Public Health Commons^™

Utilisation De Sensibilisants Ou D'Irritants Dans Un Milieu D'Enseignement De Métiers De La Construction, Brigitte Roberge, François Lemay, Rodrigue Gravel, Éric Audet, Denise Gautrin

Rapports de recherche scientifique

L’asthme est une maladie respiratoire répandue dans les pays industrialisés. Plusieurs cas d’asthme sont attribuables au travail, d’autres sont exacerbés par les conditions de travail. Partant de ce fait, l’équipe de chercheurs du Centre asthme et travail mène des études chez les apprenants de métiers de la construction.

Compte tenu que le milieu d’apprentissage peut exacerber les symptômes de cette maladie, il devient pertinent de caractériser celui-ci en termes du risque d’exposition des apprenants à des substances sensibilisantes ou irritantes. Une grande diversité de produits est utilisée de façon intermittente en quantité variable au cours des modules d’apprentissage en atelier …

Qualité De L'Air Dans Les Étables De Veaux De Lait, Jacques Lavoie, Yves Beaudet, Stéphane Lemay, Martin Belzile, Caroline Côté, Stéphane Godbout, Kathie Roseberry

Rapports de recherche scientifique

La qualité de l’air à l’intérieur des bâtiments d’élevage est reconnue comme pouvant avoir un impact sur la qualité de vie et la santé des travailleurs aussi bien que sur les performances animales. Les producteurs de veaux de lait sont conscients de ce fait, surtout en condition hivernale lorsque la ventilation est réduite. Cette étude a donc été mise en place afin d’évaluer la qualité de l’air à l’intérieur de bâtiments d’élevage de veaux de lait durant trois saisons (hiver, printemps et été) afin de quantifier le risque pour les producteurs associé à la qualité de l’air.

Trois fermes ayant …

Critères De Déclenchement Du Nettoyage Des Systèmes De Chauffage, De Ventilation Et De Conditionnement D'Air D'Édifices Non Industriels, Jacques Lavoie, Rodrigue Gravel, Yves Cloutier, Ali Bahloul

Rapports de recherche scientifique

Les systèmes de ventilation peuvent être des sources potentielles de polluants créées par l’accumulation de poussière dans leurs réseaux. L’organisme américain National Air Duct Cleaner Association (NADCA) a déjà publié des critères numériques d’acceptation de propreté après nettoyage. Par contre, ces critères sont inutiles si l’on veut savoir quand débuter le nettoyage. En Amérique du Nord, le déclenchement du nettoyage des conduits est basé sur l’inspection visuelle. En 2004, l’Association pour la prévention et l’étude de la contamination de France (ASPEC) a publié une méthode basée sur des critères numériques de déclenchement de nettoyage. Ces méthodes, basées sur des prélèvements …

Equinococosis Hepática Poliquística Autóctona Por Echinococcus Vogeli En El Amazonas Venezolano: Descripción De Un Caso [Autochthonous Polycystic Hepatic Echinococcosis Due To Echinococcus Vogeli At The Venezuelan Amazon: Case Report], Salha Abdul-Hadi, Nathalie De Jesús Chacón Fonseca, Ana Cecilia Bruces, José Enrique Gutierrez, Jorge Alfredo Safar, María Alejandra Egui, Adriana Falco, Hector Eduardo Cantele

Physician Assistant Studies Faculty Publications

Echinococcus vogeli y Echinococcus oligarthrus, especies autóctonas de América, producen equinococosis poliquística. El objetivo del trabajo es presentar un caso de equinococosis hepática poliquística por Echinococcus vogeli en una indígena de la etnia Yekuana del área amazónica venezolana. Presentó dolor abdominal punzante, hepatomegalia y eosinofilia marcada. Los estudios por imágenes mostraron lesiones poliquísticas en hígado. La serología para equinococosis resultó positiva. Se inicia tratamiento con albendazol previo a la cirugía, sin mejoría clínica. Se extrajo una gran masa quística del hígado por cirugía. Se determinó el promedio de longitud de los ganchos cefálicos de los protoescólices y las proporciones correspondían …

Evaluating If The Built Environment Has A Substantial Effect On Obesity In Fayette County, Kentucky, Will Warren

MPA/MPP/MPFM Capstone Projects

Background:

Obesity is a major health issue in the United States and Fayette County. As Fayette County has become increasingly obese, it too has had an issue of sprawl within its urban service area and beyond. Relationships between obesity and aspects of the built environment are continuing to be studied.

