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Articles 24331 - 24360 of 54736
Full-Text Articles in Public Health
2020-07-22_Michiganoverview_Covidbedppe, Michigan Department Of Health & Human Services
2020-07-22_Michiganoverview_Covidbedppe, Michigan Department Of Health & Human Services
Michigan COVID-19 Hospital Data
The webpage was obtained from Michigan's Coronavirus Cumulative Data page, under the link Data About Places. Data is self-reported by hospitals daily to the EM Resource System per MDHHS Director Robert Gordon's Emergency Order.
Contains the tables Statewide Available Bed Tracking for COVID-19, COVID-19 Metrics, Statewide Available PPE Tracking for COVID-19 (Statewide Available PPE and Bed Tracking), as well as the tables PPE Days On Hand and Patient Census.
2020-07-22_Michigandaily_Covidmap, Michigan Department Of Health & Human Services
2020-07-22_Michigandaily_Covidmap, Michigan Department Of Health & Human Services
Daily Michigan COVID-19 Update
The "WHERE WE STAND WITH COVID-19" map was obtained from Michigan's main COVID-19 page: https://www.michigan.gov/coronavirus. Data was compiled by the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS). The information was updated daily at 3p.m., Monday - Saturday.
The State of Michigan is working around the clock to test and treat COVID-19 patients. Below is the most recent data healthcare experts across the state have compiled.
The image contained a map, indicating total cases by county, and also provides statistics on Total Confirmed Cases, Total COVID-19 Deaths, Daily Confirmed Cases, and Daily COVID-19 Deaths. There …
2020-07-22_Michiganoverview_Covidlongtermcare, Michigan Department Of Health & Human Services
2020-07-22_Michiganoverview_Covidlongtermcare, Michigan Department Of Health & Human Services
Michigan COVID-19 Long Term Care Data
The COVID Long Term Care Facilities page was obtained from Michigan's COVID-19 data page: https://www.michigan.gov/coronavirus/0,9753,7-406-98163_98173-526911--,00.html.
This report is created by the Michigan Department of Health & Human Services from data self-reported by long-term care facilities into EMResource. Data is updated on an ongoing basis.
The data below represents a cumulative total of confirmed COVID-19 resident cases, cumulative total of suspected and confirmed resident deaths, cumulative total of confirmed COVID-19 staff cases, and cumulative total of suspected and confirmed staff deaths reported by SNFs in Michigan since January 1, 2020. Case numbers are provisional and may change as facilities correct …
Photovoice And Youth On Violence And Related Topics: A Systematic Review, Yingwei Yang, Andrew C. Lim, Renée E. Wallace, Stephanie Marhefka-Day, Karen D. Liller
Photovoice And Youth On Violence And Related Topics: A Systematic Review, Yingwei Yang, Andrew C. Lim, Renée E. Wallace, Stephanie Marhefka-Day, Karen D. Liller
Florida Public Health Review
Background and Purpose: Photovoice is a qualitative method that empowers youth to identify community issues and assets through photo-taking and photo discussions. The purpose of this systematic review was to explore the characteristics of studies using photovoice in violence and related topics among youth, and the rationale, strengths and limitations of the photovoice methodology when applied to youth.
