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Articles 51661 - 51690 of 55643

Full-Text Articles in Public Health

Manuel De Recherche Opérationnelle En Matière De Planification Familiale, Andrew A. Fisher, John E. Laing, John E. Stoeckel, John Townsend Jan 1998

Manuel De Recherche Opérationnelle En Matière De Planification Familiale, Andrew A. Fisher, John E. Laing, John E. Stoeckel, John Townsend

Reproductive Health

Le Manuel de recherche opérationnelle en matière de planification familiale, publié pour la première fois en anglais par le Population Council en 1984, se basait sur des projets de recherche en Asie. Cette seconde édition contient des sections révisées et développées. Le cas échéant, des exemples d'Amérique latine et d'Afrique ont été ajoutés. Le chapitre d'introduction comprend une exposé actualisé sur le processus de la recherche opérationnelle (RO) en matière de santé et planification familiale. De nouveaux chapitres concernent le choix du type d’intervention à tester dans une étude RO ainsi que les principaux éléments constituant un programme d'intervention. Le …

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Integrating Sti/Hiv Services Into Existing Mch/Fp Programs, Baker Ndugga, Ian Askew Jan 1998

Integrating Sti/Hiv Services Into Existing Mch/Fp Programs, Baker Ndugga, Ian Askew

Reproductive Health

The presence of certain STIs increases the risk of the sexual transmission of HIV. Thus, controlling STIs can reduce the incidence of HIV. Almost all women in the East and Southern African regions attend MCH/FP clinics regularly, and recent surveys have shown that the prevalence levels of many STIs, including HIV, can be high for women seeking FP and antenatal services, even though they are frequently asymptomatic. MCH/FP services are provided by medically trained staff with many of the same skills needed for managing STIs. Consequently, several MCH/FP programs have started looking for ways to integrate STI management strategies, such …

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Reproductive Health Operations Research, 1995–1998, James R. Foreit, Federico R. Leon, Ricardo Vernon, Timothy D.N. King, Deborah L. Billings, A.B Friedman, Janie Benson Jan 1998

Reproductive Health Operations Research, 1995–1998, James R. Foreit, Federico R. Leon, Ricardo Vernon, Timothy D.N. King, Deborah L. Billings, A.B Friedman, Janie Benson

Reproductive Health

This book presents in-depth reports on promising new interventions that have been developed and important programmatic changes that have been achieved by operations research in Latin America between 1995 and 1998. The INOPAL III project has made advances in five areas including access and quality of services, integration of family planning and other reproductive health services, financial sustainability, post-abortion care, and emergency contraception. Each of these topics are represented by at least three studies conducted in two or more countries. The operations research projects discussed under each topic are not replications of a single study. They use different research designs …

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Emergency Contraception In Zambia: Setting A New Agenda For Research And Action, Yusuf Ahmed, M. Ketata, John P. Skibiak Jan 1998

Emergency Contraception In Zambia: Setting A New Agenda For Research And Action, Yusuf Ahmed, M. Ketata, John P. Skibiak

Reproductive Health

This report summarizes the activities and findings of the first phase of the operations research study, “Enhancing Access to Family Planning Services through the Introduction of Emergency Contraception.” Launched in September 1997, the study was designed to explore a broad range of issues relating to emergency contraception within a developing country context. With financial and technical support from the United States Agency for International Development, the World Health Organization, the Canadian Public Health Association, and the British Department for International Development (DFID), the study consists of an initial exploratory exercise and a subsequent research phase. The report is divided into …

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Youth Centres In Ghana: Assessment Of The Planned Parenthood Association Of Ghana Programme, Evam Kofi Glover, Annabel Erulkar, Joana Nerquaye-Tetteh Jan 1998

Youth Centres In Ghana: Assessment Of The Planned Parenthood Association Of Ghana Programme, Evam Kofi Glover, Annabel Erulkar, Joana Nerquaye-Tetteh

Reproductive Health

The sexual and reproductive health of adolescents has become a major public concern, particularly with the advent of HIV/AIDS. Many organizations have tried to find strategies to reach youth with reproductive health (RH) information and services through various service delivery models. One such model has been the multipurpose youth center approach. Multipurpose youth centers typically include recreational or vocational services as entry points for RH and family planning (FP) information and services. There is some evidence in a variety of African settings (notably Kenya and Zimbabwe) suggesting that these centers are underutilized and not cost-effective. As a result, the Planned …

