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Articles 1411 - 1440 of 2511
Full-Text Articles in Veterinary Medicine
Comparative Studies On The Anthelmintic Efficacy Of The Combination Oxantel Pamoate, Pyrantel Pamoate And Praziquantel And The Combination Pyrantel Pamoate And Praziquantel Against Hookworm And Whipworm Infection In Dogs, Soontorn Kiartmanakul, Sudchit Chungpivat, Suvit Gumtorntip, Manida Viriyasiri, Wanwisa Wittayarak, Worrawan Sittiweeratam, Sirintorn Yibchok-Anun
Comparative Studies On The Anthelmintic Efficacy Of The Combination Oxantel Pamoate, Pyrantel Pamoate And Praziquantel And The Combination Pyrantel Pamoate And Praziquantel Against Hookworm And Whipworm Infection In Dogs, Soontorn Kiartmanakul, Sudchit Chungpivat, Suvit Gumtorntip, Manida Viriyasiri, Wanwisa Wittayarak, Worrawan Sittiweeratam, Sirintorn Yibchok-Anun
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
This study compared the efficacy of 2 anthelmintic drugs; a mixture of oxantel pamoate, pyrantel pamoate and praziquantel (OPP) and a mixture of pyrantel pamoate and praziquantel (PP) against hookworm and whipworm infections in dogs. A group of 13 stray dogs of both sexes and older than 1 year from the Bangkok Metropolitan Authority Compound, were selected for being naturally infected with both hookworms and whipworms. They were divided into 3 groups. The first group of 3 dogs was used as untreated controls. The second group of 5 dogs was treated orally with OPP and the last group of 5 …
The Detection Of Canine Distemper Virus By A Nested Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction In Blood Samples Collected After Vaccination, Nawawan Anansuchatgul, Raweewan Buasri, Ratchaneekorn Chencharoen, Sumittra Watanodorn, Juthatip Keawcharoen, Kanisak Oraveerakul
The Detection Of Canine Distemper Virus By A Nested Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction In Blood Samples Collected After Vaccination, Nawawan Anansuchatgul, Raweewan Buasri, Ratchaneekorn Chencharoen, Sumittra Watanodorn, Juthatip Keawcharoen, Kanisak Oraveerakul
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
The nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (nested RT-PCR) was used to study the canine distemper virus (CDV) could be detected in blood samples collected after vaccination. Blood samples were collected from 16 healthy puppies from 4 different litters on days 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, and 24, after vaccination with an attenuated, canine distemper virus, combined vaccine(Nobivac® Puppy DP) and from 3 puppies used as non-vaccinated controls. Vaccines were given subcutaneously either once on day 0 or two times on days 0 and 14, starting at the age of 8 weeks. A total of 152 blood samples were …
Pubic Symphysiodesis For The Optional Treatment Of Canine Hip Dysplasia, Kanyada Mangklapruk, Kumpanart Soontornvipart, Atichat Brahmasa
Pubic Symphysiodesis For The Optional Treatment Of Canine Hip Dysplasia, Kanyada Mangklapruk, Kumpanart Soontornvipart, Atichat Brahmasa
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
Pubic symphysiodesis (PS) using a bone plate and screws was performed in 10 hip dysplastic dogs, diagnosed following clinical and radiographic evaluation. After resection of the cranial third of the pubic symphysis, the rest of the symphysis was fixed by a dynamic compression plate and screws. Animal gait, Norberg angle (NA), dorsal acetabular rim slope (DARS) and dorsal acetabular rim angle (DARA) were radiographically evaluated before, immedimtely after, and at 1 and 3 months after surgery. NA and DAR of all dogs were significantly (p<0.05) greater than the preoperative values, while DARS was less than the preoperative value. After surgery, 75% of the hip joints had no Ortolani signs, while all dogs regained normal gait within one week of the operation.