Methods: Inclusion criteria, search strategy, and data extraction and analysis plan were specified in advance and documented in a protocol (Registration: PROSPERO-CRD42018087290). The search strategy included three search concepts: photovoice, youth, and violence-related topics. Two rounds of formal searches were executed across …
Physical Activity Interventions For Older Adults: Efficacy, Adherence And Sustainability For Stroke Prevention Outcomes, Agnieszka Suminski
Physical Activity Interventions For Older Adults: Efficacy, Adherence And Sustainability For Stroke Prevention Outcomes, Agnieszka Suminski
DePaul Discoveries
Objective: To examine outcomes of older adults who participate in physical activity intervention programs, whether there is a significant difference in group and individual based physical activity interventions, and assess promise of older adult behavior change post-intervention. Methods: Literature review using seventeen previously published data on physical activity intervention programs for older adults. Results: Studies suggest that physical activity program intervention for older adults show improved physical and mental outcomes. Group-based interventions are more successful for program adherence. Discussion: Family and social support play a significant role in participant adherence to program physical adherence interventions, as well as sustained …
Association Of Neighborhood Disorder And Minority Stress With Depression Among Young Gay And Bisexual Males In Denver And Chicago, Liesl Gonzales, Douglas Bruce
Association Of Neighborhood Disorder And Minority Stress With Depression Among Young Gay And Bisexual Males In Denver And Chicago, Liesl Gonzales, Douglas Bruce
DePaul Discoveries
Excess risk for poor mental health outcomes has been found within sexual minority populations. This study aimed to examine factors that may contribute to depression rates within two populations of YMSM in Denver and Chicago. 100 HIV-positive and 100 HIV-negative YMSM completed a survey regarding demographic information, minority stress (such as same-sex stigma), and perceived neighborhood disorder. Chicago participants reported higher rates of neighborhood disorder, history of incarceration, and being kicked out of a parent’s house, variables predicted to be positively correlated with depression. Surprisingly, it was found that YMSM in Denver were significantly more likely to have depressive symptoms …
2020-07-21_Michiganoverview_Covidbedppe, Michigan Department Of Health & Human Services
2020-07-21_Michiganoverview_Covidbedppe, Michigan Department Of Health & Human Services
Michigan COVID-19 Hospital Data
The webpage was obtained from Michigan's Coronavirus Cumulative Data page, under the link Data About Places. Data is self-reported by hospitals daily to the EM Resource System per MDHHS Director Robert Gordon's Emergency Order.
Contains the tables Statewide Available Bed Tracking for COVID-19, COVID-19 Metrics, Statewide Available PPE Tracking for COVID-19 (Statewide Available PPE and Bed Tracking), as well as the tables PPE Days On Hand and Patient Census.
Vaccine-Preventable Diseases In The Time Of Covid, Thaddeus Zajdowicz, Margan Zajdowicz
Vaccine-Preventable Diseases In The Time Of Covid, Thaddeus Zajdowicz, Margan Zajdowicz
The University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections
No abstract provided.
2020-07-21_Michiganoverview_Covidsymptoms, Michigan Department Of Health & Human Services
2020-07-21_Michiganoverview_Covidsymptoms, Michigan Department Of Health & Human Services
Michigan COVID-19 Syndromic Surveillance System Data
The Syndromic Surveillance System Data report was obtained from Michigan's COVID-19 dashboard, from under the link "Coronavirus Symptoms": https://www.michigan.gov/coronavirus. Data was compiled by the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS). The information was updated daily.
Syndromic Surveillance System data is obtained from approximately 183 facilities participating in syndromic surveillance (132 Emergency Departments (ED), 51 Urgent Cares) across the State of Michigan. The reporting is based on individuals who present at EDs and may not be representative of the overall population. The coronavirus-like symptoms query searches visit free-text (chief complaint, triage notes, and clinical impression) for fever or …
2020-07-21_Michigandaily_Covidmap, Michigan Department Of Health & Human Services
2020-07-21_Michigandaily_Covidmap, Michigan Department Of Health & Human Services
Daily Michigan COVID-19 Update
The "WHERE WE STAND WITH COVID-19" map was obtained from Michigan's main COVID-19 page: https://www.michigan.gov/coronavirus. Data was compiled by the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS). The information was updated daily at 3p.m., Monday - Saturday.
The State of Michigan is working around the clock to test and treat COVID-19 patients. Below is the most recent data healthcare experts across the state have compiled.
The image contained a map, indicating total cases by county, and also provides statistics on Total Confirmed Cases, Total COVID-19 Deaths, Daily Confirmed Cases, and Daily COVID-19 Deaths. There …
2020-07-21_Michiganoverview_Covidlongtermcare, Michigan Department Of Health & Human Services
2020-07-21_Michiganoverview_Covidlongtermcare, Michigan Department Of Health & Human Services
Michigan COVID-19 Long Term Care Data
The COVID Long Term Care Facilities page was obtained from Michigan's COVID-19 data page: https://www.michigan.gov/coronavirus/0,9753,7-406-98163_98173-526911--,00.html.
This report is created by the Michigan Department of Health & Human Services from data self-reported by long-term care facilities into EMResource. Data is updated on an ongoing basis.
