Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Productive And Economic Effects Of Npk Fertilizer Utiliza­Tion On The Natural Grassland In Eastern And South-Eastern Serbia, N Miladinovic, J Rajkovic, M Rukavina

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Chemical Products Industry in Prahovo in cooperation with agricultural stations in eastern and south-eastern Serbia in the period 1968 to 1974 organized demonstration experiments in 33 locations with the fertilization of natural grassland. The experiments had three variants: I = non­fertilized; II = fertilized with 300 kg/ha of NPK fertilizer 14 : 14 : 14 ; and III = fertilized with 600 kg/ha of the before-mentioned fer­tilizer. The following results were obtained: Fertilization with 300 kg/ha of NPK fer­tilizer 14: 14: 14 (active matter 42 kg N, 42 kg P, 42 kg K) increased the yields (compared to the non-fertilized …

The Intensive Utilization Of Flooded Grassland Northern Forest Steppe Of The Ukraine, A Bogovin, I Kopysterinski, N Kuksin, I Palamarchuk

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Periodically flooded grasslands covering vast areas are a major resource of forage produc­tion in the Ukraine. Irrigation and fertiliza­tion are major factors in raising yields from such grassland. Under irrigation and grazing use, the optimum fertilizer rate was found to be 240 kg N + 60 kg P + 90 kg K/ha. With this fertilizer rate (nitrogen being applied in split dressings) and under ration grazing of natural pastures, herbage yields of approximately 10 t DM/ha are obtained, whilst seeded swards produce 12 t DM/ha and more.

Qualitative And Quantitative Changes In Yield From Sown Grassland At Varying Rates And Proportions Of N, P And K Fertilization, L Yu Kadzhyulis, V A. Vasilyauskene, Ya Yu Banikonene, L I. Brunene, N F. Daugelene, T P. Tamulis

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Between 1972 and 1975, in 4 locations of sown pastures and meadows research workers of the Lithuanian Research Institute of Agri­culture conducted a factorial experiment using the following fertilizer rates: O; 120, 240 kg N/ha, up to 180 kg P2O5/ha, and up to 240 -360 kg K2 O/ha. The experiment was per­formed with a view to studying the fertilizer effect on dry matter yield as well as on the botanical and chemical composition of the forage. The following rates and proportions of N, P2O5, and K2O (in kg/ha) proved to be most effective in the locations tested: Dotnuva (non-acid loamy …

Effect Of Nitrogen-Potassium Levels On The Yield Of Guinea Grass (Panicum Maximum Jacq.), G Crespo, J Perez

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The effects of combining levels of 0, 150, 300, 450, 600, and 750 kg K/ha/year and 0, 300, 600, 900, 1200, and 1500 kg N/ha/year on the DM yield and NK contents of Guinea grass were studied in a latosolic soil, not K-deficient, by using a factorial design with two replications. The experiment lasted 2 years. During the first 6 months there was no response to K appli­cations and yield only increased with increasing N fertilization (4.3 t/ha with N0 up to 12.8 t/ha with 60 kg N/ha). For the rest of the experi­ment it was found necessary to apply …

Changes In The Content Of Some Mineral Elements In The Pasture Forage Under The Fertilization Effect, Zbigniew Wasilewski

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grazing experiments were carried out in the period 1973-1975 on 16 pastures situated in different ecological and climatic conditions of Poland. Fertilization was applied at rates of 80 kg P2O5 and 100 kg K2O/ha annually and 60 kg N/ha for each regrowth (in total 240 to 360 kg N/ha/year). Average yields came up to 9 tons of absolute dry matter per hectare. These fertilizer quantities, as a rule, led to an improvement of forage quality. Phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron, and manganese contents increased and potassium and zinc .contents declined. The data concerning par­ticular pastures showed, however, considerable deviations from the …

Influence Of Mineral Fertilization On The Quality Of Meadow Grasses, A Klesnil, F Turek

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The effect of different rates of nitrogen fertili­zation combined with PK on the quality of 6 important meadow grasses (Dactylis glomerata, Poa pratensis, Holcus lanatus, Trisetum jla­vescens, Alopecurus pratensis, and Deschampsia caespitosa) was studied from 1973 to 1975. Complete NPK nutrition at rates of I 00 and 100 + 50 kg N/ha distinctly increased the di­gestible crude protein content in the tested grasses, especially in the first cut (in Dactylis glomerata by 44-56 %, in Poa pratensis by 54 %, and in Trisetum jlavescens by 35 %). Application of 50 kg N/ha after the first cut produced maximum increase of …