Objective:

To evaluate the impact certain factors may have on the body mass index of Fayette County residents, in particular whether urban sprawl has an overriding impact on the weight of residents.

Methods:

The study area used was Fayette County, which was broken down into its fourteen zip code areas …

Premarital Sex And Schooling Transitions In Four Sub-Saharan African Countries, Ann E. Biddlecom, Richard Gregory, Cynthia B. Lloyd, Barbara Mensch

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Using data from the 2004 National Survey of Adolescents conducted in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, and Uganda, this Population Council working paper investigates the timing of two key transitions in adolescence—school exit and premarital sex—among those who remain enrolled in school at the beginning of adolescence (age 12). Girls appear more vulnerable to dropout once they become sexually mature and once they engage in premarital sex. While girls were found to be less likely than boys, at any given age and controlling for other covariates, to have had premarital sex (except in Ghana), school enrollment and the timing of school …

Casamento Infantil No Contexto Da Epidemia Do Vih, Judith Bruce

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Da forma como a epidemia do VIH cresceu, transformou-se em muitos contextos numa doença de mulheres joven. Na África subsariana, 75% dos 6,2 milhões de jovens com idades entre os 15–24 que vivem com o VIH são mulheres. Ao mesmo tempo, o casamento infantil, apesar de estar a diminuir, continua. Em certos locais africanos, um número elevado de raparigas encontra-se em risco de casarem ainda crianças e muitos milhões de jovens esposas casaram ainda crianças. Para entender melhor estes fenómenos com semelhanças em comum—casamento infantil e epidemia do VIH—o Population Council adoptou uma abordagem em vários níveis. Um nível de …

Éducation Sexuelle Et Vih : Il Est Temps De Changer De Méthodologie, Nicole Haberland, Deborah Rogow

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Pendant des décennies, l’éducation sexuelle basée sur un curriculum a été la pierre angulaire des efforts en fournis par les écoles et les communautés pour améliorer la santé sexuelle et génésique des jeunes, et plus récemment pour prévenir le VIH. Malheureusement, le discours public sur l'éducation sexuelle s’est égaré dans des débats polarisés qui ont détourné l'attention de la manière dont les programmes d'éducation sexuelle et VIH peuvent atteindre le mieux possible les objectifs partagés par différentes circonscriptions. Une étude exhaustive récente de l'impact des programmes d'éducation sexuelle et VIH dispensés par les écoles dans les pays développés et en …

Educación Sobre Sexualidad Y Vih: Tiempo Para Un Cambio De Paradigma, Nicole Haberland, Deborah Rogow

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Durante décadas, la educación sexual basada en un programa de estudio fue la piedra angular de los esfuerzos de la escuela y de la comunidad para mejorar la salud sexual y reproductiva de los jóvenes y, en forma más reciente, para prevenir la infección de VIH. Desafortunadamente, el discurso público sobre educación sexual ha estado envuelto en debates contradictorios que sirven para distraer la atención en lugar de determinar en que manera los programas de educación sobre sexualidad y VIH podrían alcanzar mejor los objetivos compartidos de las distintas partes. Una reseña exhaustiva que se realizó recientemente sobre el impacto …

Jovens Abandonadas: Redireccionar As Intervenções De Vih No Sentido Das Mais Vulneráveis, Judith Bruce

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

No início da terceira década da pandemia do VIH na África Subsariana, as mulheres jovens—muitas vezes adolescentes—são o novo rosto da doença. O VIH/SIDA está a ameaçar, sobretudo, raparigas e jovens com rendimentos sociais e económicos limitados—as que não conseguem evitar, controlar ou sair de relações sexuais inseguras dentro e fora do casamento. As jovens em risco de exploração sexual não são uma pequena minoria, contam-se entre elas centenas de milhões. Promover Transições para a Idade Adulta: Saudáveis, Seguras e Produtivas Nº 23 explora: determinantes estruturais de risco, falta chegar às mais vulneráveis, avançar com os meios que temos e …

Le Contexte De L’Initiation Sexuelle En Évolution Dans La Région Subsaharienne De L’Afrique, Barbara Mensch