The data below represents a cumulative total of confirmed COVID-19 resident cases, cumulative total of suspected and confirmed resident deaths, cumulative total of confirmed COVID-19 staff cases, and cumulative total of suspected and confirmed staff deaths reported by SNFs in Michigan since January 1, 2020. Case numbers are provisional and may change as facilities correct …
2020-07-21_Michiganoverview_Covidstats, Michigan Department Of Health & Human Services
2020-07-21_Michiganoverview_Covidstats, Michigan Department Of Health & Human Services
Cumulative Michigan COVID-19 Data
The COVID Overview page was obtained from Michigan's main COVID-19 page: https:/www.michigan.gov/coronavirus/0,9753,7-406-98163-520743--,00.html.
This report is provisional and subject to change. City of Detroit and Wayne County are reported separately. MDHHS began tracking probable cases April 5, 2020. FCI indicates federal correctional institute. MDOC indicates Michigan Department of Corrections. Diagnostic tests, including nucleic acid amplification/real-time polymerase chain reaction (NAAT/RT-PCR) and rapid virus antigen detection point of care (POC) tests, look for current infection. Serology (antibody) tests are used to look for the possibility of previous infection.
Source: Michigan Disease Surveillance System (MDSS) and Vital Records
The website contained the tables …
Nicotine Exposure During Pregnancy And Risk Of Behavioral Disorders In Offspring, Bailey Eklund
Nicotine Exposure During Pregnancy And Risk Of Behavioral Disorders In Offspring, Bailey Eklund
Theses and Graduate Projects
Background: Smoking during pregnancy has been linked to various health outcomes in offspring. The relationship between nicotine (smoke) exposure during pregnancy and behavioral disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), has been studied for years yielding mixed results. These studies have varied in quality of design and methods, alluding to varied association conclusions. The purpose of this summative review is to determine the association between prenatal nicotine exposure and risk of developing behavioral disorders, such as ADHD.
Methods: A systematic search using Lindell Library and PubMed was used to find peer- reviewed studies on the topics of maternal nicotine …
Cluster Analysis Of Opioid Accessibility In The Carolinas Using Data From The Arcos Database And An Enhanced Two-Step Floating Catchment Area Method, Michael T. Bunker
Cluster Analysis Of Opioid Accessibility In The Carolinas Using Data From The Arcos Database And An Enhanced Two-Step Floating Catchment Area Method, Michael T. Bunker
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This study takes advantage of transaction level data from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration's (DEA) Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders System (ARCOS) database made newly available under court order by The Washington Post in July 2019. This data details individual shipments of pharmaceutical opioid analgesics from wholesalers to retail distributors. Using the Enhanced 2-Step Floating Catchment Area (E2SFCA) method, this study calculated access to opioid morphine milligram equivalents (MME) per capita for census tracts in North Carolina and South Carolina during the year 2009. This study demonstrated that outlier volumes of opioid analgesics at individual pharmacies are not always …
2020-07-20_Michigandaily_Covidmap, Michigan Department Of Health & Human Services
2020-07-20_Michigandaily_Covidmap, Michigan Department Of Health & Human Services
Daily Michigan COVID-19 Update
The "WHERE WE STAND WITH COVID-19" map was obtained from Michigan's main COVID-19 page: https://www.michigan.gov/coronavirus. Data was compiled by the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS). The information was updated daily at 3p.m., Monday - Saturday.
The State of Michigan is working around the clock to test and treat COVID-19 patients. Below is the most recent data healthcare experts across the state have compiled.
The image contained a map, indicating total cases by county, and also provides statistics on Total Confirmed Cases, Total COVID-19 Deaths, Daily Confirmed Cases, and Daily COVID-19 Deaths. There …
2020-07-20_Michiganoverview_Covidbedppe, Michigan Department Of Health & Human Services
2020-07-20_Michiganoverview_Covidbedppe, Michigan Department Of Health & Human Services
Michigan COVID-19 Hospital Data
The webpage was obtained from Michigan's Coronavirus Cumulative Data page, under the link Data About Places. Data is self-reported by hospitals daily to the EM Resource System per MDHHS Director Robert Gordon's Emergency Order.