The Effect Of Different Fertilization Intensities (Npk) On Grass/Legume Mixtures On Eroded Soil In The Mountains, Milan Muatovic, Jasna Pavesic-Popovic

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

With adequate grass/legume mixtures, degraded and eroded soils in the mountainous regions can be utilized efficiently. Simultaneously, high­quality forage can be obtained. The experimental results obtained from 1970 to 1975 show that with adequate NPK ferti­lization high-quality forage yields can be pro­duced from the mixtures. Without fertilization the weeds, autochthonous varieties, and low grasses increase in the sward. NPK fertilization promotes the cultivated varieties, especially the tall grasses, and in­creases the yields. Higher amounts of NPK fertilizer cause a simplification of the plant stand, the legumes and low grasses disappear, whereas Dactylis glomerata increases. With the change of botanical composition …

Experiments About The Nutrition Of Grassland Ecosystems With Respect To Different Times Of Npk Application, Eduard Halva, Josef Lesak

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Experiments carried out during the years 1971 to 1973 have shown that a uniform system of the nutrition of grassland associations cannot be introduced into all production areas and all types of forage crops represented in Czechoslo­vakia. In relation to the complexity of the studied problems and to the diversity of soil and climatic conditions in the production areas, it is necessary to propose the adequate systems of nutrition after several series of experiments or to base them on empirical experience drawn from the studied production area. The testing of different times of application of identical nutrient rates (150 kg …

Possibilities Of Increasing The Crude Protein Content 1n Various Types Of Grass Stands In Different Ecological Conditions Of Slovakia, Stanislav Lichner

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

From 1969 to 1974, the effect of rising fertilizer levels on the crude protein content was examined in 46 locations and 10 types of grass stands. The effect of PK fertilization on the crude protein content was relatively small, the botani­cal composition of stands was not changed. There was no essential influence of climate or soil conditions. Rising nitrogen levels and the number of cuts taken produced a more pro­nounced effect on the crude protein content. The crude protein content increased up to the highest dose of 480 kg N/ha. At this, some equalization was found between the types of …

Variations In The Dry Matter Production And N Uptake Of A Meadow Subjected To Many Years Of Intensive Fertilization, I Folkman, R Holubek

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

13-year experiments have shown that dry mat­ter production and nitrogen uptake are closely connected with precipitation. In well fertilized stands this connection is less distinct. In the course of years, however, it becomes indistinct because dry matter yields and nitrogen uptake decrease even under heavy fertilization.

Grassland makes up 34.3 % of Slovakia's agri­cultural land. Among the most fertile grasslands are the wide valley meadows, which is why the production potential of these meadows has been studied with a view to intensifying agricultural production. Research reports have shown ferti­lization, and especially nitrogen fertilizers, to play a key role [l]. Nitrogen …

Effects Of Fertilization On Productivity, Botanical Composition, And Herbage Quality Of Meadows Of The Chrysopogonetum Gryllii Type, Totyu Totev, Kostadin Koev, Kiro Kostov

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

garia, with the view to establishing the effects of fertilization on the productivity, botanical composition, and herbage quality of meadows of the Chrysopogonetum gryllii type. Meadows of that kind are quite common on grey forest soils, pH 4.5, and usually characterized by nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium deficits. Nitrogen fertilization with per-hectare quan­tities between 150 kg and 200 kg, in addition to basal fertilization with l 00 kg P + I 00 kg K/ha, was found to change the botanical com­position of meadows of the Chrysopogonetum gryllii type to the extent that in the third year this species strongly declined or …

Increasing Fertility And Improving The Biological Profile Of Heavy Meadow Soils, D Haken

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

On three meadow sites with heavy pseudogley and gley soils the effect of several methods of ameliorative tillage (ameliorative ploughing, subsoil loosening, deep fertilization) was examined. By the mentioned tillage methods some physical properties of the soil were im­proved, above all porosity and permeability. Ameliorative ploughing increased the content of organic matter and nitrogen in the soil profile; it also produced a stimulating effect on microbial processes in the soil. The effectiveness of these methods, however, was mostly of short duration. The average quantitative and qual­itative effect of the examined methods was low. Small yield increment in terms of forage …