A Survey Of Mosquito Species In A Porcine Reproductive And Respiratory Syndrome (Prrs) Positive Pig Farm In Nakorn Pathom Province, Sudchit Chungpivat, Kidsadagon Pringproa, Rapee Panyathong, Wannaporn Junhom, Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
A Survey Of Mosquito Species In A Porcine Reproductive And Respiratory Syndrome (Prrs) Positive Pig Farm In Nakorn Pathom Province, Sudchit Chungpivat, Kidsadagon Pringproa, Rapee Panyathong, Wannaporn Junhom, Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
A survey on mosquito species was conducted once a month in a PRRS positive pig farm in Nakorn Pathom province from May 2004 to April 2005. The mosquito larvae were collected over an area within 1 km of the farm and adult females were captured while feeding on the pigs between 6 to 10 p.m. using oral aspirators. Out of a total of 91,840 mosquitoes, 3 genera and 6 species were identified Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. gelidus, Mansonia uniformis, Ma. annulifera, Anopheles vagus and An. peditaeniatus with Culex tritaeniorhynchus (60-95.75%) predominant with Ma. annulifera found the least (0.02-0.05%). The mosquitoes larvae …
The Use Of Human Amniotic Membrane For Deep Corneal Ulcer Repair In Dogs, Tasavarin Wichayacoop, Khunteera Wongpithayadisai, Kasaporn Chaiprakit, Pasakorn Briksawan, Kumpanart Sunthronvipat, Pranee Tuntivanich, Vilavun Puangsricharern
The Use Of Human Amniotic Membrane For Deep Corneal Ulcer Repair In Dogs, Tasavarin Wichayacoop, Khunteera Wongpithayadisai, Kasaporn Chaiprakit, Pasakorn Briksawan, Kumpanart Sunthronvipat, Pranee Tuntivanich, Vilavun Puangsricharern
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
This study was performed to evaluate the use of preserved human amniotic membrane to repair corneal ulcers in 5 eyes of experimental dogs. A 0.45 centimetre, in diameter, trephine was used to create a corneal stroma wound which was later covered with human amniotic membrane and the third eyelid flap for 7 days. After one week, each dog had complete corneal epithelization. Corneal vascularization, photophobia and conjunctivitis and were observed in 1, 4 and 5 dogs, respectively. However, all dogs regained their normal vision.
The Virulence Of Mycoplasma Gallisepticum Infections Using Thai Isolates In Broiler Chickens, Somsak Pakpinyo
The Virulence Of Mycoplasma Gallisepticum Infections Using Thai Isolates In Broiler Chickens, Somsak Pakpinyo
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
Ninety 1-day-old-female broiler chickens were divided into groups as follows. Thirty birds were randomly selected to be bled from jugular vein for MG antibody assay and swabed at choanal cleft for MG DNA using PCR. The remaining birds were divided into 3 groups, 2 replicates in each group and 10 birds in each replicate. Group 1 was a sham negative control. Group 2, 3 received MG Thai isolates and MG S6 strains, respectively. All birds were injected into the left thoracic airsac, with 0.1 ml of broth or MG cultured broth (106 CFU). Each group was raised in a wire …
The Efficacy Of Commercially Inactivated Newcastle Disease Vaccine In Layer-Type Chickens, Wiraphatsara Kaewket, Sarosinee Phenporn, Roongroj Srisomyong, Niwat Chansiripornchai, Jiroj Sasipreeyajan
The Efficacy Of Commercially Inactivated Newcastle Disease Vaccine In Layer-Type Chickens, Wiraphatsara Kaewket, Sarosinee Phenporn, Roongroj Srisomyong, Niwat Chansiripornchai, Jiroj Sasipreeyajan
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
One hundred and sixty eight, 5-week-old, male, layer-type chickens were divided into 7 groups, 24 birds in each. Group1 was a non-vaccinated control. Groups 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 were vaccinated with inactivated, lentogenic strain of Newcastle disease (ND) by subcutaneous injection. All birds were challenged when 11-weeks-old. They received a local strain of virulent ND virus by the oral route. All birds were weighed when 5, 11 and 13-weeks-old. Blood samples were collected at 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13-weeks-old. The sera were tested for ND antibody by the Hemagglutination-Inhibition (HI) test. The result revealed the HI …
Autogenous Ilial Grafting Of Mandibles In Dogs, Chanin Kalpravidh, Atichat Brahmasa, Sumolya Kanchanapangka, Marissak Kalpravidh
Autogenous Ilial Grafting Of Mandibles In Dogs, Chanin Kalpravidh, Atichat Brahmasa, Sumolya Kanchanapangka, Marissak Kalpravidh
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