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Peru Logistics Chain Analysis, Jeanne Noble, James R. Foreit Jan 1998

Peru Logistics Chain Analysis, Jeanne Noble, James R. Foreit

Reproductive Health

The inventory module of situation analysis, developed by the Population Council, has been adapted to help generate indicators of logistics system functioning suggested by the Evaluation Project and to provide an analytical framework that permits more accurate estimations of the frequency, location, and patterns of logistics problems. In 1996, the module was implemented in southern Peru. In 1997, the same module was implemented in the province of Santa and two provinces of Huancavelica. Comparable information was obtained from 149 service delivery points (SDPs) in four departments. Data include inventories of contraceptive supplies and materials required for safe delivery of contraception; …

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Evaluation De La Stratégie De Distribution À Base Communautaire, Banza Baya, Georges Guiella, Christine Ouedraogo, Gabriel Pictet Jan 1998

Evaluation De La Stratégie De Distribution À Base Communautaire, Banza Baya, Georges Guiella, Christine Ouedraogo, Gabriel Pictet

Reproductive Health

Ce rapport d’évaluation de l’intervention de la DSF se base sur quatre séries d’enquête au Burkina Faso: l’enquête quantitative de base (avril-mai 1996), l’enquête qualitative de base (1996), et l’enquête de premier passage (avril-mai 1998) et l’enquête d’évaluation qualitative DBC (novembre 1998). L’intervention s’attachera à valider les hypothèses du Laboratoire de santé communautaire (LSC), à analyser la mise en œuvre de l’intervention, à tenter de saisir ses effets et d’étudier les mérites respectifs des deux stratégies testées dans le Bazèga, conformément au protocole d’évaluation proposé par l’UERD et validé par les partenaires du LSC (DSF, Population Council, Mwangaza Action et …

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An Assessment Of The Zimbabwe Family Planning Programme: Results From The 1996 Situation Analysis Study, Lewis Ndhlovu, Hazel M.B. Dube, Caroline S. Marangwanda Jan 1998

An Assessment Of The Zimbabwe Family Planning Programme: Results From The 1996 Situation Analysis Study, Lewis Ndhlovu, Hazel M.B. Dube, Caroline S. Marangwanda

Reproductive Health

Within the past ten years, the Zimbabwe National Family Planning Council (ZNFPC) has conducted two major studies for assessing the availability and quality of reproductive health services. The two studies, generally referred to as Situation Analysis studies, were conducted in 1991 and 1996. The 1996 survey collected data from 192 health facilities spread throughout Zimbabwe. During this exercise, an inventory of physical facilities, equipment, and educational materials was taken. In addition, 758 provider–client interactions of new and revisit clients were observed. Exit interviews were conducted with service providers, and with family planning and maternal and child health clients. In this …

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Introduction Du Traitement Médical D'Urgence Ainsi Que Les Services Et Conseils Ultérieurs En Planification Familiale Pour Les Femmes Qui Souffrent De Complications Suite À Un Avortement Au Burkina Faso, Population Council, Jpiego Jan 1998

Introduction Du Traitement Médical D'Urgence Ainsi Que Les Services Et Conseils Ultérieurs En Planification Familiale Pour Les Femmes Qui Souffrent De Complications Suite À Un Avortement Au Burkina Faso, Population Council, Jpiego

Reproductive Health

Cette étude de recherche opérationnelle a examiné la faisabilité et l'acceptabilité de la mise en place de services de soins après avortement (SAA) pour améliorer les soins cliniques et le suivi des patientes post-avortement dans deux sites pilotes au Burkina Faso. Une étude pré-test / post-test, sans groupe témoin, a été utilisée pour mesurer les effets d'une intervention qui a amélioré les compétences de communication clinique et interpersonnelle des médecins et des sages-femmes pour les soins aux patientes après avortement, y compris le conseil et la planification familiale. Les résultats de cette étude démontrent que l'introduction d'une approche plus globale …

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Tobacco Wars: Will The Rule Of Law Survive?, Robert A. Levy Jan 1998

Tobacco Wars: Will The Rule Of Law Survive?, Robert A. Levy

Journal of Health Care Law and Policy

No abstract provided.

