Psychiatry and Psychology Commons^™

Thinking Outside The Box: The Human Role In Increasingly Automated Aviation Systems, Joel Lachter, Alan Hobbs, Jon Holbrook

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Rapid advances in automation are enabling transport systems to operate in an increasingly autonomous manner. From time to time, these systems encounter operational conditions that fall outside a “competency box” of scenarios and environments for which the system was designed. Human operators add resilience because they can see and act outside the automation’s competency box. Advanced aviation concepts envision fleets of highly automated air vehicles providing on-demand transport for people and goods. We examine one such concept, Urban Air Moblity [sic] (UAM) and explore how humans can best be incorporated to maintain resilience. A human-autonomy teaming approach is suggested.

Evaluating The Use Of High-Fidelity Simulator Research Methods To Study Airline Flight Crew Resilience, Chad L. Stephens, Lawrence J. Prinzel, Daniel Kiggins, Kathryn Ballard, Jon Holbrook

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

As it evolves, aviation will continue to require integration of a wide range of safety systems and practices, some of which are already in place and others that are yet to be developed. New concepts in system safety thinking have emerged to consider not only what may go wrong, but also what can be learned when things go right during commercial flight operations. Taken together, these complementary perspectives form a more comprehensive approach to system safety thinking that can help to recognize and preserve the resilient performance capabilities currently provided by humans. A need exists, however, for research methods to …

Factors Influencing Pilot Trust In Electronic Flight Bag Information, Warren Pittorie, Summer Rebensky, Leonia Hunt, Andrew Narkushian, Maria Chaparro, Meredith Carroll

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Electronic Flight Bags (EFBs) are widely used by pilots in the commercial aviation industry. EFBs serve as replacements for some traditional sources of information, such as paper charts, manuals, and checklists, augmentation for flight-related information previously unavailable through older cockpit systems such as temporary flight restriction locations, and supplemental information such as a secondary display of traffic). By having access to this information, pilots are able to make more effective decisions in various situations. Related literature has shown that decision makers in situations of uncertainty are influenced by a range of factors such as experience, the level of risk in …

Flight Allocation In Shared Human-Automation En-Route Air Traffic Control, G De Rooij, C Borst, M M. Van Paassen, M Mulder

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Allocation is a challenge for higher levels of automation in air traffic control, where fights can be dynamically assigned to either a human or an automated agent. Through an exploratory experiment with six professional air traffic controllers, insight was gained into the possibilities and challenges of human-automation teamwork in an en-route environment. Participants showed high levels of automation trust, but mostly ignored automation-suggested allocations, preferring a highly automated sector instead. Most fights were delegated to automation, after they were given a direct and conflict-free path. Flights handled manually were those requiring level changes or non-standard routing. Future research should focus …

Assessing The Relationships Between Organizational Management Factors (4ps) And A Resilient Safety Culture In A Collegiate Aviation Program With A Safety Management Systems (Sms), Daniel Kwasi Adjekum

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Resilient safety culture is a key factor in sustaining safety management systems (SMS) in a U.S. collegiate aviation program. The relationships between four organizational management factors (Principles, Policy, Procedures, Practices) and a resilient safety culture model based on Reason’s concept was assessed using an online survey instrument. Structural Equation Model (SEM) technique were used to assess measurement models of factors underlying a resilient safety culture. All four management factors had significant predictive relationship with resilient safety culture. Practices had the weakest predictive relationship with resilient safety culture and Policy had the highest. Procedures strongly mediated path between Policies and Practices …

Safety Programs, Safety Management Systems And Implications For Human Performance, Julia Pounds, Paul Krois

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

A State Safety Program (SSP) and a Safety Management System (SMS) are both part of the Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) promoted by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to support international safety in air navigation, flight inspections, air accident investigations, training, certification, and related areas. This paper discusses roles and responsibilities of the regulator and service provider focusing on human performance in oversight versus operations. Clarification is intended to help both regulators and operators focus on executing their separate and distinct roles and responsibilities for oversight versus operations. Left unaddressed, role confusion between the organizations can result in safety …

A Model Of Space Operator Training Motivation Using Serious Games, Foster E. Davis, Michael E. Miller

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Services provided by spacecraft, including communications and global positioning, are integral to small businesses, multinational corporations, and the United States Department of Defense. United States rivals recognize the advantage provided by the space domain and are exploring ways to degrade these services in their warfare doctrine. In response, the United States requires space systems suited to counter these threats and personnel who are trained to respond to the newly contested environment. Training research has shown that trainee characteristics, including motivation, can significantly impact training outcomes. Beyond the training literature, guidelines have been developed for motivating game play which might apply …

Transitioning From Face-To-Face To Virtual Training: Trainee Perceptions Of Virtual Air Traffic Training, Brett S. Torrence, Chanda Sanders, Charla Long