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

L'ampleur de l'épidémie du SIDA en Afrique subsaharienne expose particulièrement les jeunes femmes au risque de l'infection par le VIH et requiert une meilleure compréhension des comportements reproductifs, y compris l'initiation sexuelle et les relations sexuelles pré-maritales. La croissance des relations sexuelles pré-maritales est une conséquence inévitable des mariages tardifs dans les pays en développement, en particulier à cause du fait que la période pendant laquelle les filles sont sexuellement mûres et non mariées est prolongée quand le mariage est retardé. Un récent projet du Population Council a fait des recherches sur les liens entre le changement d'âge au mariage …

Leave No Woman Behind, Ethiopia: Baseline Report, Annabel Erulkar, Tekle-Ab Mekbib, Helen Amdemikael, Garry Conille

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

“Leave No Woman Behind, Ethiopia” is an experimental project being implemented in rural areas of Ethiopia’s Amhara region. The project uses the mobilization of women into groups and adult literacy as an entry point for reproductive health education and referrals. Measurement of the program’s impact is being undertaken using a quasi-experimental research design including baseline and endline surveys in six Kebele Associations in rural Amhara. This report presents findings from the baseline survey conducted among more than 3,000 girls and women aged 10–45 in rural Amhara region. The results cover a broad range of topics including education, work, livelihoods, social …

Addressing The Sexual And Reproductive Health Needs Of Young People: Perspectives And Experiences Of Stakeholders From The Health And Non-Health Sectors, K.G. Santhya, Shireen J. Jejeebhoy, Saswata Ghosh, Nicole Haberland

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

In India, recent policies have underscored the right of adolescents and youth to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) counseling and services. Despite recent policies and programs, little information is available on the extent to which policy recommendations and program strategies have been implemented, and the extent to which services serve the disparate needs of married and unmarried young women and men. Also, there is limited evidence about the extent to which health-care providers at different levels of service delivery and stakeholders from other sectors are involved in providing SRH and HIV/AIDS-related information and services to young people, or their perceptions …

Ethnic Differentials In Parental Health Seeking For Childhood Illness In Vietnam, Bussarawan Teerawichitchainan, James F. Phillips

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

The recent introduction of user fees for Vietnam’s primary healthcare services has generated concern that economic policies may adversely affect health-seeking behavior and health outcomes of the poor, particularly among impoverished families who are members of socially marginalized minority groups. This Population Council working paper examines this debate by analyzing parental recall of illness and care-seeking for sick children under age 5 recorded by the 2001–02 Vietnam National Health Survey. Ethnic differentials are evident in all geographic and income levels, although adverse effects of minority status are most pronounced among poor households in remote areas. Results suggest that social equity …

Child Marriage In The Context Of The Hiv Epidemic, Judith Bruce

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

As the HIV epidemic has matured, in many settings it has become a disease of young women. In sub-Saharan Africa, 75 percent of the 6.2 million young people aged 15–24 living with HIV are female. At the same time, child marriage, though on the decline, persists. In parts of Africa, large numbers of girls are at risk of child marriage, and many millions of young wives were married as children. To better understand these twin phenomena—child marriage and the HIV epidemic—the Population Council adopted a multilevel approach. One level of investigation examines the effect of child marriage on the epidemic, …

The Changing Context Of Sexual Initiation In Sub-Saharan Africa, Barbara Mensch

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

The magnitude of the AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa puts young women at particularly high risk for HIV infection and calls for a better understanding of reproductive behavior, including sexual initiation and premarital sex. An increase in premarital sex is an inevitable consequence of later marriage in the developing world, if for no other reason than that the period during which girls are sexually mature and unmarried is prolonged when marriage is postponed. A recent Population Council project investigated the links between changing age at marriage and premarital sexual behavior in 27 sub-Saharan African countries. After documenting the decline in …

Reducir La Exclusión Social Des Las Niñas, Kelly Hallman, Eva Roca

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

En todo el mundo, las niñas son sistemáticamente excluidas de la participación en la vida social, económica y política. La ausencia de niñas en estos terrenos tiene consecuencias, no solo para las mismas jóvenes sino también para la sociedad en su totalidad, ya que se exacerba la pobreza y se perpetúan las disparidades de salud, educación y éxito económico. A nivel internacional, esta marginación dificulta o hace imposible que algunos países logren objetivos en toda la sociedad, como los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, considerados por las Naciones Unidas como parámetros para reducir la pobreza. Desde hace algunos años, el …

Tuko Pamoja: A Guide For Peer Educators, Program For Appropriate Technology In Health (Path)