Productivity Of Field Grass And Perennial Leguminous Plants As Influenced By Nitrogen Fertilization On Different Sites, R Jauert, O Hagemann, H Ansorge

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Experiments were conducted over a period of three years to determine the effect of rising levels of nitrogen fertilization (0, 120, 240, 360, 480 kg/ha) on the dry matter yields and crude protein contents of red clover (Trifolium pralense L.), alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.), clover grass (16 kg Trifolium pralense L. + 4 kg Lolium mullijlorum Lam.), Italian ryegrass (Lolium mullijlorum Lam.), and cocksfoot (Dac­lylis glomerala L.). The soil types in the indi­vidual locations were chernozem, loam-clay, lightly loamed sand, strongly sandy loam, and sandy loam. Nitrogen fertilization for alfalfa and red clover proved unprofitable in locations where reliable yields …

Growing Lucerne/ Grass Mixtures At Intensive Nitrogen Fertilization, Anna Jelinowska

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The productivity of luceme/grass mixtures was investigated in field conditions at some ex­periment stations of the Instytut Uprawy Na­wozenia i Gleboznawstwa over the years 1969 to 1975. The luceme/grass mixtures fertilized with high doses of nitrogen gave much higher yields than both luceme and grasses g:rown as pure crops. The yield of mixtures was found to depend mainly on the level of nitrogen application and on the management and ferti­lization of the cover crop.

Effect Of Different Mineral Fertilizers On Yield And Quality Of Grassland, Janos Varga, Maria Nagy, Jozsef Schummel

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The effect of different doses of N, P and K fertilizers on the hay yield and the yields of crude protein and amino acids was tested in 3-year investigations conducted on non-irri­gated grassland. Nitrogen is the most decisive mineral fer­tilizer in regard of yield increase and the im­provement of forage quality. Exclusive appli­cation of 280-360 kg N/ha may give a 140 to 150% increase in hay yields. At the same time, the yields of crude protein and amino acids can be increased by 220-270%. These fertilizer doses raise the crude protein and amino acid contents in hay by about 40 …

Problems Of Nitrogen Nutrition Of Medicago Sativa L. With Respect To Rhizobia, Eduard Halva, Josef Lesak

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The effect of increasing rates of nitrogen (80, 140, 200, 260, and 320 kg/ha) on the yields of above-ground biomass and nutrients in alfalfa was studied in 1974 and 1975. Applica­tion of nitrogen increased dry matter and crude protein production in relation to the unfertilized control, but the yield increase was statistically insignificant. Further it was shown that increasing rates of nitrogen had a negative effect on the number and weight of rhizobia. A close negative cor­relation of high significance ( estimated by the t-test) was found between the rates of nitrogen and the number of rhizobia. The experiments conducted …

Some Remarks Concerning The Theory Of Nutrition And Biology Of Grass Stands, A Korab

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The growth rate and yielding capacity of grasses, expressed as kg crude protein/ha per unit of time, are dependent upon the plants' capacity to take up and utilize nitrogen. This character is specific in individual grass species and has been found to be more or less heredi­tarily determined and relatively coincident in different sites. These assumptions and inter­relations have been utilized for determining the yield indices to express not only the rela­tive yielding capacity of major cultivated grasses but also their requirements in terms of effective nitrogen nutrition. The principle of determining effective doses of nitrogen using the index method …

Nitrogen Fertilization Effect On The Chemical Composition Of Phalaris Arundinacea, Alopecurus Pratensis, And Poa Pratensis, Jan Kowalczyk

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Results of investigations with 3 grass species proved that there was not any negative effect of nitrogen fertilization of meadows on muck­peat soils on the forage quality determined by means of chemical analysis. Nitrogen fer­tilization contributed to a distinct increase of the total nitrogen content as well as of magnesium and, to a lesser degree, zinc con­tents. The contents of other minerals, except for copper, did not undergo any significant changes, although some differences existed between grass species and between particular cuts. The grass species investigated were de­ficient in copper, and therefore on soils poor in this element the forage …

Raising The Value Off Orage At Higher Rates Of Nitrogenous Fertilizer Application, Josef Kralovec, Alfred Frycek

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The increasing levels of nitrogenous fertilization increase not only the yield but also the content of nitrates in forage. In dependence on the developmental stage of the stand, on the course of weather, and the fertilizer applied, the concentration of nitrate ions in forage varied; there are not enough data for a detailed analysis yet. Nitrates have a negative importance owing to their reduction to nitrites taking place in the digestive tract of ruminants.