Contains the tables Statewide Available Bed Tracking for COVID-19, COVID-19 Metrics, Statewide Available PPE Tracking for COVID-19 (Statewide Available PPE and Bed Tracking), as well as the tables PPE Days On Hand and Patient Census.
2020-07-20_Michiganoverview_Covidsymptoms, Michigan Department Of Health & Human Services
2020-07-20_Michiganoverview_Covidsymptoms, Michigan Department Of Health & Human Services
Michigan COVID-19 Syndromic Surveillance System Data
The Syndromic Surveillance System Data report was obtained from Michigan's COVID-19 dashboard, from under the link "Coronavirus Symptoms": https://www.michigan.gov/coronavirus. Data was compiled by the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS). The information was updated daily.
Syndromic Surveillance System data is obtained from approximately 183 facilities participating in syndromic surveillance (132 Emergency Departments (ED), 51 Urgent Cares) across the State of Michigan. The reporting is based on individuals who present at EDs and may not be representative of the overall population. The coronavirus-like symptoms query searches visit free-text (chief complaint, triage notes, and clinical impression) for fever or …
2020-07-20_Michiganoverview_Covidlongtermcare, Michigan Department Of Health & Human Services
2020-07-20_Michiganoverview_Covidlongtermcare, Michigan Department Of Health & Human Services
Michigan COVID-19 Long Term Care Data
The COVID Long Term Care Facilities page was obtained from Michigan's COVID-19 data page: https://www.michigan.gov/coronavirus/0,9753,7-406-98163_98173-526911--,00.html.
This report is created by the Michigan Department of Health & Human Services from data self-reported by long-term care facilities into EMResource. Data is updated on an ongoing basis.
The data below represents a cumulative total of confirmed COVID-19 resident cases, cumulative total of suspected and confirmed resident deaths, cumulative total of confirmed COVID-19 staff cases, and cumulative total of suspected and confirmed staff deaths reported by SNFs in Michigan since January 1, 2020. Case numbers are provisional and may change as facilities correct …
2020-07-20_Michiganoverview_Covidstats, Michigan Department Of Health & Human Services
2020-07-20_Michiganoverview_Covidstats, Michigan Department Of Health & Human Services
Cumulative Michigan COVID-19 Data
The COVID Overview page was obtained from Michigan's main COVID-19 page: https:/www.michigan.gov/coronavirus/0,9753,7-406-98163-520743--,00.html.
This report is provisional and subject to change. City of Detroit and Wayne County are reported separately. MDHHS began tracking probable cases April 5, 2020. FCI indicates federal correctional institute. MDOC indicates Michigan Department of Corrections. Diagnostic tests, including nucleic acid amplification/real-time polymerase chain reaction (NAAT/RT-PCR) and rapid virus antigen detection point of care (POC) tests, look for current infection. Serology (antibody) tests are used to look for the possibility of previous infection.
Source: Michigan Disease Surveillance System (MDSS) and Vital Records
The website contained the tables …
“Right To Work” And Life Or Death For Georgia Teachers, Austin Mcneill Brown
“Right To Work” And Life Or Death For Georgia Teachers, Austin Mcneill Brown
Population Health Research Brief Series
Georgia is a “right to work” state, in which teachers can be fired or have their state license revoked if they strike or utilize collective bargaining. This leaves few legal options for teachers to challenge the state mandate to reopen without adequate preparation.