Reproductive Health

This guide was developed by Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH) and is part of the Kenya Adolescent Reproductive Health Project’s Tuko Pamoja (We Are Together) series. Based on KARHP’s Adolescent Reproductive Health and Life Skills Curriculum, the guide is designed to help facilitate dialogue between adults and young people on issues related to adolescent reproductive health. It can be used to help peer educators share information and lead discussions with their peers on physical and emotional changes during adolescence, staying healthy, planning for the future, making good decisions, and preventing pregnancy and HIV and AIDS. The information can …

Grandir En Harmonie: Document De Références, Population Council

Reproductive Health

Ce document de référence fournit des informations pour accompagner les animateurs du curriculum « Grandir en harmonie » en santé de la reproduction. Il s’adresse principalement aux pairs éducateurs et aux assistants d’adolescent(e)s pour les aider à préparer les adolescents(e) à aborder la sexualité en connaissance de cause, de manière responsable et dans le respect des valeurs de leur communauté. Son contenu peut également être adapté pour les jeunes de 20 à 24 ans. Le document couvre des sujets tels que : lʼadolescence; les valeurs; le genre; les mutilations génitales féminines; comprendre son corps; le tabagisme, l’alcoolisme et la toxicomanie; …

Grandir En Harmonie: Guide De L'Utilisateur, Population Council

Reproductive Health

Ce guide de l’utilisateur fournit des informations pour aider les animateurs du programme « Grandir en harmonie » à jouer efficacement leur rôle d’éducateur pair. Le guide décrit la mission, les tâches et la cible des activités à faire avec les adolescent(e)s/jeunes. Ces activités leur permettent de renforcer leurs capacités à prendre des décisions afin de mieux se réaliser maintenant et dans le futur. Le guide aide les animateurs avec l’organisation, la méthodologie et le matériel de soutien pour les sessions.

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This user’s guide provides information to help “Growing in Harmony” curriculum facilitators effectively carry out their role of …

Grandir En Harmonie: Curriculum D'Animation Des Pairs-Éducateurs Et Des Aides-Ados Ou Jeunes Écoutant, Population Council

Reproductive Health

« Grandir en harmonie » est un curriculum d’animation en santé de la reproduction a l’intention des pair éducateurs et des aides-adolescent(e)s, principalement, pour préparer les adolescent(e)s à aborder la sexualité en connaisance de cause, de manière responsable et dans le respect des valeurs de leur milieu. Son contenu peut aussi être utilisé par les jeunes de 20 à 24 ans, mais avec des méthodes appropriées (panel, thé-débat, etc.). D’autre types d’utilisateurs l’ont expérimenté et ont trouvé que c’était une ressource utile pour la conduite de leurs activités: aides-adolescent(e)s, enseignants, prestataires de santé et autres encadreurs de jeunes. Leurs remarques …

Grandir En Harmonie: Les Questions/Réponses Les Plus Fréquentes Posées Par Les Adolescent(E)S, Population Council

Reproductive Health

Ce guide compile les questions les plus fréquemment posées par les adolescent(e)s au cours du curriculum « Grandir en harmonie » en santé de la reproduction. Il s’adresse principalement aux pairs éducateurs et aux assistants d’adolescent(e)s pour les aider à répondre aux adolescent(e)s au sujet de la sexualité en connaissance de cause, de manière responsable et dans le respect des valeurs de leur communauté. Le document couvre des sujets tels que : l’adolescence, la puberté et les changements des corps; la culture et la sexualité; la santé sexuelle et la sexualité à moindre risque; la contraception et les grossesses indésirées; …

Guías De Referencia: Para Instituciones Y Establecimientos De Salud Que Buscan Acreditar La Calidad Y Enfoque De Género De Sus Servicios, Patricia Riveros Hamel, Erica Palenque, Ricardo Vernon, Ignacio Carreno

Reproductive Health

Esta guía busca presentar todos los elementos para que las organizaciones de salud reproductiva puedan implantar un sistema para mejorar la calidad de los servicios y su sensibilidad a asuntos de género a través de una estrategia de acreditación. La estrategia de acreditación comienza con una evaluación de las condiciones y servicios que ofrece la clínica, lo que permite identificar los estándares de calidad que no son cumplidos. Posteriormente, el personal de la clínica toma como insumo esta información y elabora un plan de trabajo para resolver los problemas identificados. Si la clínica demuestra cumplir cuando menos el 80 por …

