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2020

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Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences

Network-Based Analytics For Discovering Gene Modules And Biomarkers In Complex Diseases, Zongliang Yue Jan 2020

Network-Based Analytics For Discovering Gene Modules And Biomarkers In Complex Diseases, Zongliang Yue

All ETDs from UAB

With rapidly increasing novel discoveries of associations between genomic data and complex disease phenotypes, the translation of those associations into knowledge and the identification of critical molecular mechanisms are essential to guild clinical decisions such as the diagnosis of symptomatic individuals, the prediction of disease risk, reproductive genetic counseling, and determining pharmacogenetic profiles for treatment. To decipher the genome of complex diseases, gene-centric analyses focus on detecting molecular mechanisms lead by driver genetics variants, abnormally expressed genes and high-abundance proteins through gene module construction. Additionally, the gene module construction approaches implement systems biology analysis to reveal the causative co-expressed gene …

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Development Of Natural Language Processing Algorithm For Dental Charting, Yi-Fan Zhang Jan 2020

Development Of Natural Language Processing Algorithm For Dental Charting, Yi-Fan Zhang

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Purpose: The purpose was to develop a natural language processing algorithm, which will input data from oral examination transcripts to a structured database. Methods: Four case vignettes were produced for primary, mixed, and permanent dentition patients with varying degree of soft tissue pathology, caries, existing restorations and occlusion relationships. After calibration, dental students were instructed to perform simulated oral examinations based on the case vignettes, using natural language as they would to an assistant who was charting the case. The investigator transcribed the audio recordings of the simulated oral exams. Twenty simulated oral examinations were collected to develop a natural …

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Dietary Nitrate And The Oral Microbiome In Obesity, Health And Exercise, Christian E. Behrens Jan 2020

Dietary Nitrate And The Oral Microbiome In Obesity, Health And Exercise, Christian E. Behrens

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Obesity ranks among the top growing health concerns worldwide. The prevalence of obesity at all life stages continues to rise with nearly 40% of adults and 35% of children/adolescents being affected. Equally troublesome is the increased risk for a number of comorbidities associated with obesity including cardiovascular disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and certain types of cancer. The successful treatment of obesity, particularly long-term, continues to prove challenging and is often met with limited success. This highlights the importance of continued investigation into alternative strategies that may reduce the incidence and severity of obesity and associated pathophysiologies. Regular physical …

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Epigenetic Regulation In Cancer And Development, Theodore Busby Jan 2020

Epigenetic Regulation In Cancer And Development, Theodore Busby

All ETDs from UAB

Feedback loops between cellular cues and changes in gene expression mediate the interactions between a multitude of regulatory events that promote development and cancer. Vesicular trafficking is an important process in carrying out signaling events by transporting receptors and ligands to and from the cell surface. GBF1 and BIG1 are large guanine-exchange factors (GEFs) that activate GTPase mediated shuttling of cargo through the Golgi apparatus. This dissertation demonstrates that GBF1 localizes to the cytoplasmic membrane in glioblastoma multiform cells to maintain cell shape and promote migration. Reports have shown that BIG1translocates to the nucleus is hepatocyte carcinoma cell lines in …

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Understanding Adolescent Sexual Health Through Exploration Of Their Perceptions, Behaviors, And Beliefs, Jessica L. Corcoran Jan 2020

Understanding Adolescent Sexual Health Through Exploration Of Their Perceptions, Behaviors, And Beliefs, Jessica L. Corcoran

All ETDs from UAB

Adolescents in the United States disproportionately experience adverse sexual health outcomes compared to adolescents in other developed countries. The purpose of this dissertation is to provide an in-depth examination of adolescent sexual health through the generation of three manuscripts. The first manuscript will provide an integrative review of adolescents’ perceptions of sexual health education programs. The second manuscript will illuminate the five-year trends in adolescent chlamydia rates by region, race, and sex. The third manuscript will provide a qualitative analysis from interviews with African American adolescent females in the southern U.S. Manuscript one reviewed studies from 2008 to 2019. The …

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Enhancer Rnas As Regulators Of Gene Expression And Neuronal Function, Nancy Verena Nicole Carullo Jan 2020

Enhancer Rnas As Regulators Of Gene Expression And Neuronal Function, Nancy Verena Nicole Carullo