Pregnancy Rates From Intrauterine Insemination Are Equivalent Following 1- Versus 5-Day Letrozole Administration For Ovulation Induction: A Retrospective Study, Kaitlin Mcgrail, Susan Conway, John Storment, Sarah Buzhardt, Neil Chappell
Pregnancy Rates From Intrauterine Insemination Are Equivalent Following 1- Versus 5-Day Letrozole Administration For Ovulation Induction: A Retrospective Study, Kaitlin Mcgrail, Susan Conway, John Storment, Sarah Buzhardt, Neil Chappell
School of Medicine Faculty Publications
Objective: To compare the efficacy of single-dose letrozole (25 mg) with a 5-day course (5 mg/day) for ovulation induction (OI). Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Hospital. Patient(s): Patients undergoing first round of OI and intrauterine insemination with letrozole from January 2015 through December 2017. Intervention(s): Patients received letrozole as either a single 25 mg dose for 1 day (1D) versus 5 mg daily for 5 days (5D). A secondary analysis was performed on patients also receiving gonadotropins (GND). Main Outcome Measure(s): Pregnancy rate (PR) determined by positive human chorionic GND. Result(s): There were 847 patients included in the study, 302 …
Where There's Smoke, There's Fire: What Current And Future Providers Do And Do Not Know About Electronic Cigarettes., Josephine Hwang, Mdc, Mphc, Crystal Lee, Eric Mastrolonardo, Rosemary Frasso Phd, Msc, Cph
Where There's Smoke, There's Fire: What Current And Future Providers Do And Do Not Know About Electronic Cigarettes., Josephine Hwang, Mdc, Mphc, Crystal Lee, Eric Mastrolonardo, Rosemary Frasso Phd, Msc, Cph
College of Population Health Faculty Papers
BACKGROUND: Health care providers play a pivotal role as educators on health-related matters ranging from vaccination to smoking cessation. With the rising popularity of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), providers face a new challenge. To date, studies have identified a general lack of knowledge among providers regarding e-cigarettes and discomfort with counseling patients on e-cigarette use. This study aims to systematically explore the perspectives of different health care providers on e-cigarettes and their health implications. With a growing availability of research on the health consequences of e-cigarette use, our study also aims to assess the familiarity of our participants with this literature. …
The Health Wagon Partners With The Virginia Department Of Health To Provide Covid-19 Testing In Rural Southwest Virginia, Tauna Gulley, Teresa Tyson, Ethan Collins, Rachel Helton, Paula Hill-Collins, Nicole France, Sarah Hubbard
The Health Wagon Partners With The Virginia Department Of Health To Provide Covid-19 Testing In Rural Southwest Virginia, Tauna Gulley, Teresa Tyson, Ethan Collins, Rachel Helton, Paula Hill-Collins, Nicole France, Sarah Hubbard
Journal of Appalachian Health
The Health Wagon has been providing care for the rural population of southwest Virginia for the past 40 years. The mission of the Health Wagon is to provide quality health care to the medically underserved people in the mountains of Appalachia. It has expanded to two stationary clinics, three mobile units, and a mobile dental unit, logging over 19,000 patients encounters in the past year.
Listening To Voices In Appalachia: Gathering Wisdom From The Field About Substance-Abuse Recovery Ecosystems, Bruce Behringer
Listening To Voices In Appalachia: Gathering Wisdom From The Field About Substance-Abuse Recovery Ecosystems, Bruce Behringer
Journal of Appalachian Health
New qualitative data collected through six regional community-based listening sessions and community meetings are presented that describe elements of the Appalachian Regional Commission’s Recovery Ecosystem Model. These data informed the Model, which was used in formulating the new ARC Recovery-to-Work initiative. Input was intentionally solicited from multiple sectors, including persons recovering from substance abuse disorder, treatment and recovery service providers, workforce development agencies, employers, and community advocacy groups.
Responding To Appalachian Voices: Steps In Developing Substance-Use Recovery Ecosystems, Bruce Behringer
Responding To Appalachian Voices: Steps In Developing Substance-Use Recovery Ecosystems, Bruce Behringer
Journal of Appalachian Health
A description is presented of the four-step process used by the Appalachian Regional Commission to develop a new Recovery to Work initiative. The Commission identified, defined, and described issues facing individuals who complete substance abuse disorder treatment and who seek reentry into the workforce. Key elements were identified for resources and supports to develop and maintain community-based substance abuse recovery ecosystems. The steps included conceptualization, data collection, analysis, and review to formulate recommendations for program and policy development. The full process of development was accomplished in twelve months.
