Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Use Of Nitrogen On Pangola Grass (Digitaria Decumbens Stent.) In Cuban Conditions, J J. Paretas

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

DM and CP yields and the N efficiency from different sources (ammonium nitrate, ammo­nium sulphate, and urea) and levels (400, 800, 1200, and 1600 kg/ha/year) and times of ap­plications (M1 = after cutting, M2 = sprout­ing phase, and M3 = stem formation phase) were studied in two experiments on pangola grass. A factorial desigh and a control (N0) as reference were arranged in both experiments. N sources did not differ. The DM and CP yields were increased (P < 0.001) by the N levels and were significantly affected by the time of application. The efficiency to produce DM and the percentage of recovered N fell drastically when increasing the N level. Data showed that this species can be used intensively during spring time. It is necessary to find out suitable methods to exploit pangola grass economically during the dry season.

Influence Of Differed N Fertilization On Pangola Grass (Digitaria Decumbens Stent.), J J. Paretas, M Cardenas

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

An experiment was carried out during two years to study the effect of differed N fertili­zation on DM and CP yields of pangola grass. A factorial design with four replications was used. N levels were 200 (N1 ) and 400 (N2) kg/ha/year, and the differed systems of appli­cation were S1 (after each cut), S2 (at the be­ginning and at the end of springtime), S3 (at each springtime cut), S4 (at each dry season cut), S5 (75 % of the application at dry season cuts), S6 (25 % of the application at dry season cuts). There was a significant difference (P < 0.001) between the studied factors and their interactions. S2, S3, and S6 produced a marked imbalance between and within the season. S1 showed seasonal imbalance and S4 and S5 produced less grass although these treatments remained constant throughout the experiment. Data showed that the seasonal frame of this plant could be altered by means ofN, and that DM yields of 40 kg/day with 7 % CP or more can be obtained.

Nitrogen Utilization On Permanent Grassland As Dependent On The Level Of Fertilization, Gustaw Michna

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Within the frame of 10-year fertilization trials on permanent grassland, the nitrogen utili­zation at rising levels of nitrogen fertilization (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 kg/ha) was investigated in 1965, 1968, 1971, and 1974. Apart from dry matter and nitrogen yields, the botanical composition of the plant popula­tion and the amount of precipitations were established as well. The level of nitrogen utili­zation was rather high, being higher in dry years than in wet ones. As nitrogen fertilization increased, the degree of fertilizer nitrogen utili­zation declined as follows: at 400 kg N /ha to 80 %, at 500 kg N/ha …

Effect Of Autumn And Spring Dates Of Application Of Nitrogen Fertilizer On The Herbage Yield And Crude Protein Content In Dry Matter, Ondrej Tomka, Eugen Lihan

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the hilly region where nitrogen was applied early in spring and just after the intensive growth phase of the grass sward the production of dry matter was more or less the same. If nitrogen is applied in autumn, especially in the case when the soil will be frozen very soon, it comes to higher volatile losses of nitrogen. It is very similar in the case that the influence of nitrogen is longer than one month. The crude protein content of the grass sward and also its production were highest when the fer­tilizer was applied just before the intensive growth …

Some Problems Regarding Nitrogen Fertilization Of Sown Grassland, Wolfgang Kreil, Albrecht Baath

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Analysis of long-term test results has shown that sown grassland calls for nitrogen fertili­zation being differentiated according to age of stand, soil series, predominant grass species, and intensity of use. In the seeding year 50 kg N/ha and in the following year 75 kg N/ha are the maximum quantities to be applied per growth. On deep low-bog soil nitrogen fertili­zation can be altogether dropped in the seeding year. For well-established mixed stands (Festuca pratensis, Phleum pratense, and Poa pratensis) harvested twice or three times a year the opti­mum would be about 100 kg N per ha and growth. At an …

Forage Production With Intensive Fertilization And Sprinkler Irrigation For The Supply Of A Dairy Farm Working On An Industrial Scale, Gerhard Weinreich, Wolfgang Richter, Jurden Gellrich, Manfred Meyer

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The development and the results of the Dedelow cooperative farm for crop production testify the successful agricultural policy pursued in the GDR. Intensification measures, such as mecha­nization, fertilization and irrigation, brought about a stable growth of production and form the basis for further economic success. At the same time it becomes obvious that cooperative farmers and farm workers have developed in a way that enabled them to master the processes prevailing in large-scale crop and animal pro­ductions from the technical as well as organi­zational points of view, even at a growing in­tensification of production.