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Genomic enhancers are cis-regulatory elements in the DNA that exhibit spatial and temporal control over intricate gene expression programs shaping fate and function of heterogeneous cell populations in the developing and adult brain. In addition to their role in cellular development and maintenance, enhancer activity drives transcriptional changes in response to stimulation. Active enhancers are subject to bidirectional transcription that yields non-coding enhancer RNAs (eR-NAs). However, the functional role of eRNAs in transcriptional regulation remains controversial. Therefore, we used primary neuronal cultures to investigate en-hancers and eRNAs in the rat genome. We identified and verified enhancer-gene pairs, characterized their response …

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Disparities In End-Of-Life Care In Children Dying Of Cancer In Alabama: A Cross Sectional Study, Elizabeth Statham Davis Jan 2020

Disparities In End-Of-Life Care In Children Dying Of Cancer In Alabama: A Cross Sectional Study, Elizabeth Statham Davis

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Regional studies show that children dying of cancer receive medically intense end-of-life care but there is limited information about end-of-life care in the Deep South and limited information about hospice and palliative care involvement at EOL. We conducted a retrospective electronic medical record review of children (0-x years) that died of cancer between 2010-20199 who received cancer directed therapy at Children’s of Alabama. We collected patient clinical and sociodemographics factors, including sex, race, and area deprivation index, cancer diagnosis and treatment, palliative care and hospice involvement, location of death, and medical care in the last 30d of life, including chemotherapy …

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Obesity-Induced Immune Dysfunction: Implications For Anti- Tumor Immunity And Immunotherapeutic Efficacy, Justin Tyler Gibson Jan 2020

Obesity-Induced Immune Dysfunction: Implications For Anti- Tumor Immunity And Immunotherapeutic Efficacy, Justin Tyler Gibson

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In the US, nearly 40% of adults have obesity. Further, obesity is known toincrease the risk for development, recurrence, and mortality associated with multiple types of cancer. However, despite such high prevalence, the impact of excess body weight on anti-tumor immunity and response to immunotherapeutics remains poorly and incompletely understood. In order to address these deficiencies, we have utilized multiple approaches to study obesity-associated perturbations in the immunogenetic, soluble protein, and cellular profiles of mice bearing mammary tumors and treatment naive human subjects with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). In a pre-clinical murine model of breast cancer, we find …

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Il-17 Producing Cd4 T Cells In Spontaneous Germinal Center And Autoantibody Formation In Murine Lupus, Huixian Hong Jan 2020

Il-17 Producing Cd4 T Cells In Spontaneous Germinal Center And Autoantibody Formation In Murine Lupus, Huixian Hong

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IL-23 promotes autoimmune disease, including Th17 CD4 T-cell development and autoantibody (autoAb) production. Here, we show that a deficiency of the p19 component of IL-23 in the autoimmune BXD2 (BXD2-p19−/−) mouse leads to a shift of the follicular T-helper cell program from Tfh-IL-17 to Tfh-IFN-ɣ. Although the germinal center (GC) size and the number of GC B cells remained the same, BXD2-p19−/− mice exhibited a lower class-switch recombination (CSR) in the GC B cells, leading to lower serum levels of IgG2b. Single-cell transcriptomics analysis of GC B cells revealed that while Ifngr1, Il21r and Il4r genes exhibited a synchronized expression …

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Pharmacodynamic Responses And Efficacies Associated With Lrrk2 Inhibition, Kaela Kelly Jan 2020

Pharmacodynamic Responses And Efficacies Associated With Lrrk2 Inhibition, Kaela Kelly

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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related, progressive, movement disorder pathologically characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the presence of proteinaceous aggregates, termed Lewy bodies, that are largely comprised of αSynuclein (αSyn). Missense mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase (LRRK2) gene are the most common genetic cause of PD and lead to gain-of-function increases in kinase activity. The G2019S-LRRK2 mutation is the most frequent mutation and elevates kinase activity by ~2-3 fold. Genetic and biochemical evidence suggest elevated LRRK2 kinase activity plays a pathogenic role in the development of PD, implicating LRRK2 …

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The Effect Of Gi Patients' Health Literacy Levels On Gi Patients' Health Outcomes, Dae Hyun Kim Jan 2020

The Effect Of Gi Patients' Health Literacy Levels On Gi Patients' Health Outcomes, Dae Hyun Kim