An autogenous ilial graft was experimentally used for grafting the mandibles of 6 mixed-breed dogs, aged 1 to 5 years. To prepare the recipient bed, the mandibular shaft, under the fourth premolar tooth, was cut 2 cm deep and removed with the tooth. An ilial graft, the same size as the excised mandibular shaft, was harvested from the dorsal iliac crest of the same dog. The graft was then seated in the recipient bed and fixed to the mandible by a plastic bone plate and screws. Bone union was evaluated radiographically and histologically. The grafted sites of all dogs were …
The Detection Of Pathogenic Leptospira Species Using A Polymerase Chain Reaction Test, Alongkorn Amonsin, Thanis Dumrongwatanapokin, Chailai Koowatananukul, Somathat Wongsawang
The Detection Of Pathogenic Leptospira Species Using A Polymerase Chain Reaction Test, Alongkorn Amonsin, Thanis Dumrongwatanapokin, Chailai Koowatananukul, Somathat Wongsawang
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
Pathogenic Leptospira species cause leptospirosis in animals and humans. Bacterial culture and the serological identification of leptospires are constrined by being time consuming and labor intensive. Oligonucleotide primers complementary to the 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence of pathogenic leptospires were designed to amplify the 343 bp fragment. The primers were specific to pathogenic Leptospira species and did not amplify either non-pathogenic leptospires or common bacteria found in urine. This developed PCR assay allows the rapid identification of pathogenic leptospires from rodent urine, with high sensitivity and specificity.
The Cerebral Arterial Circle Of A Newborn Asian Elephant Brain (Elephas Maximus), Pawana Uthaichotiwan, Adisorn Adirekthaworn, Kriengyot Sajjarengpong
The Cerebral Arterial Circle Of A Newborn Asian Elephant Brain (Elephas Maximus), Pawana Uthaichotiwan, Adisorn Adirekthaworn, Kriengyot Sajjarengpong
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
In this anatomical study, the majority of the brain of a newborn Asian elephant was supplied with blood by the cerebral arterial circle, which lies on the ventral surface of the brain and completely encircles the optic chiasma, the tuber cinereum and the interpeduncular fossa. It was formed by the left and right internal carotid arteries and the most rostral branches of the basilar artery. The internal carotid arteries were the incoming branches that go directly to the cerebral arterial circle, in front of the optic chiasma, and are divided into rostral cerebral arteries and caudal communicating arteries. In this …
Ecg Quiz, Chollada Buranakarl, Kris Angkanaporn
Ecg Quiz, Chollada Buranakarl, Kris Angkanaporn
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
No abstract provided.
Intrauterine Artificial Insemination In The Pig: The Techniques, The Applications And The Limitations, Tuempong Wongtawan, Peerapong Samransarp, Padet Tummaruk
Intrauterine Artificial Insemination In The Pig: The Techniques, The Applications And The Limitations, Tuempong Wongtawan, Peerapong Samransarp, Padet Tummaruk
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
This review aims to update information on the success of intra-uterine and deep intra-uterine insemination in the pig. Three artificial insemination (AI) techniques in pigs included conventional AI (semen is deposited intra cervically), intra-uterine insemination (IUI) and deep intra-uterine insemination (DIUI). With conventional AI, it has been shown that more than 90% of spermatozoa are lose before reaching the oviducts. Therefore, new techniques for AI were developed in order to maximize the use of boar semen and to reduce semen backflow, which can reduce pregnancy rates. The advantages of intra-uterine and deep intra-uterine insemination include a reduction in the number …
Uterine And Ovarian Disorders In Old Cats: A Study By Ultrasonography And Radiography, Kaywalee Chatdarong
Uterine And Ovarian Disorders In Old Cats: A Study By Ultrasonography And Radiography, Kaywalee Chatdarong
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
The aim of this study was to examine disorders of ovaries and uteri in old domestic cats, using ultrasonography and radiography. Six intact female domestic cats, 6-9 years old that had never received any hormonal contraception were used in the study. Serum samples were taken on days 2, 4 and 6 of oestrus and analysed for oestradiol-17β and progesterone concentrations. On day 4 of oestrus, ovarian and uterine appearance and diameters was determined, using ultrasonography. Hysterography was performed using an infusion of a contrast medium into the cranial vagina. The measurement of uterine diameter was done using the ultrasound and …
Ultrasound Diagnosis, Phiwipha Kamonrat
Ultrasound Diagnosis, Phiwipha Kamonrat
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
No abstract provided.