Programming The Effect Of Fertilizers On The Yield Of Sown Grassland, A Levkovski

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Multi-variant factorial trials yield compre­hensive information about the regularities of the effect of fertilizers on the yield of meadow plants. The regression equation interprets the dependence obtained and permits to predict the effectiveness of various combinations of fertilizer doses which were not investigated in the trial but are within the scope of the experiment. The application of mathematical methods of control theory permits to find optimum solutions to any practical tasks re­garding the use of fertilizers.

The Effectiveness Of Mineral Fertilizers On Meadows In The Western Ukraine, V D. Gorb, M T. Yarmolyuk

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the western parts of the Ukrainian SSR, the effectiveness of mineral fertilization of culti­vated pastures depends on the type of soil, the forage plant stand, and the rates of fertilizer applied. Without irrigation, nitrogen fertili­zation on a slightly loamy meadow soil was highly effective. The yield increment per 1 kg N applied at rates of 60-240 kg/ha was 25- 1 7 kg in the case of dry matter yields of 7.45-10.14 t/ha. On highly acid medium-loamy pseudogleyed soddy podzolic soils, cultivated pastures gave much lower dry matter yields, namely 2.06-4.27 t/ha. Nitrogen fertilization is highly effective at higher rates …

Factory-Like Practices Of Mineral Fertilizer Application On 12,000 Hectares Of Grassland In The Territory Of The See­ Hausen/ Altmark Agrochemical Centre, Ernst Jesse, Gunter Janicke, Klaus Siegmeyer

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The Seehausen Agrochemical Centre has the task of carrying out mineral fertilization on a total of 75,000 ha, 30,000 ha of them grassland. Mineral fertilizers are mainly applied by means of lorries, type W 50, equipped with D 032/ D 032-N spreading attachment. The spreader lorries operate in groups of 3 or 4 either in two work shifts or in one prolonged shift. Thus, 200 to 400 hectares can be fertilized per day. The major principles of planning the fer­tilizing campaign are:

Observance of agrochemical dates;

Ensuring high area performance at low cost;

Ensuring high labour productivity and uti­lization of …

Projecting The Fertilization Practices In The Grassland Fund In Czechoslovakia, Alfred Frycek, Josef Kralovec

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

When projecting fertilization practices in the grassland fund in Czechoslovakia, the authors use the average hay yield achieved in tons per hectare as the starting point. This yield is an expression of the producing ability of the grassland fund limited by the given ecological and production conditions; for this reason it was given the name of "ecological produc­tion level". The relation between the ecological production level of cereals (BAIER) and the ecological production levels of the grassland fund (FRYCEK, KRALOVEC) in Czechoslovakia can be expressed mathematically and graphi­cally. Besides a corresponding fertilization level, each ecological production level has its respec­tive …

The Application Of Edp Programmes For Calculating The Fertilization Of Grassland, Hermann Ansorge, Hans Gorlitz, Werner Bergmann, Bodo Witter

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

EDP programmes have been developed and used widely in the GDR to give an optimum nutrient supply by working out recommen­dations for fertilization with macro-nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg), micro-nutrients (B, Mn, Cu, Mo, Zn), and organic manures. Recom­mendations are given for specific locations regarding the quantity, subdivision, form, period and method of fertilization. All the important factors influencing the effect of fertilization are taken into consider­ation when working out the recommendations. This is performed according to the optimi­zation procedure in the case of N fertilization and by balancing in the case of P, K, and Mg fertilization, with …

Intensification Of For Age Crop Production 1n The Gdr By Sprinkler Irrigation And Fertilization, Willi Breunig, Wolfgang Henkel, Rudolf Jauert, Dieter Roth