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The paper in this dissertation provide empirical evidence on the effect of GI patients’ health literacy levels on GI patients’ health outcomes. The findings of this study contribute to existing body of literature on health literacy and health outcomes. Furthermore, the findings also offer both theoretical and practical implications to physicians, healthcare administrators, and policymakers. Overall, the results of this study show that GI patients’ health literacy levels are negatively associated with GI patients’ health outcomes (hospital length of stay, readmission, and complication). However, partial support was shown for different types of GI surgeries accentuating the negative association between GI …

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Incorporating Spatial Structure Into Bayesian Variable Selection Using Spike-And-Slab Priors With Application To Imaging Data, Justin Leach Jan 2020

Incorporating Spatial Structure Into Bayesian Variable Selection Using Spike-And-Slab Priors With Application To Imaging Data, Justin Leach

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Many applications in neuroscience, psychology, medicine, and public health require collecting and analyzing imaging data. While fine resolution images may appear continuous to the naked eye, they are in fact made up of measurements at discrete locations, either pixels in 2D or voxels in 3D. These data may be treated as the scientific outcomes of interest, or as predictors of outcomes of interest. Here, the concern is with the latter situation, which involves converting images into formats amenable to a linear modeling framework; i.e., each subject’s image is converted into a vector, and used to model the subject’s (scalar) outcome …

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The Retention Of Zirconia Crowns Luted With Resin And Rmgi Cements And The Effect Of Salivary Contamination, Stephen Liu Jan 2020

The Retention Of Zirconia Crowns Luted With Resin And Rmgi Cements And The Effect Of Salivary Contamination, Stephen Liu

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Purpose: To measure retention of zirconia crowns bonded with resin and RMGI cements and the effect of salivary contamination following 10,000 cycles of thermocycling. Materials and Methods: 64 extracted human mandibular premolars were divided into eight groups (n = 8/group). The specimens in each group were prepared for Katana HT zirconia (eight groups) and one of four luting cements (one for each group): 3M ESPE RelyX Luting Plus RMGI, 3M ESPE Rely X Unicem 2 self-adhesive, Kuraray Panavia SA Universal self-adhesive, and 3M ESPE RelyX Ultimate dual cure resin cement with Scotchbond Universal. The roots of the selected teeth were …

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Nonsyndromic Hypodontia Of Maxillary Lateral Incisors, Its Genetics And Its Association With Other Dental Anomalies, Giana Lupinetti Jan 2020

Nonsyndromic Hypodontia Of Maxillary Lateral Incisors, Its Genetics And Its Association With Other Dental Anomalies, Giana Lupinetti

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NONSYNDROMIC HYPODONTIA OF MAXILLARY LATERAL INCISORS, ITS GENETICS, AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH OTHER DENTAL ANOMALIES GIANA LUPINETTIDEPARTMENT OF ORTHODONTICS ABSTRACT Congenital absence of maxillary lateral incisors presents a difficult situation for clini-cians for restorative and orthodontic purposes. Further, missing lateral incisor agenesis (MLIA) has been associated with other dental anomalies and cancer. 1 Few studies have targeted MLIA as a specific subtype of hypodontia. WNT10A is a candidate gene for MLIA. 2 The hypothesis was that genetic mutations in WNT10A affect maxillary lateral tooth development and can contribute to other dental anomalies. The first aim was to evaluate patients with …

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Protective Host Responses During Acute And Chronic Lung Exposure To Aspergillus Fumigatus, Joseph Mackel Jan 2020

Protective Host Responses During Acute And Chronic Lung Exposure To Aspergillus Fumigatus, Joseph Mackel

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Aspergillus fumigatus is an environmental airborne fungus that acts as both an opportunistic pathogen and an allergen. In immunocompromised hosts, A. fumigatus can germinate in the lung, cause tissue damage and pneumonia, and disseminate to other organs, causing a disease termed invasive aspergillosis (IA). In severe asthma, sensitization to fungi such as A. fumigatus is associated with more severe disease. Determination of host and fungal factors that drive immunoprotection versus immunopathogenesis in both of these settings will ultimately enable therapeutic modulation of immune responses to improve disease outcomes. In this body of work, we build on recent findings that implicate …

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Gp44, A Minor Protein With A Major Role In Bacteriophage 80Α Infection, Keith Allen Manning Jan 2020