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Needs And Risks Facing The Indonesian Youth Population, Desti Murdijana Jan 1998

Needs And Risks Facing The Indonesian Youth Population, Desti Murdijana

Reproductive Health

Youth are the leaders of tomorrow, but right now they face a formidable collection of problems that will determine the quality of their future lives and the lives of us all. Education, jobs, substance abuse, violence, sexuality, and marriage are examples of adolescent issues that demand special attention from researchers, youth activists and advocates, parents, and policymakers. In attempting to address these complex issues, we must be willing to confront ignorance, controversy, and cultural obstacles. Clear and focused policy and strategies must play a basic role in tackling these issues facing Indonesian adolescents. This paper provides a concise situation analysis …

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Perception Et Comportement Des Hommes, Des Femmes, Et Des Prestataires Des Services En Matiére Des Morbidités Relatives A La Santé De La Reproduction, Direction De La Santé Et De La Famille (Dsf), University Of Ouagadougou Demographic Research Unit (Uerd), Mwangaza, Population Council Jan 1998

Perception Et Comportement Des Hommes, Des Femmes, Et Des Prestataires Des Services En Matiére Des Morbidités Relatives A La Santé De La Reproduction, Direction De La Santé Et De La Famille (Dsf), University Of Ouagadougou Demographic Research Unit (Uerd), Mwangaza, Population Council

Reproductive Health

Cette étude fournit des informations sur le vocabulaire utilisé pour désigner les infections pelviennes et génitales et les infections sexuellement transmissibles (IST). La présente étude a nécessité l’utilisation de quatre approches méthodologiques en recherche qualitative pour la collecte et l’analyse des données dans les zones A et B du Laboratoire de santé communautaire (LSC). Ce sont les groupes de discussions dirigées, les entretiens individuels approfondis et le listage libre et le tri par piles. Au niveau de la communauté, cinq groupes cibles étaient concernés : les filles célibataires de moins de 25 ans, les femmes mariées de 25 à 39 …

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Evaluation De La Prevalence, De La Typologie Et Des Complications Liees A L'Excision Chez Les Patientes Frequentant Les Formations Sanitaires Du Bazega, Direction De La Santé Et De La Famille (Dsf), University Of Ouagadougou Demographic Research Unit (Uerd), Mwangaza, Population Council Jan 1998

Evaluation De La Prevalence, De La Typologie Et Des Complications Liees A L'Excision Chez Les Patientes Frequentant Les Formations Sanitaires Du Bazega, Direction De La Santé Et De La Famille (Dsf), University Of Ouagadougou Demographic Research Unit (Uerd), Mwangaza, Population Council

Reproductive Health

L'excision est répandue au Burkina Faso, où environ 70% des femmes ont subi cette intervention. Peu d'informations existent sur les types d'MGF rencontrés au Burkina Faso, ou sur les complications physiques qui en résultent. Cette étude vise à l’évaluation de la typologie et des complications liées à l’excision chez les clientes fréquentant les formations sanitaires du Bazèga et du Zoundwéogo et ce, dans le cadre des activités du Laboratoire de santé communautaire (LSC) à Bazega. Cette étude avait deux objectifs principaux : i) déterminer la prévalence de la typologie de l’excision pratiquée dans la zone du LSC ; ii) identifier …

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The Impact Of Monetary Crisis And Natural Disasters On Women's Health And Nutrition, Meiwita B. Iskandar Jan 1998

The Impact Of Monetary Crisis And Natural Disasters On Women's Health And Nutrition, Meiwita B. Iskandar

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This paper analyzes the short-term effects of the monetary crisis and natural disasters in Indonesia on women's health and nutritional status, and activities to monitor and address these problems. The monetary crisis which was announced in January 1998 hit the highest monthly inflation rate of 13 percent in February. Natural disasters that have plagued Indonesia since early 1997, including droughts and forest fires, have been projected to cause famines and an increased likelihood of infant and adult mortality. The economic crisis also directly impacts millions of workforce members threatened by the downsizing of thousands of businesses and factories, in the …