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

The public health emergency has adversely impacted the aviation community, resulting in reduced air traffic operations and challenges for the workforce. The Air Traffic Controller workforce has experienced interruptions to initial and on-the-job training due to social distancing practices and extended periods of reduced traffic. In response, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) transitioned components of its air traffic training to an online (virtual) platform to continue training and reduce delays. An initial evaluation of the FAA’s Virtual Air Traffic Basics and Virtual Initial Lessons courses was conducted by examining air traffic control trainee (N = 180) perceptions of the virtual …

Modern Practices For Flightcrew Training Of Procedural Knowledge, Nathan Sonnenfeld, Blake Nguyen, Class Tido Boesser, Florian Jentsch

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Instructional systems utilizing electronic and distance learning approaches (E&DL) have advanced the accessibility and capabilities of training in aviation and other industries. The aviation industry is particularly interested in how to extend the use of E&DL from training facts and information to training procedures, and how to integrate E&DL into existing training. We reviewed a corpus of literature including over 1,200 scientific, regulatory, and technical documents—across domains including aviation, defense, healthcare, and education—focusing on the effectiveness of E&DL for training procedures and the design, development, and evaluation of E&DL. We received input from subject matter experts with respect to contemporary …

Knowns And Unknowns In Air Traffic Controller Safety Reports: Developing A New Method, Paul Krois, Julia Pounds

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Air traffic controllers in the Federal Aviation Administration can submit voluntary safety reports when significant safety concerns and potential safety events are encountered during their everyday operations. We tested two questions: Can safety reports be classified according to whether the risk was known or unknown to the controller or the system; and would classifying reports in this manner yield useful safety information? A sample of 36 reports was assessed using this known-unknown method. 55% of the reports were classified as risks known to the controller but unknown to the system. 17% of the reports were scored as known to both …

Is Our Current Certification Process A Threat To Safety Innovation?, Erik-Jan A M Huijbrechts, M M René Van Paassen

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Certification is an important process in the aviation industry. The certified status of aircraft, aircraft equipment and procedures is often regarded as a guarantee for safety. However, if shortcomings emerge during operation, this certified status can prevent improvement of the design. In addition, to develop and certify new equipment, it is often easier to modify existing, certified equipment than have a full certification of a new system. Doing so, safety problems may be overlooked. In this paper, a link is made between the certification process and organizational safety of both manufacturers of aircraft or aircraft equipment and airline companies.

Behavioral Indicators In Air Traffic Control: Detecting And Preventing Performance Decline, Tamsyn Edwards, Rachel Seely, Aaron Katz, Paul Lee

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Air traffic controllers are responsible for the safety and efficiency of air traffic and therefore must maintain a consistently high standard of performance. However, performance can be negatively affected by factors such as workload and fatigue, potentially leading to performance decline and performance-related incidents. Real-time identification of negative influences would facilitate timely implementation of supportive strategies prior to performance decline. The current study aimed to explore the concept of ‘behavioral indicators’ to identify when a controller was reaching a performance limit. A second aim was to capture behavioral indicators associated with performance influencing factors. A total of 65 controllers spanning …

What We Know About Teamwork And Multiteam Coordination In Aviation: Emergent States Supporting Teamwork In Aviation, Glenn E. Littlepage, Michael B. Hein, Andrea M. Georgiou

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

This paper describes a variety of factors that can facilitate teamwork. These include team orientation, collective efficacy, mutual trust, psychological safety, shared situational awareness, shared mental models, and transactive memory. Aviation-specific research on each of these states is reviewed.

What We Know About Teamwork And Multiteam Coordination In Aviation: Teamwork Processes In Aviation, Michael B. Hein, Glenn E. Littlepage, Andrea M. Georgiou

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Much of the work of pilots, flight attendants, air traffic controllers, aircraft mechanics, and flight operations center personnel is done in teams and coordination within and between teams is required. This is the third in a five- article series discussing theory and research relating to teamwork in aviation. This article presents a core piece of the comprehensive model of teamwork in aviation .