Gp44, A Minor Protein With A Major Role In Bacteriophage 80Α Infection, Keith Allen Manning

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Bacteriophage 80α is a temperate double-stranded DNA phage that infects Staphylococcus aureus and is capable of mobilizing a variety of mobile genetic elements named S. aureus Pathogenicity Islands. The capsid of the mature virion is composed of subunits of the capsid protein, portal protein, and a minor capsid protein gp44 as well as packaged phage genomic DNA. The loss of the gp44 protein completely eliminates the phage titer of 80α but does not eliminate the transduction of the pathogenicity islands. In this dissertation, I show that the minor capsid protein is primarily active in a post-ejection role. Without gp44 the …

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Life-Space And Cognitive Function By Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Cross-Sectional Analysis From The Regards Study, Emiri Matsuda Jan 2020

Life-Space And Cognitive Function By Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Cross-Sectional Analysis From The Regards Study, Emiri Matsuda

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Performance on mobility assessments has been extensively linked to processing speed and executive function among older adults. However, less is known about the relationship between cognitive function and functional mobility as part of day to day life. African American individuals are at higher risk of cardiovascular complications, functional mobility, and cognitive decline compared to Whites. In addition, cardiovas-cular disease risk factors and neuropathology have been linked to impairment in several domains of cognitive function, including processing speed. The current study examined the cross-sectional association between life-space and cognitive function, specifically performance on the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), a measure …

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The Role Of The Β-Catenin Signaling Pathway In Modulating The Nucleolar Proteome Of Triple Negative Breast Cancer, Shannon E. Meier Jan 2020

The Role Of The Β-Catenin Signaling Pathway In Modulating The Nucleolar Proteome Of Triple Negative Breast Cancer, Shannon E. Meier

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Previously, abnormal nucleoli were noted as indicators of cancerous lesions andused as a pathologic readout of neoplasia. Nucleolar hypertrophy and increased nucleolar number have been correlated with increased breast cancer (BC) mortality rates. Although various functions of the nucleolus have been investigated, it remains widely understudied in the context of cancer. The nucleolus was initially thought to be solely the site of ribosome biogenesis. However, over half of the proteins found in the nucleolus are associated with other biological functions. It is evident that the nucleolus plays major roles in stress response, DNA repair, and critical cellular aspects that influence …

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Advancing Single Cell And Crispr/Dcas9 Technologies For The Study Of Reward Learning And Addiction, Corey Grant Duke Jan 2020

Advancing Single Cell And Crispr/Dcas9 Technologies For The Study Of Reward Learning And Addiction, Corey Grant Duke

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Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing condition inflicting tremendous harm to individuals and society with ineffective treatment options available to most people. Drugs of abuse elevate dopamine levels in a brain region known as the nucleus accumbens (NAc), and activate gene programs considered essential for producing lasting synaptic and cell state changes which underlie the generation of addictive behavior. These gene expression changes remain poorly understood due to a complex heterogenous cellular architecture, and the rapidly fluctuating nature of the transcriptional processes themselves which make investigation difficult. Recent technical advances increase access to both profiling and manipulating these transcriptional changes …

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Deficiency Of Tumor Suppressor Merlin Induces Metabolic Reprogramming In Breast Cancer, Mateus Mota Jan 2020

Deficiency Of Tumor Suppressor Merlin Induces Metabolic Reprogramming In Breast Cancer, Mateus Mota

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The tumor suppressor Merlin is encoded by Neurofibromin 2 (NF2) gene. Merlin is predominantly located in the cell cortex where regulates cell proliferation by mediating cell contact-dependent growth inhibition. Metastatic breast cancer tissues presented with a remarkable loss of Merlin protein, revealing clinical relevance of Merlin. In order to examine the cellular effect of Merlin deficiency, breast cancer cell lines were silenced for NF2. Additionally, to assess the impact of Merlin loss at the organismal level, a mammary-specific NF2 knockout mouse mammary tumor model was engineered. Merlin deficiency induced a metabolic shift from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis. Furthermore, …

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Downstream Pathways Of Glucagon Receptor Agonism In Obesity, Shelly Nason Jan 2020