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Incentive Schemes For School Attendance In Rural Bangladesh, Sajeda Amin, Gilda Sedgh Jan 1998

Incentive Schemes For School Attendance In Rural Bangladesh, Sajeda Amin, Gilda Sedgh

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This paper examines the impact of two incentive schemes on school attendance in rural Bangladesh: a food-for-education program for poor primary school children and a female secondary school scholarship scheme. The data come from an in-depth village study, before and after the programs went into effect. Both programs provide direct financial incentives to families to send their children to and keep them in school. The data also allow for an assessment of an informal school program sponsored by BRAC, a national non-governmental institution, at the study sites. School enrollment in the target population increased more rapidly than would have been …

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Ethnicity And Child Mortality In Sub-Saharan Africa, Martin Brockerhoff, Paul C. Hewett Jan 1998

Ethnicity And Child Mortality In Sub-Saharan Africa, Martin Brockerhoff, Paul C. Hewett

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Analysis of recent survey data reveals large differentials in child mortality among ethnic groups in countries throughout sub-Saharan Africa. These disparities correspond with the prominence of specific ethnic groups in the national political economy. In many countries where heads of state since independence have come from one or two ethnic groups-as in Côte d’Ivoire, Kenya, and Niger-these groups have experienced levels of early child mortality at least one-third lower than those of other groups. In other countries where there have been several transitions in state control, as in Ghana and Uganda, descendants of precolonial kingdoms such as Ashanti and Buganda …

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La Familia En La Mira: Nuevas Perspectivas Sobre Madres, Padres E Hijos, Judith Bruce, Cynthia B. Lloyd, Ann Leonard, Patrice L. Engle, Niev Duffy Jan 1998

La Familia En La Mira: Nuevas Perspectivas Sobre Madres, Padres E Hijos, Judith Bruce, Cynthia B. Lloyd, Ann Leonard, Patrice L. Engle, Niev Duffy

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

A pesar de la retórica de los últimos años que lamenta la pérdida de la "familia tradicional," las familias jamás se han podido encajonar en modelo único. "Familia" puede referirse a la gente que se ha vinculado entre sí por matrimonio o parentesco, o a los que pretenden descender de antecesores comunes. Las personas pueden formar y extender familias, ya sea mediante la adoptación o crianza de niños, o definiendo como familiares a gente no emparentada o mediante el establecimiento de sociedades consensuales. Las familias son tan adaptables como diversas, pues se reconfiguran a sí mismas en el transcurso de …

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The Uncharted Passage: Girls' Adolescence In The Developing World, Barbara Mensch, Judith Bruce, Margaret E. Greene Jan 1998

The Uncharted Passage: Girls' Adolescence In The Developing World, Barbara Mensch, Judith Bruce, Margaret E. Greene

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Adolescence is a formative time of transition to adulthood. What happens between the ages of 10 and 19 shapes how girls and boys live out their lives as women and men—not only in the reproductive arena, but in the social and economic realm as well. Yet, despite its impact on human development, adolescence has been sidelined as a research and policy subject in developing countries. While all adolescents deserve our attention, the needs of adolescent girls in the developing world are particularly pressing. This monograph focuses on these girls, presenting statistics to examine the social and economic context of their …

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Covert Contraceptive Use: Prevalence, Motivations, And Consequences, Ann E. Biddlecom, Bolaji M. Fapohunda Jan 1998

Covert Contraceptive Use: Prevalence, Motivations, And Consequences, Ann E. Biddlecom, Bolaji M. Fapohunda

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This paper examines women’s covert use of contraceptives, that is, use without the knowledge of their husbands. Covert use may highlight conflict between husbands and wives about family planning, or it may reflect behaviors that spouses find difficult to discuss together. This study addresses three questions: 1) How is covert use measured in different settings? 2) How prevalent is it? and 3) What are the factors underlying covert use? We examine these questions by drawing on existing studies and detailed survey and qualitative data collected in 1997 in an urban setting in Zambia from married women and a subsample of …

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Women's Lives And Rapid Fertility Decline: Some Lessons From Bangladesh And Egypt, Sajeda Amin, Cynthia B. Lloyd Jan 1998

Women's Lives And Rapid Fertility Decline: Some Lessons From Bangladesh And Egypt, Sajeda Amin, Cynthia B. Lloyd