Pilot Situation Awareness And Risk Of Critical Incidents Using A Novel Online Flight Simulation Tool, Kirsten Brightman, Kathleen Van Benthem, Chris M. Herdman

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Pilot situation awareness (SA) is a critical influence on decision making and an important element in maintaining the safe control of an aircraft. The present research investigated whether measures of pilot SA, gathered via an online computer-based cognitive screening tool for pilots, could be used to predict pilot’s likelihood of real-world critical incidents. A risk score for each pilot was developed based on their self-reported critical incidents from their actual flight history. It was hypothesized that individuals with lower SA scores would have higher risk scores. The impact of age and pilot experience were also considered, as these factors are …

Distress Tolerance As A Potential Target For Change: The Relationship Between Distress Tolerance, Craving, And Alcohol Consumption In A Lab-Based Experiment, Isabel F. Augur

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Distress tolerance (DT) has recently been studied as a potential catalyst for the development ofalcohol use disorder (AUD). Research exploring the relationship between DT and craving is limited and has primarily focused on nicotine craving. Furthermore, there are no current studies examining the relationship between DT and alcohol consumption. This study was designed to fill this gap in the literature, which may shed light on a potentially important target for alcohol use treatment. Additionally, the role of mindfulness was explored in the context of the relationship between DT and alcohol craving and consumption, with the intention of expanding on the …

Developing The Facilitative Health And Well-Being Tool: Freeing Writing, William O. Fogarty

Creativity and Change Leadership Graduate Student Master's Projects

Research into processes of self, including self-concept clarity, identity, and meaning and purpose in life, has demonstrated that human beings that feel they know themselves tend to experience positive health and well-being outcomes, while people who feel they don’t know themselves tend to experience more negative health and well-being outcomes. These findings indicate that knowing oneself is essential. Thus, the facilitative tool I am creating with this Master’s Project, Freeing Writing, combines the power of self-knowledge and self-discovery with the healing power of expressive writing. In this manuscript, I synthesize the scientific research, Design Thinking process, and real-world experiences which …

Headache-Related Disability Among Individuals With And Without Migraine Aura, Delora Denney

Honors Theses

Migraine is a neurological disease marked by recurrent headache and migraine attacks. Migraine is one of the most common diseases in the world, and as a result of high prevalence and symptoms, migraine is also quite disabling. One-third of people who have migraine experience aura, and these individuals have a greater risk for stroke, psychiatric comorbidities, and suicide attempts. The present study aimed to evaluate if there was a difference in headache-related disability between those who have migraine with and without aura, and any headache or psychiatric factors that may account for observed difference in disability.

The present study is …

Relationship Of Utilization Of Mental Health Care In Patients With Substance Use Disorders With And Without History Of Prior Incarceration, Linda Zhang, Harrison Ross Galicki, Gerald Demasters, William B. Dehart

Psychiatry

No abstract provided.

Mental Health Of Individuals Within Incarceration: A Systematic Literature Review, Steven I. Valladares

Capstone Experience: Master of Public Health

Mental Health Illness is on the rise in the United States. About 90% of incarcerated individuals have at least one mental health condition. The current federal and state incarceration systems do not seem to be well-equipped to transition an incarcerated individual to the civilian life. This is so because the incarceration system focuses too much on the punishment rather than rehabilitation. This framework could be deemed unsafe and dangerous to the civilian world once a prisoner gets released, due to incarcerated individuals not receiving adequate mental health treatment. This literature review highlights the flaws of the current incarceration system mental …

Treatment Access For Dual Diagnosis Substance Use And Mental Health Disorders, Pedro Banuelos

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

In 2018, of 1.3 million Latinx adults in the United States facing concurrent issues with substance use disorders (SUD) and mental health disorders (MHD) 93% remained untreated for either diagnosis. This is concerning since Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) data reveals that this population is at greater risk for suicidal thoughts, plans, and attempts. They also face structural barriers such as employment, housing, legal involvement, and insurability that further impede access to treatment.

This study’s purpose was to examine barriers to accessing treatment for Latinx populations confronting co-occurring SUDs and MHDs. This study used a qualitative design …

The Aftermath Of Sexual Assault: Creating The "I Am More Than My Experience" Workbook, Isabella Chung

Calvert Undergraduate Research Awards

The following thesis includes a literature review of the immediate and long-term effects of sexual assault on victims in regards to their physical, mental, and emotional health and romantic relationships, followed by a proposed workbook for sexual assault victims/survivors. Being that typical responses immediately after an assault are fear, disbelief, and activation of the sympathetic nervous system, it is to no surprise that long term issues of depression, anxiety, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) often arise as well. Thus, a workbook was created with the intention of educating readers about sexual assault and helping victims/survivors to heal from the trauma …

Content Validity Of Aba Language Assessments In The Totality Of Skinner's Verbal Operant Theory, Taylor Marie Lauer

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

Content validity describes the degree of which a measure represents all the components of the overall construct being measured. Behavior analytic language assessments are largely based on Skinner’s verbal operant theory (1957). Three behavior analytic language assessments were utilized to measure the coverage of Skinner’s verbal behavior theory: the VB-MAPP, ABLLS-R, and PEAK. The purpose of the current study was to examine the content validity of each of these assessments coverage on the totality of Skinner’s verbal operant theory. Expressive items on each of the three assessments were compared to definitions of Skinner’s verbal operants and were coded as the …