Management Of Complications, Pregnancy, Childbirth And The Postpartum Period In The Presence Of Fgm/C, Kenya Ministry Of Health

Reproductive Health

This reference manual is intended for health-care providers in Kenya working among communities that have a high prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) and those who encounter women and/or girls who have undergone the practice. It was designed particularly for use by nonspecialist clinicians, including nurses/midwives, clinical officers, district medical officers, postgraduate medical officers, and medical students. It is also a resource for medical and other health-service providers at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels, particularly those working in areas with a high prevalence of FGM/C. Since the evidence base for effective clinical practice is constantly evolving, readers are encouraged to …

Mainstreaming Emergency Contraception In Ethiopia's Public Sector: Final Project Report, Jill Keesbury, Hailegiorgis Aytenfisu, Spike Bradford

Reproductive Health

The Ethiopian Ministry of Health, the Ethiopian Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and ECafrique launched a two-year project in 2004 to mainstream emergency contraception (EC) in the country’s public sector. The project aimed at improving reproductive health care among young women and reducing the country’s abortion rate by expanding access to EC. Overall, its goal was to demonstrate the feasibility of integrating EC within the public sector’s broader contraceptive mix and was guided by the following objectives: to scale-up and promote public sector EC services in five of Ethiopia’s most populated regions; to document the characteristics and use patterns of …

The Resolution Of Unintended Pregnancy Among Female Students At The University Of Ghana, Legon, Angela El-Adas

Reproductive Health

Little has been done to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of university students regarding unintended pregnancy likely because their middle-class status precludes their being considered a “deprived population.” Female students in tertiary institutions of higher learning are at an age and in a social context that makes them extremely susceptible to unintended pregnancy and the consequences of unsafe abortions. It is necessary to take steps to reduce the incidence of unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortions among this group of “high risk” women. This study sought to investigate the extent of knowledge that female students at the University of Ghana, …

Kenya: Mobilize Health Care Providers To Advocate Against Fgm/C, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is illegal in Kenya. The practice has declined slightly, yet it is nearly universal among the Abagusii, a relatively affluent ethnic group residing in the Nyanza province in western Kenya. Half of cut women reported that they had been cut by a health worker, however providers express willingness to advocate against the practice. This study, launched in 2004 by the Population Council’s FRONTIERS Program, examined the role of health providers in FGM/C in Kenya’s Abagusii community. As noted in this brief, the objectives were to understand the motivations behind the medicalization of FGM/C and determine the …

Bolivia: Marketing And Economic Analyses Help Ngos Develop Strategies For Sustainability, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

Many nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) face reduced funding for reproductive health services and are seeking ways to assess and enhance their ability to generate income to cover their service costs. In 2004, following a workshop on financial sustainability presented by the Population Council’s FRONTIERS Program, three Bolivian NGOs—Prosalud; the Center for Research, Education, and Services (CIES); and the Association of Rural Health Programs (APSAR)—developed operations research studies to improve their financial sustainability. The Prosalud and CIES studies included a cost-recovery study, a study measuring clients’ willingness to pay for services, and a market segmentation study to compare the NGOs’ services with …

Bangladesh: Rh Curriculum Enhances Vocational Students' Knowledge And Behavior, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

In 2004, the Population Council’s FRONTIERS Program and the Bangladesh Ministry of Youth and Sports collaborated on an intervention to introduce reproductive health education into government-run vocational-training courses. The training, offered to males and females aged 15–30, includes livestock husbandry, electronics, and secretarial work. The intervention built upon the positive results of the 1999 Bangladesh Youth Reproductive Health Study, which introduced a life-skills curriculum into secondary schools. The interactive reproductive health curriculum was modified to suit older adolescents and youth attending courses at vocational training centers. Topics included reproductive biology, family planning, pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, critical thinking, and negotiation …

South Africa: Improve Facility Management To Increase Nurse Retention, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

South Africa’s medical infrastructure is relatively well developed, but its maternal mortality rate remains high and numerous studies document poor maternal care. Shortages in nursing staff are a major factor in quality-of-care problems on maternity wards. A Population Council FRONTIERS study of antenatal care in rural clinics in Kwa-Zulu Natal showed that between one-third and one-half of providers interviewed had worked at their clinics for less than a year. In 2004, FRONTIERS followed up on the Kwa-Zulu Natal study to document factors affecting the tenure, motivations, and working conditions of maternal-health nursing staff in three South African provinces. The study …