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Since the sixties, sprinkler irrigation experiments and production trials have been per­formed with different forage crops and in selected locations to reach the necessary scien­tific advance for the long-term irrigation pro­gramme of the GDR. The combining effect and efficiency was stud­ied of varying doses of supplemental ·water and nitrogen fertilizer on the level and stability of fresh matter, dry matter, crude protein ,md energy yields, and on forage quality. Supplemental sprinkling of 150-200 inm (and nitrogen fertilization in case. of non­leguminous crops) applied to multi-cut forage crops gave a 30% dry matter yield increment on a long-term average, 12 t …

Results Of Pasture Management 1n The Medium-Altitude Mountains Of The Gdr, Henrich Olschewski

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Pasture management in the County of Karl­Marx-Stadt, which is considered representative of the medium-altitude mountain areas in the German Democratic Republic, is used as an example to demonstrate the results that were obtained when using the method for grazing efficiency determination as proposed by FALKE in 1927. Long-term and large-scale determina­tion of grazing efficiency has contributed to the intensification of pasture managernc·nt. The increasing division of labour between crop production farms and those of animal production is a characteristic feature of in­dustry-like production in agriculture. This re­quires exact commodity-and-money relations for pasture farming as well. New principles of pasture management …

Experience In Grazing Large Young-Cattle Herds In The "Lewitz" State Farm, Ulrich Scharfenorth

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the Lewitz, a region with a large share of grassland, an efficient centre of heifer raising with an annual output of 5,000 head was established with the help of our socialist State. Heifer production in the "Lewitz" State farm is being expanded on account of the positive experience gained. Industrialized heifer raising allows grazing and makes it economically ad­visable. The advantages of grazing can be ade­quately linked with the requirements of inten­sive young-cattle raising. Grazing herds of 200 to 500 head of young cattle puts higher de­mands on the herdsmen than indoor keeping in summer. This kind of grazing …

Young-Cattle Rearing Along Industrial Lines And Pasturing In The Gdr, H Kleiber, F Morchen, F Lemme

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Young-cattle rearing along ind us trial lines involves a general increase ofrearing standards. When pasturing large herds of young cattle it is difficult to achieve high live weight gain. Factory-like milk production requires not only optimal live weight development of the heifers but also an excellent state of health of the animals' legs. The latter is achieved more easily through pasturing than by way of indoor rear­ing of the youngstock. The intensification of young-cattle rearing includes the intensifica­tion of pasture rearing as well. Young-cattle rearing along industrial lines brings up new problems to be solved by technological re­search workers.

Studies Regarding The Influence Of Weather Conditions On The Performance Of Grazing Cattle, W Rotschke, W Lampeter

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In a pasture trial with cattle youngstock the influence of weather conditions on the live weight gain was studied. Comparisons between the weekly average in global radiation and the weight gain showed that for each 100 cal/ cm2 • d -1 the daily live weight gain increased by 80 g per animal, and under extreme weather conditions the increase in live weight gain even amounted to 219 g per animal and day. On a pasture farm of 590 cows an average weekly increase in global radiation by 100 cal/ cm2 • d -1 resulted in a rise in milk performance …

Behaviour And Efficiency Of Animals On Intensively And Extensively Managed Pastures, Jan Sinkovic, Frantisek Bures

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Results of investigations conducted from 1971 to 1973 have shown that the cattle in the mountainous regions of Czechoslovakia graze mainly from between 4.00 and 5.00 to between 9.00 and 10.00 a.m. and from between 5.00 and 8.00 to 9.00 p.m. On intensive pastures the dairy cows gave 25. 95 % of their time to grazing in the same place and 5.5 % to grazing in walk­ing. For this the young cattle needed 24.32 and 12.19 %, respectively. On extensive pastures the respective values were 16.1 and 15. 5 % for dairy cows and 19.56 and 23.74 % for young …

Comparison Between Free Grazing With Artificial Shade And Controlled Grazing With Natural Shade On Milk Production, J Ugarte, I Dominguez