Emotion Regulation Among Adults With Asthma: Links With Short-Acting Inhaler Medication Overuse And Utilization Of Acute Medical Care, Victoria A. Green

Honors Theses

Effective control of asthma symptoms requires daily self-management activities, including use of short-acting or “rescue” inhaled medications. Overuse of short-acting inhaled medications, such as albuterol, can have negative side-effects, including respiratory infections and worse asthma symptom control. Existing research suggests that emotion plays an important role in airway inflammation and asthma symptom control. The objective of this study was to determine whether difficulties regulating emotion was associated with overuse of short-acting inhaled medications and acute medical care usage in adults with asthma. The sample included 401 adults with asthma recruited from an online panel of adults with chronic respiratory disease. …

Examining The Role Of Self-Compassion In Resilience Among African American Women: A Qualitative Perspective, Vivian W. France

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This study aimed to fill an important gap in the literature by exploring the role of self-compassion in resilience among African American women. This study was an investigation of some of the challenges African American women face in their lived experiences that impact their self-compassion and to provide an understanding of the role self-compassion plays in their pursuit of higher education. A qualitative design with a phenomenological approach and thematic analysis for gathering and extrapolating primary themes and subthemes from the participant data sets was used. Semistructured interviews were conducted with five African American women ages 27–58 years who had …

Criterion Validity Of The Ohio State University Traumatic Brain Injury Identification Method In A Criminal Justice Sample, Sarah M. Monaghan

Student Theses

The purpose of the current study was to determine the clinical utility of the Ohio State University Traumatic Brain Injury Identification Method (OSU-TBI-ID) in a criminal justice sample, by evaluating the criterion-related validity of this instrument. It was hypothesized that this tool could differentiate between incarcerated individuals with or without a history of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) on measures evaluating important TBI-related sequalae. The sample consisted of 95 incarcerated men detained at a private correctional facility in a Mid-Atlantic state. Measures used in this study to evaluate executive functioning difficulties, psychiatric difficulties, substance use problems, institutional misconduct and recidivism were …

Sex As A Moderator In The Relationship Between Post-Operative Pain And Analgesics Administered In Children Undergoing Elective Surgery, Amber M. Osorno, Michelle A. Fortier, Zeev N. Kain, Brooke N. Jenkins

Student Scholar Symposium Abstracts and Posters

About 85% of children who undergo elective surgery experience pain post-operatively and many do not receive proper pain management care after discharge. Most parents lack an understanding of proper pain care management using analgesics upon discharge. Research reveals that adults rate girls as more sensitive to pain and that they display a greater amount of pain in a pediatric post-operative environment. In adulthood, women report more sensations of pain and have a higher pain tolerance, which can be attributed to physiological characteristics. Nonetheless, the social differences by which boys and girls experience pain and express their pain cannot be denied. …

Mindful Eating And Perceived Stress In College Students, Emily G. Garrett

Graduate Theses

Background: Evidence suggests that in college student populations, stress levels often manifest as maladaptive eating and/or functional gastrointestinal disorders. These conditions can degrade wellbeing and academic performance if not addressed.

Research aim/question(s): The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between students’ perceived stress, their overall mindfulness, and mindful eating patterns. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and bowel habits were also investigated to determine whether these factors were stress-related or influenced mindfulness behaviors.

Materials and Methods: An online survey was conducted during the 2020-2021 academic year. Demographic information, including smoking, alcohol, and drug use patterns, was gathered in addition to …

Examining Physical Activity Behaviors And Psychometric Beliefs Of College Students Before And After The Covid-19 Shutdown, James White Iii

Graduate Theses

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine PA behaviors, social support and self-efficacy for PA, Rosenberg self-esteem, and perceptions of body weight before and after the COVID-19 shutdown (March 15, 2020) among the college demographic.

Participants: 311 college students from a four-year, comprehensive, southeastern university in the United States were included in the study from December 1, 2020 until March 5, 2021.

Methods: Surveys were conducted via Qualtrics, an online survey system, and consisted of approximately 40 items, including demographic information, PA behaviors, social support and exercise, self-esteem, self-efficacy to exercise, and perceptions of body weight and self-image. …

Assessing Rat Behavioral Response To Novelty, Neha Mathew

Honors Scholar Theses

The hippocampus is the part of the brain that is involved in memory and navigation. Neurons in the hippocampus, known as place cells, fire in specific locations within this region of the brain as the subject navigates through their environment. As these cells fire, they create a map-like representation of this environment. However if the environment is altered in any way, the place cell firing pattern is adjusted to incorporate this new information. This adjustment will inevitably cause subjects to take more time to complete their task. The goal of our testing was to assess how various manipulations, both spatial …