The Effect Of Nitrogen Fertilization And Age Of Regrowth On The Chemical Composition Of Coast Cross No. 1 Bermuda Grass (Cynodon Dactylon), R Herrera, N Ramos

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The effect of nitrogen fertilization (0, 50, and 100 kg/ha) and regrowth age from 1 to 12 weeks on the chemical composition of Coast Cross cv. No. 1 bermuda grass was studied during the dry season using sprinkler irrigation. Crude protein tended to decrease with age, increasing with the N levels up to 20 % with 100 kg N/ha. Total soluble carbohydrates (TSC) were in­fluenced by age (P < 0.001); the same did not hold true for N. The adjustment of regres­sion equations for lignin and cellulose showed increasing values with respect to age. In vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) showed signifi­cant differences (P < 0.001) only when 100 kg N were applied (50.46%). The two other levels did not differ between them, being 43.45 and 46.11 % for 0 and 50, respectively. The highest value obtained was of 62.07 % in the fourth week with 100 kg N. From the 8th week a sharp trend to decrease was found for all the treatments. Suggested is the use of 100 kg N/ha every twelve weeks and cuts between the fifth and sixth weeks in order to obtain good­quality pastures.

The Effect Of Different Levels Of Peat Decomposition And Nitrogen Fertilization On The Content Of N, Mg, Na, And Cu In Hay, Irmina Lekawska, Leon Doboszynski, Andrezej Sapek

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Experiments with increasing nitrogen rates (0-300 kg N/ha/year) were carried out from 1971 to 1974 on meadows situated on peat soils of different decomposition and mucking lev­els. Nitrogen fertilization resulted in higher nitrogen, magnesium and sodium contents in hay, while the copper content, which was alto­gether very low, decreased. Soil and ecological conditions, too, pro­duced a distinct effect on the nitrogen, magne­sium, sodium and copper contents in hay. The level of the above elements increased along with an increase of the decomposition and mucking levels of peat as well as with a decline in moisture content connected therewith.

Dynamics Of Efficiency And Chemical Composition Of Meadow Grasses, Jan Filipek, Miroslaw Kasperczyk

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The rate of dry matter growth in meadow grasses was found to increase in dependence on the amounts of fertilizer nitrogen applied. Fertilizer nitrogen stimulated above all the uptake of macro-nutrients by the meadow plants. If the first cut was taken at the heading stage of Festuca pratensis, herbage yield came up to 74 % of the yield obtained when the first cut had been taken at the flowering stage of Festuca pratensis. However, the herbage har­vested at the heading stage contained 98 % of the nitrogen, 85 % of the phosphorus, 104 % of the potassium, 91.5% of the …

The Intensification Of Grass Production Through Nitrogen Fertilization, And The Nitrate Problem, Klau Ebert, Henrich Koriath, Gunter Rinno

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Two-year pot and five-year field tests with increasing nitrogen doses revealed an increase in the nitrate content of forage grasses. In the pot tests the content of 0.25 % N03-N in the dry matter, which is safe in animal nutrition, had by far been exceeded. In the field tests the· nitrate content increased more slowly for the average of the tests and did not reach this limit when giving 140 to 240 kg N/ha. In single cases this value had, however, already been reached when giving 100 kg N/ha. By selecting grass species with a lesser tendency to nitrate accumulation, …

Study On A Proper Nitrogen And Potassium Fertilization Of Forage Grasses, Edmund Nowacki

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The biochemical effect of heavy fertilization with nitrogen and potassium on the yield and the quality of the crop was investigated. The results of experiments performed with both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants indicate that in order to produce a valuable crop of forage plants the nitrogen to potassium ratio must be adjusted in such a way that the nitrates, amines, and nitrosoamines in the plant remain at a low level. Nitrogen and po­tassium fertilization leads to changes in the accumulation of other minerals in the plants.