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

One hundred sixty crossbred Holstein cows were used in the middle of their lactation dur­ing the hot season. A completely randomized design was employed to compare: (A) free grazing with artificial shade ( open stables with concrete floors), and (B) controlled grazing with natural shade (trees). Pangola grass (Di­gitaria decumbens Stent.) was fertilized with 120 and 35 kg/ha of N and P2O5 , respectively. Stocking rate was 5 cows/ha without additional supplementation. There were no significant differences in pasture availability or live weight changes. Milk production was higher with controlled grazing (6.0 vs. 5.2 kg/day) and number of cows in …

The Herding Efficiency Of Electric Fences In Cattle Pastures As Influenced By The Operating Principle, Erhard Geithner, Wolfgang Lange

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

An interdisciplinary team studied the herding efficiency of electric fences as influenced by the operating principle. As a result of this work, an electric fence implement with direct discharge of capacitors was developed. This implement supplies fence wires, up to 40 km in length, with adequate current impulses. The demands on the herding efficiency of electric fences are increasing with the concen­tration of both crop production and animal production. As a result of the transition to industry-like methods of production, success­fully accomplished by way of cooperation, in our socialist agriculture grazing herds consist of about 250 to 300 cows or …

Intensive Pasture Management With Large Herds Of Dairy Cows, Joachim Fritz

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

At a concentration of 1,000 dairy cows in one farm, pasture management is done with herds of 200 to 300 cows each, with 60 to 90 ha of pasture ground being available· for each of these herds. Each two herds are milked and handled in one pasture centre. Under the given conditions, over several years a mean green matter yield of 39 t/ha has been reached at a cost of 19.60 M/t. In the pasture centre which is equipped with a herringbone milk­ing parlour, 0.95 man-hours were needed to produce 100 kg of milk. The concentration of 400 to 600 …

Effectiveness Of Irrigated Pastures, Nikolai Gavrilovich Andreev

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Irrigated pastures are of greatest relevance to stabilizing the general fodder situation, for reasons of the high yield and low cost of pasture forage. If irrigation and fertilization are pro­vided, best yields may be expected from forage plant mixtures which consist of five species: three grasses and two legumes. Fertilizer appli­cation must be quantified, depending on the soil nutrient status and in conformity with agrochemical test results and soil maps. The use of slurry obtained from livestock farms is useful not only for higher pasture forage yields but also for better protection of ground water and surface water. Irrigated pastures …

Aspects Of Efficient Grassland Utilization By Concentrated Sheep Flocks, Hans-Joachim Gutsche

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Pasture utilization by sheep and its adaptation to crop production along industrial lines is a main point of sheep farming and implies the concentration of sheep flocks. Electric fencing is increasingly employed in grassland utili­zation. Whole-day ration grazing with daily rotation is finding general acceptance. Avoid­ing unproductive driftways and utilizing natural activity periods for feed intake are major fea­tures that make this procedure so effective. Working-time expenditure of 0.19 man-min­utes per sheep at a flock size of 1500 head was found to be the optimum value. Combina­tion of three flocks provides the conditions necessary for work in groups and for …

Intensive Use Of Pasture By Sheep In Southland, New Zealand, A J. Harris, M J. Hickey

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Production from pastures containing white clover is described for the southern region of New Zealand. An outline is given of a self­contained grazing experiment in which district practice at a high ewe stocking rate is compared with a moderate rate with an induced high lambing percentage. Yields of animal products and pasture utilisation patterns are presented and these demonstrate advantages of fitting animal requirements as closely as possible to pasture production. Yield increases are possible from improved plant varieties and it is suggested that the in­corporation of these into efficient animal sys­tems will lead to further productivity increases.

