, Amaya Garcia, Alan Casey, Gordon Chambers, Hugh Byrne Jan 2012

Identifying And Localizing Intracellular Nanoparticles Using Raman Spectroscopy, Jennifer Dorney, Franck Bonnier, Amaya Garcia, Alan Casey, Gordon Chambers, Hugh Byrne

Articles

Raman microscopy is employed to spectroscopically image biological cells previously exposed to fluorescently labelled polystyrene nanoparticles and, in combination with K-means clustering and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), is demonstrated to be capable of localising the nanoparticles and identifying the subcellular environment based on the molecular spectroscopic signatures. The neutral nanoparticles of 50 nm or 100 nm, as characterised by dynamic light scattering, are shown to be non-toxic to a human lung adenocarcinoma cell-line (A549), according to a range of cytotoxicity assays including Neutral Red, Alamar Blue, Coomassie Blue and (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). Confocal fluorescence microscopy identifies intracellular fluorescence due to …

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