Effect Of The Nitrogenous Fertilizer Level On The Performance Of Bulls Grazing On Common Pangola Grass (Digitaria Decumbens Stent.) At Two Stocking Rate Levels, L R. Valdes, A Perdomo

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A study was made of the effect of nitrogenous fertilization and stocking rate on the live weight gain and the composition of the carcass of bulls grazing on pangola grass. Treatments were five nitrogen levels: 80, 160,240, 320, and 400 kg/ha/year, each with stocking rates of 4 and 6 animals per hectare. No nitrogen level effect was found during the rainy season, while in the dry season the major levels of 240 kg/ha produced greater gains of live weight (P < 0.001). Animals that were submitted to stocking rates of 6 animals/ha gained less and the production per hectare was significantly greater (P < 0.01 ). Animals of higher levels of nitrogen had more adipose carcasses. The results suggest that the increased levels of nitrogen applied in the rainy period in­fluenced the growth of grass and the animals during the succeeding dry period.

The Residual Effect Of Fertilizer Nitrogen On Grassland Within One Growing Season, W H. Prins, P.F J. Van Burg

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In field experiments it has become clear that at a high level of N fertilization an N reserve can be built up in the soil-plant system which can have a residual effect on the regrowth of a grazed or mown pasture. This residual effect is most apparent when the regrowth is not fer­tilized with N. In the experiments on clay soil comparisons were made between the amounts of residual N of high-and low-N pretreat­ments. This was done by calculating the dif­ference between N application and N uptake during the pretreatment period. In the high-N pretreatments this difference was about 80 …

Influence Of Nitrogen On Yield And Variations Of The Botanical Composition Of The Plant Stand At Different Cutting Frequency On Periodically Flooded Meadows Bor­Dering The Lower Course Of The River Niemen, Yu Yu Grigalasukas, Ch. C. Chyapas, Z K. Apalia

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Every year since 1950, the Yoke Branch of the Lithuanian Research Institute of Agriculture have been conducting experiments to determine efficient ratios of mineral fertilizers on peri­odically flooded bottomland meadows along the lower course of the river Niemen. These studies are performed under a programme for developing the fundamentals of a sustained forage basis for industrialized production of dehydrat­ed feed. Fields trials and laboratory experiments have revealed that rates of 240 kg N/ha are optimal for these grasslands. With that level of nitrogen fertilization the yields of dry matter, crude protein and carotene were found to increase, whilst the crude …

The Application Of Liquid Nitrogen To Grass Pastures, V Iglovikov, V Kulakov, M Vasilevski

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The effect of both liquid ammonia and a solu­tion consisting of ammonium nitrate and urea (30 % N) on forage plant yields and quality was found to be similar to that of ammonium nitrate, and these forms of nitrogen fertilizers are suitable for improving the productivity of grass pastures. Liquid ammonia differs from ammonium nitrate by its longer aftereffect so that it is possible to place the annual amount of nitrogen in one or two portions. Liquid ammonia produces a positive effect on the life activities of ammonifying, nitrifying, and nitro­gen-fixing microorganisms. As compared to ammonium nitrate, the amounts of …

Effect Of High Nitrate Fertilization On The Yield And Biological Value Of Grasses Tested By Common Vole, Slawomir Pronczuk, Janina Gnat, Tadeusz Szuperski

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The effect of different fertilization doses ( 4 x 60, 4 x 120, and 1 x 480 kg N/ha) on the yield of grasses and their basic chemical composition as well as on the growth efficiency and health of animals fed those grasses was studied. Yield of grass during three following years was higher from the fields fertili_zed 4 x 120 and 1 x 480 kg N/ha, when compared to 4 x 60 kg N/ha. No differences were found be­tween 1 x 480 kg N/ha and 4 x 120 kg N/ha. Growth ·efficiency of the common voles which were fed …

Nitrogen Fertilization In Tropical Brown Soils In The Escambray Region, Cuba, J L. Aspiolea, O Arteaga

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

During 3 years, a study was made of the effect _of increasing quantities of N fertilization (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg/ha/cut) on the yield and mineral content (GP, P, and Mg) of three types of grasses: Coastal Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.), pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens Stent.), and Guinea grass (Pani­cum maximum Jacq.), by a split random block design having four replications, under dry conditions. In the statistical analysis of dry matter, differences were found between species, N levels, and species x level interrelation. As a result, the best level of application for all species was that …