Lamb Production From Temperate Grassland - A Systems Approach, N E. Young, J E. Newton

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Centres of industrial-scale production of young cattle have been, and are being, systematically developed by way of the specialization, concen­tration, and regional distribution of productive forces in order to make the most effective use of absolute permanent grassland areas in foot­hill and medium-altitude mountain areas. Op­timization calculations carried out in a number of locations allow to determine the demands on the size and quality of grassland used for cattle grazing, on land improvement, use, grazing management, the proportion of grass­land suitable for mechanized farming, the share of grassland in the available farmland, the grazing area available for one head of …

Efficient Use Of Absolute Permanent Grassland In Foothill And Medium-Altitude Mountain Areas Through The Develop­ Ment Of Young-Cattle Raising Centres, Joachim Ilgner, Waldemar Endter

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Centres of industrial-scale production of young cattle have been, and are being, systematically developed by way of the specialization, concen­tration, and regional distribution of productive forces in order to make the most effective use of absolute permanent grassland areas in foot­hill and medium-altitude mountain areas. Op­timization calculations carried out in a number of locations allow to determine the demands on the size and quality of grassland used for cattle grazing, on land improvement, use, grazing management, the proportion of grass­land suitable for mechanized farming, the share of grassland in the available farmland, the grazing area available for one head of …

Interrelationships Of Pasture Production, Pasture Utiliza­Tion And Animal Production From Grazed Pastures On Kangaroo Island, South Australia, P R. Gibson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Pasture dry matter production, crude utili­zation and availability data are presented for two treatments (annual- and perennial-based pasture) in a larger stocking rate experiment carried out on the Kangaroo Island Research Centre, South Australia. There was no significant effect of stocking rate on mean annual pasture production for the four-year experimental period although some within-season correlations (both positive and negative) were observed. The mean efficiency of wool production in relation to pasture production and rainfall increased with stocking rate up to 17 sheep/ ha highlighting the biological efficiency of high stocking rates on these pastures.

Stocking Rate And The Ecosystem: Some Soil-Plant-Animal Interrelationships On Annual Pastures In South Australia, Edward D. Carter

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Merino wethers were grazed continuously for five years on an annual pasture at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute in the Medi­terranean environment of South Australia to assess the soil, plant and animal responses to, and financial returns from, five stocking rate treatments ranging from 7.4 to 22.2 sheep per hectare. The experiment highlighted the biological and economic inefficiency of low stocking rates. Not only was pasture production in­creased by increasing the stocking rate but production of wool per head of sheep was not significantly affected except at the highest stocking rate. Wool production and wool value increased almost linearly with …

Possibilities Of Raising Grassland Yields And Sheep Production By Means Of Intensive Nitrogen Fertilization, Jozef Kvietok

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Application, after every grazing cycle, of 40 and 80 kg of nitrogen per hectare of sheep pasture, respectively, raised pasture yields to several times the level achieved in the unfer­tilized control. The fertilized herbage contained larger quan­tities of nitrogen compounds, with a trend to further increase in the following years. In variant A (40 kg N/ha) conversion of fertilizer nitrogen into plant matter was more efficient. In variant B (80 kg N/ha) we found a better balance of herbage regrowth over the whole grazing season. The amount of animal products produced in the individual variants correlated with the quantity and …

Dynamics Of Botanical And Chemical Compositions Of Plants In Pasture Mixture, Y A. Yakimova, N Petrovski, R Stoilova

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Studies were conducted over five years into the dynamics relating to the botanical and chemical composition of the plant stand on an irrigated pasture run by the Institut po furazite, Pleven. The seed mixture consisted of20 % white clover, 60 % cocksfoot, and 20 % perennial rye grass and received annual phosphorus-potassium fertil­ization. The pasture was located on a plain 130 m a.s.l. and based on slightly leached cher­nozem of pH 7 .2. The climate is continental, with an annual mean temperature of 11. 7 °C and a long-term annual precipitation rate of 591 mm. The site was irrigated, which …

Cutting Riverside Meadows Under High-Intensity Management, Klavdiya Terekhova, Viktor Pavlov, Petr Komakhin

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The cutting regime applied to a natural grass stand is of great impact upon productivity and persistence as well as upon composition by groups and species. The date of cutting has effects on the ratio of age groups within popula­tions of species as well as on generative and vegetative renewal, plant vitality, and morpho­genesis. The following yields may be obtained from a three-cut or four-cut regime of natural stands accompanied by application of 180 kg N + 60kgP + 60kgK/ha or240kgN + 60kgP + 60 kg K/ha: 6-10 tons of air-dry matter per hectare and 1-2 tons of crude protein …