Experiencing Cancer In Appalachian Kentucky, Melanie Mccomsey, David Ahern, Robin C. Vanderpool, Timothy W. Mullett, Ming-Yuan Chih, Meghan Johnson, Michele Ellison, Karen Onyeije, Bradford W. Hesse, Eliah Aronoff-Spencer
Experiencing Cancer In Appalachian Kentucky, Melanie Mccomsey, David Ahern, Robin C. Vanderpool, Timothy W. Mullett, Ming-Yuan Chih, Meghan Johnson, Michele Ellison, Karen Onyeije, Bradford W. Hesse, Eliah Aronoff-Spencer
Journal of Appalachian Health
Nothing tells the story of people working together better than a community quilt. A diversity of talents, colors, and materials brought together through skill and shared purpose. Perhaps never before have we as Americans needed a stronger reminder that many hands make short work of big problems. The work presented here by the L.A.U.N.C.H. Collaborative offers a new framework for health care that could be compared to a digital quilt, powered by community-based participatory design, with lived expertise and the newest advances in broadband-enabled connected health solutions. This work demonstrates the value and need to engage local communities and what …
Preface: Experiencing Cancer In Appalachian Kentucky, Michele Ellison, Robin C. Vanderpool
Preface: Experiencing Cancer In Appalachian Kentucky, Michele Ellison, Robin C. Vanderpool
Journal of Appalachian Health
Connected cancer care is of increasing importance in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Linking & Amplifying User-Centered Networks through Connected Health (L.A.U.N.C.H.) Collaborative in Appalachian Kentucky has pioneered a new roadmap for equipping communities with the transformative power of broadband to innovate around the future of cancer care and to better scale their ideas. The roadmap involves reaching across disciplines, including public health, anthropology, telecommunications, and user-centered design. The goal is to leverage connectivity and cancer communication research and practice to make a real difference for patients and families.
Preventive Care And Chronic Disease Management: Comparison Of Appalachian And Non-Appalachian Community Health Centers In The United States, Julie P. Marcinek, Alek Sripipatana, Sue C. Lin
Preventive Care And Chronic Disease Management: Comparison Of Appalachian And Non-Appalachian Community Health Centers In The United States, Julie P. Marcinek, Alek Sripipatana, Sue C. Lin
Journal of Appalachian Health
Introduction: The Appalachian region is often characterized by poor health outcomes and economic depression. Health centers (HCs) are community-based and patient-directed organizations that deliver comprehensive, culturally competent, high-quality primary healthcare services in high need areas, including Appalachia, where economic, geographic, or cultural factors can hinder access to healthcare services.
Purpose: The study compares the clinical quality performance in preventive care and chronic disease management between Appalachian HCs and their non-Appalachian counterparts.
Methods: Using 2015 Uniform Data System (UDS) health center data, bivariate and multivariate linear regression analyses examine the association of Appalachian HC with performance on preventive and chronic care …
Parental Impact On Child Physical Activity And Sedentary Time In Appalachian North Carolina, Allison V. Farrell, Richard W. Christiana, Rebecca A. Battista, J. Joy James
Parental Impact On Child Physical Activity And Sedentary Time In Appalachian North Carolina, Allison V. Farrell, Richard W. Christiana, Rebecca A. Battista, J. Joy James
Journal of Appalachian Health
Introduction: Physical activity has positive health benefits across the lifespan including reduced rates of chronic disease. Despite having ample availability of outdoor space for physical activity in the Appalachian Mountain region, there are low rates of physical activity along with high rates of sedentary time and increased prevalence of overweight individuals across all age groups. Therefore, there is a need to understand the factors that influence family’s physical activity and sedentary time.
Purpose: To assess whether parental attitudes and behaviors influence children’s physical activity and sedentary time.
Methods: The current study was a secondary analysis of the baseline data from …
Geographic Variation In The Structure Of Kentucky’S Population Health Systems: An Urban, Rural, And Appalachian Comparison, Rachel Hogg-Graham, Angela Carman, Glen P. Mays, Pierre Martin Dominique Zephyr
Geographic Variation In The Structure Of Kentucky’S Population Health Systems: An Urban, Rural, And Appalachian Comparison, Rachel Hogg-Graham, Angela Carman, Glen P. Mays, Pierre Martin Dominique Zephyr
Journal of Appalachian Health
Introduction: Research examining geographic variation in the structure of population health systems is continuing to emerge, and most of the evidence that currently exists divides systems by urban and rural designation. Very little is understood about how being rural and Appalachian impacts population health system structure and strength.
Purpose: This study examines geographic differences in key characteristics of population health systems in urban, rural non-Appalachian, and rural Appalachian regions of Kentucky.
Methods: Data from a 2018 statewide survey of community networks was used to examine population health system characteristics. Descriptive statistics were generated to examine variation across geographic regions in …