What Is Your Diagnosis?, Pranee Tuntivanich, Suwicha Chuthateph
What Is Your Diagnosis?, Pranee Tuntivanich, Suwicha Chuthateph
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
No abstract provided.
Effect Of Herbal Plant Quillaja Saponaria Supplementation In Feed On Growth Rate, Fcr, Fecal Ammonia And Blood Urea Nitrogen Of Weanling Pigs, Supol Luengyosluechakul, Athipoo Nuntaprasert, Supot Wattanaphansak, Siam Sengtrakul, Sirirak Sirichaiya, Suthida Leelatanont
Effect Of Herbal Plant Quillaja Saponaria Supplementation In Feed On Growth Rate, Fcr, Fecal Ammonia And Blood Urea Nitrogen Of Weanling Pigs, Supol Luengyosluechakul, Athipoo Nuntaprasert, Supot Wattanaphansak, Siam Sengtrakul, Sirirak Sirichaiya, Suthida Leelatanont
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
A hundred twenty weaned crossbred pigs of Duroc Jersey and Landrace-Largewhite, weighing an average of 6.55 ± 0.62 kg were divided into three groups. The forty animals of each group were kept separately in four battery cages; each cage consisted of five males and five females. Group allotment was conducted by randomized complete block design (RCBD). Animals of the control group were fed basal diet. Animals of the second and the third group were fed supplemental extract of Quillaja saponaria with basal diet in doses of 125 ppm and 250 ppm respectively for a period of 7 weeks. The parameters …
The Identification Of Kappa Casein Genotypes In The Hair Roots Of Dairy Cattle, Duangsmorn Suwattana, Chortip Aroondechachai, Jutarat Jeerasuppachok, Chatree Khatiworavage
The Identification Of Kappa Casein Genotypes In The Hair Roots Of Dairy Cattle, Duangsmorn Suwattana, Chortip Aroondechachai, Jutarat Jeerasuppachok, Chatree Khatiworavage
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
Twenty-two dairy cattle, kept at the Demonstration Farm, Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Nakorn Pathom, were genotyped using hair roots, for the Kappa-casein gene, using a Polymerase Chain Reaction - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. The method for obtaining total DNA was simple, requiring only the digestion of the root of the hair end in a buffer compatible with the subsequent PCR, without any prior purification or extraction step. Two types of alleles, A and B, were in the frequencies of 0.77 and 0.23, espectively. Genotypes AA, AB and BB were demonstrated with the …
The Effect Of Cypermethrin On Laying Chicks (Gallus Domesticus) When Used At Therapeutic Doses For Ectoparasitic Treatment, By Measuring Serum Cholinesterase Activity, Piyarat Chansiripornchai, Niwat Chansiripornchai, Jiroj Sasipreeyajan
The Effect Of Cypermethrin On Laying Chicks (Gallus Domesticus) When Used At Therapeutic Doses For Ectoparasitic Treatment, By Measuring Serum Cholinesterase Activity, Piyarat Chansiripornchai, Niwat Chansiripornchai, Jiroj Sasipreeyajan
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
The effect of cypermethrin at therapeutic doses for ectoparasitic treatment in laying chicks was evaluated by the measurement of serum cholinesterase (ChE) activity. The chicks were divided into 5 groups, 20 in each group. All chicks in groups 2 and 3 were bathed with 0.05 ppm cypermethrin for 2 min, while the chicks in group 4 and 5 were bathed with 200 ppm cypermethrin for 2 min. Group 1 acted as a control group. Serum ChE activity in all the chicks in groups 2 and 4 were measured 24 hr after exposure. ChE activity in the chicks in groups 3 …