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

In some of the more traditional parts of the world, fertility is falling steadily, sometimes rapidly, in environments where women’s lives remain severely constrained. The recent experiences of Bangladesh and Egypt, both predominantly Muslim countries, are illustrative in this regard. Since the late 1970s, rural and urban areas in both countries have experienced steady declines in fertility, with recent declines in rural Bangladesh similar to those in rural Egypt, despite lower levels of development and higher rates of poverty. This paper provides an in-depth exploration of the demographic transition in these two societies as seen through the dual lens of …

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The Impact Of An Integrated Micro-Credit Programme On Women's Empowerment And Fertility Behavior In Rural Bangladesh, Fiona Steele, Sajeda Amin, Ruchira Tabassum Naved Jan 1998

The Impact Of An Integrated Micro-Credit Programme On Women's Empowerment And Fertility Behavior In Rural Bangladesh, Fiona Steele, Sajeda Amin, Ruchira Tabassum Naved

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This paper examines the impact of participation in women’s savings and credit groups organized by Save the Children USA on women’s empowerment, contraceptive use, and fertility in a rural area of Bangladesh. The data are drawn from a panel survey conducted in 1993, shortly before the groups were formed, and in 1995 after interventions began. This quasi-experimental design enables us to identify the characteristics of women who chose to join savings groups. The findings show that those who joined tend to more educated and more socially independent than are women who did not. Thus, to control for selection bias, preintervention …

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Migration, Sexual Behavior And Hiv Diffusion In Kenya, Martin Brockerhoff, Ann E. Biddlecom Jan 1998

Migration, Sexual Behavior And Hiv Diffusion In Kenya, Martin Brockerhoff, Ann E. Biddlecom

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

The association of migration with the spread of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa is well documented, yet the social and behavioral mechanisms underlying this relationship remain poorly understood. Using data from the 1993 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, this paper examines whether migrants are more likely than nonmigrants to have multiple recent sexual partners and not to use condoms with those partners. Results indicate that migation is a critical factor in high-risk sexual behavior and that its importance varies by gender and by the direction of movement. Independent of marital and cohabitation status, social milieu, awareness of AIDS, and other crucial …

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Fertility And Reproductive Preferences In Post-Transitional Societies, John Bongaarts Jan 1998

Fertility And Reproductive Preferences In Post-Transitional Societies, John Bongaarts

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Conventional theories have little to say about the level at which fertility will stabilize at the end of the transition although it is often assumed that replacement fertility of about 2.1 births per woman will prevail in the long run. However, fertility has dropped below the replacement level in virtually every population that has moved through the demographic transition. If future fertility remains at these low levels populations will decline in size and age rapidly.This paper attempts to contribute to the understanding of levels and trends of post-transitional fertility by examining the causes of discrepancies between reproductive preferences and observed …

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The Onset Of Fertility Transition In Pakistan, Zeba Sathar, John B. Casterline Jan 1998

The Onset Of Fertility Transition In Pakistan, Zeba Sathar, John B. Casterline

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Recent trends in fertility and contraceptive prevalence indicate that the marital fertility transition in Pakistan, which has been anticipated for three decades, has begun in the 1990s. Before that decade, the total fertility rate had exceeded 6 births per woman for at least three decades, and fewer than 10 percent of married women practiced contraception. The most recent survey data, collected in 1996- 97, show a total fertility rate of 5.3 births per woman and a contraceptive prevalence rate of 24 percent. Underlying this development are macroeconomic trends that have led to widespread economic distress at the household level, and …

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The Changing Social Environment For Adolescents In Kassena-Nankana District Of Northern Ghana: Implications For Reproductive Behavior, Barbara Mensch, Daniel Bagah, Wesley H. Clark, Fred N. Binka Jan 1998

The Changing Social Environment For Adolescents In Kassena-Nankana District Of Northern Ghana: Implications For Reproductive Behavior, Barbara Mensch, Daniel Bagah, Wesley H. Clark, Fred N. Binka