An Immunohistochemical Study Of The Progesterone Receptor (Pr) Expression In Pyometra Cases And Normal Uteri At The Time Of Dioestrus In The Bitch, Kongkiat Srisuwatanasagul, Sayamon Sukjumlong, Sudson Sirivaidyapong, Sinchai Pianchop
An Immunohistochemical Study Of The Progesterone Receptor (Pr) Expression In Pyometra Cases And Normal Uteri At The Time Of Dioestrus In The Bitch, Kongkiat Srisuwatanasagul, Sayamon Sukjumlong, Sudson Sirivaidyapong, Sinchai Pianchop
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
The aims of the present study were to investigate the expression of the progesterone receptor (PR) and to compare whether there was any difference between pyometra cases and normal bitch uteri, during dioestrus, by means of immunohistochemistry. The uterine samples were collected from bitches which clients had submitted for spaying and for pyometra treatment. The results showed that a difference was obvious in the connective tissue stroma and myometrium in which a higher expression of PR was observed in the pyometra group.It may be postulated that the difference in PR expression in these uterine compartments may be involved in the …
Gross Anatomy Of The Pygmy Killer Whale Heart Found In Thailand, Wuthichai Klomkleaw, Punnarat Viboonjan, Nantarika Chunsue, Ajchariya Sailasuta
Gross Anatomy Of The Pygmy Killer Whale Heart Found In Thailand, Wuthichai Klomkleaw, Punnarat Viboonjan, Nantarika Chunsue, Ajchariya Sailasuta
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
The pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata) is the smallest killer whale similar in size to dolphins. This mammal lives deep down in warm sea far from the shore and avoids human contact. Since the number of pygmy killer whales are gradually decreasing it could become an endangered species so it’s morphological study is an important to provide fundamental data for future study and research. The heart of a male pygmy killer whale found in the Petchaburi province of Thailand was studied anatomically. It was triangular-in shape with flattened sides being, short and wide, with a pointed apex. Subepicardial fat was …
A Retrospective Study Of The Treatment Of Paraplegic Dogs, Marissak Kalpravidh
A Retrospective Study Of The Treatment Of Paraplegic Dogs, Marissak Kalpravidh
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
The case records of 11 dogs recovering from paraplegia, caused by vertebral fracture, vertebral luxation, spondylosis deformans or intervertebral disk protrusion, were studied. The dogs were examined and treated at the animal hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University from June 2000 to October 2004. Upon presentation, all dogs were paraplegic and had weak superficial or deep pain sensations. Only 9 dogs had voluntary motor function in their hindlimbs or tails. Two dogs received both surgical and medical treatment, while the others received only medical treatment, consisting of the administrations of corticosteroids, aescin, vitamin B1 and antibiotics for …
Ecg Quiz, Chollada Buranakarl, Kris Angkanaporn
Ecg Quiz, Chollada Buranakarl, Kris Angkanaporn
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
No abstract provided.
Ultrasound Diagnosis, Phiwipha Kamonrat
Ultrasound Diagnosis, Phiwipha Kamonrat
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
No abstract provided.
What Is Your Diagnosis?, Pranee Tuntivanich, Suwicha Chuthateph
What Is Your Diagnosis?, Pranee Tuntivanich, Suwicha Chuthateph
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
No abstract provided.
Hyaluronan In The Sow’S Oviduct: Its Effect On Boar Sperm Morphology And Function, Paisan Tienthai
Hyaluronan In The Sow’S Oviduct: Its Effect On Boar Sperm Morphology And Function, Paisan Tienthai
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
During sperm transport in the female pig, a proportion of the spermatozoa is arrested at the uterotubal junction and the isthmus, where an oviductal sperm reservoir is built up. The sperm reservoir maintains sperm viability and controls the release of fertilizing spermatozoa so that only a small subpopulation reaches the site of fertilization, thus diminishing the risk of polyspermy. In vitro research has focused on sperm binding as the main mechanism of sperm storage, sperm release and modulation of capacitation, but little attention has been paid to the sperm reservoir fluid, its composition and the control of capacitation in vivo. …
The Effect Of Culture Media And Culture Time On The In Vitro Maturation Of Domestic Cat Oocytes, Ruttachuk Rungsiwiwut, Ampika Thongphagdee, Pranee Numchaisrika, Sudsan Sirivaidayapong, Mongkol Techakumphu
The Effect Of Culture Media And Culture Time On The In Vitro Maturation Of Domestic Cat Oocytes, Ruttachuk Rungsiwiwut, Ampika Thongphagdee, Pranee Numchaisrika, Sudsan Sirivaidayapong, Mongkol Techakumphu
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
Culture media and culture time play important roles in meiotic competence and in vitro development of domestic cats oocytes. This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of culture media (M199 versus DMEM) on the in vitro maturation of domestic cat oocytes, after culturing for 24, 36 and 48 h. Domestic cat ovaries were obtained from routine ovariohysterectomy at an animal hospital, cooled to 4oC and transferred immediately to the laboratory. The oocytes were collected by slicing ovaries in the collecting medium. Five to ten cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were cultured in small drops of 50 μl of M199 or …
Ultrasound Diagnosis, Phiwipha Kamonrat
Ultrasound Diagnosis, Phiwipha Kamonrat
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
No abstract provided.
What Is Your Diagnosis?, Pranee Tuntivanich, Suwicha Chuthateph
What Is Your Diagnosis?, Pranee Tuntivanich, Suwicha Chuthateph
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
No abstract provided.
A Comparison Of The Immunogenicity Of 5 Newcastle Disease Vaccine Strains Used Against Newcastle Disease Virus In Chickens With No New Castle Disease Antibodies, Jiroj Sasipreeyajan
A Comparison Of The Immunogenicity Of 5 Newcastle Disease Vaccine Strains Used Against Newcastle Disease Virus In Chickens With No New Castle Disease Antibodies, Jiroj Sasipreeyajan
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
One hundred eighty, male layer-type chickens with no antibodies were divided into 6 groups, 30 birds in each. Each group was vaccinated with a different strain of ND vaccine, La Sota, B1, Ulster, VG/GA and 6/10 for groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. All vaccinated birds received vaccine when 5-weeks-old, by intranasal inhalation. Birds in group 6 were non-vaccinated controls. All birds were weighed when 5-, 8- and 10-weeks-old. They were challenged when 8-weeks-old with local strain of ND virus. Clinical signs and mortality rates were observed for 3 weeks. Serological responses were determined when 5-, 7-, 8-, …
The Influence Of An Improved Microclimate During Lactation On The Reproductive Performance In Sows In Thailand, Annop Suriyasomboon, Nils Lundeheim, Annop Kunavongkrit, Stig Einarsson
The Influence Of An Improved Microclimate During Lactation On The Reproductive Performance In Sows In Thailand, Annop Suriyasomboon, Nils Lundeheim, Annop Kunavongkrit, Stig Einarsson
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
The aim of this study was to investigate the reproductive performance of lactating sows in Thailand kept in farrowing housing using an evaporative cooling system (EVAP) in comparison with conventional farrowing system (CONV). The study was based on data from one commercial sow herd, with four farrowing houses (one EVAP and three CONV) with sows of different parities, randomly circulating between these farrowing systems. In the herd, continuous farrowing and cross-fostering was practiced, and the litters were weaned at 18.7 ± 1.3 days of age. The data from 11,000 farrowings (between May 1999 to April 2002) were statistically analysed (ANOVA), …