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This study reports on a primarily qualitative investigation of adolescent reproductive behavior in the Kassena-Nankana District, a rural isolated area in northern Ghana, where traditional patterns of marriage, family formation, and social organization persist. The study is based on in-depth interviews and focus groups with adolescents, parents, chiefs and traditional leaders, teachers, youth leaders, and health workers, supplemented by quantitative data from the 1996 wave of a panel survey of reproductive-aged women conducted by the Navrongo Health Research Centre. The social environment faced by adolescent boys and girls in the Kassena-Nankana District and its links to reproductive behavior are described. …

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The Impact Of Family Planning Household Service Delivery On Women's Status In Bangladesh, James F. Phillips, Mian Bazle Hossain Jan 1998

The Impact Of Family Planning Household Service Delivery On Women's Status In Bangladesh, James F. Phillips, Mian Bazle Hossain

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Since 1982, the Maternal and Child Health and Family Planning Extension Project has compiled longitudinal panel data on rural women’s contact with household service providers who visit homes to discuss family planning and offer services to women on request. This study tests the hypothesis that home-based services reinforce customs of purdah (female seclusion) by sustaining the dependency and isolation of the women served by the program. Results show that household services improve women’s status. This effect is largely attributable to the impact of outreach on effective fertility regulation. Findings do not support the hypothesis that household service delivery is detrimental …

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Social Networks And The Diffusion Of Fertility Control, Mark R. Montgomery, John B. Casterline Jan 1998

Social Networks And The Diffusion Of Fertility Control, Mark R. Montgomery, John B. Casterline

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Theories of the fertility transition now routinely reserve a place for diffusion effects. Two fundamental behavioral mechanisms account for such effects: social learning and social influence. Social learning refers to the acquisition of information from others. The information might have to do with a new technology or with the health, social, and economic consequences of decisions. In the case of fertility, individuals might learn from others about the availability of a new contraceptive, or about health side effects of certain contraceptives, or about the apparent gains and losses from having fewer children and investing in their schooling. Social influence refers …

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Application Of Hierarchical Monte Carlo Simulation To The Estimation Of Human Exposure To Mercury Via Consumption Of King Mackerel (Scomberomorus Cavalla), W. Leonard Balthis Jan 1998

Application Of Hierarchical Monte Carlo Simulation To The Estimation Of Human Exposure To Mercury Via Consumption Of King Mackerel (Scomberomorus Cavalla), W. Leonard Balthis

MUSC Theses and Dissertations

Data from mercury poisoning episodes in Japan and Iraq have been used to derive threshold levels for health effects in humans, and the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established a reference dose (RfD) for methylmercury of 0.30 µg/kg/day. It is desirable, therefore, to predict exposures for various populations, and examine these exposures in relation to the established RfD. Given data on mercury concentrations in fish, and rates of fish consumption among human populations, it is possible to calculate exposure in one of several ways. One of the simplest ways involves the use of average values to compute a …

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What Can Be Done To Foster Multisectoral Population Policies? Summary Report Of A Seminar, Population Council, Overseas Development Council Jan 1998

What Can Be Done To Foster Multisectoral Population Policies? Summary Report Of A Seminar, Population Council, Overseas Development Council

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

The 1994 International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo was a watershed moment in the definition of population policies. The meeting put an end to the unproductive debate on which is more instrumental in achieving voluntary fertility decline: providing family planning (FP) services or improving social and economic development. The answer was that both are essential. The Cairo meeting also defined the most desirable services and the kind of development that was most empowering, particularly with respect to achieving reproductive choice. Despite this strong dual message from Cairo, only the call for a move away from a narrow vision …

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Continuing The Strengthening Of Situation Analysis Methodology: An Africa-Focused Approach, Robert A. Miller Jan 1998

Continuing The Strengthening Of Situation Analysis Methodology: An Africa-Focused Approach, Robert A. Miller

Reproductive Health

In 1995, the Population Council’s Africa OR/TA Project II proposed a three-year subproject to organize and strengthen the Situation Analysis methodology that had been developed by the first Africa OR/TA Project in 1989. This subproject proposed to concentrate on three areas of continuing importance in the African context: wider use of the established database to explore program issues in reproductive health (RH); synthesis of the knowledge that has been collected about African family planning (FP) programs into a monograph analyzing program issues, patterns of services, and their implications; and continued assistance in training and data processing on field studies. These …

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