Downstream Pathways Of Glucagon Receptor Agonism In Obesity, Shelly Nason

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Obesity is highly prevalent and strategies to improve weight loss maintenance are critical for healthcare. Behavioral interventions are effective but require major lifestyle changes that are often difficult to maintain long-term. Therefore, modifying energy balance with pharmacotherapy is a strategy to combine with lifestyle modifications for sustained weight loss. Glucagon, a hormone involved in maintaining glucose homeostasis, also regulates energy expenditure, food intake, and lipid metabolism. As such, glucagon-based therapies have gained attention as an attractive clinical target. Glucagon Receptor (GCGR) mono-agonism induces glucose intolerance; therefore, dissecting the mechanisms by which GCGR signaling mediates energy balance are clinically relevant to …

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Protective Effects Of Thioredoxin Reductase Inhibition In The Murine Lung: The Regulation And Contribution Of Heme Oxygenase-1, Katelyn Louise Dunigan-Russell Jan 2020

Protective Effects Of Thioredoxin Reductase Inhibition In The Murine Lung: The Regulation And Contribution Of Heme Oxygenase-1, Katelyn Louise Dunigan-Russell

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Endogenous antioxidant responses defend the lung against oxygen toxicity. In premature neonates, oxygen toxicity and impaired antioxidant defenses contribute to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), the leading cause of long-term morbidity among premature infants. In adults, oxygen toxicity and impaired antioxidant defense contributes to the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI). Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), a severe form of ALI, can cause permeant lung damage and mortality. Our lab has established that pharmacologic thioredoxin reductase-1 (TXNRD1) inhibition attenuates lung injury in murine BPD and ALI models. The protective effects of TXNRD1 inhibition are mediated by the activation of …

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Peace. Love. Youth. (In) Yoga: Development Of A Mental Health Program Among Adolescents Living In The Inner City, Sherilyn Jonnell Garner Jan 2020

Peace. Love. Youth. (In) Yoga: Development Of A Mental Health Program Among Adolescents Living In The Inner City, Sherilyn Jonnell Garner

All ETDs from UAB

Adolescence is a unique developmental stage during which physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes occur simultaneously and the traumatic effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can be particularly salient for the emotional and cognitive development of adolescents as they navigate and adjust to the social environment (Blakemore & Mills, 2014). Seventy-seven percent of Black adolescents have unmet mental health needs, and only 13% of those adolescents receive services compared to 31% of White adolescents. Meeting mental health needs of Black adolescents is imperative as their mental health needs continue to grow and resources become increasingly scarce. Innovative, culturally acceptable, accessible …

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Immunopathogenesis In Fungal Asthma, Matthew Stephen Godwin Jan 2020

Immunopathogenesis In Fungal Asthma, Matthew Stephen Godwin

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Asthma patients are increasingly presenting with asthma that is more difficult to control and treat than in years past. A subset of these patients who are sensitive to fungal species are described as having severe asthma with fungal sensitization (SAFS). Given the severity of disease, there is ever increasing interest in identifying the immune processes underlying SAFS disease pathology and the development of novel therapeutics to improve management. While sensitivity to multiple fungal species has been described in SAFS, none is more common than Aspergillus fumigatus. Here, we describe two previously unrecognized contributors to the amelioration of disease pathology in …

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Employer Sponsored Health Insurance And Children With Special Health Care Needs, Kathryn Corvey Jan 2020

Employer Sponsored Health Insurance And Children With Special Health Care Needs, Kathryn Corvey

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This dissertation is composed of three papers related to children with special health care needs (CSHCN) who are covered by private health insurance, including employer sponsored health insurance. Over the past couple of decades, researchers and advocates have expressed concern about the impact that widespread changes in private insurance coverage may have on families of CSHCN. These researchers point to the rise in high deductible plans and declining generosity in the form of higher premiums and copayments in more traditional plans offered by employers. Despite this expressed concern, little research has been conducted examining how these changes in employer sponsored …

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Quality Of Life, Reading And Accommodation In Children With Low Vision, Dawn Kissner Decarlo Jan 2020

Quality Of Life, Reading And Accommodation In Children With Low Vision, Dawn Kissner Decarlo

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Childhood permanent, uncorrectable vision impairment (VI) is rare, yet it is a public health burden as the impairment lasts a lifetime. Vision impairment describes decreased vision that affects everyday activities. Acuity cut-points commonly used include 20/40, 20/60 or 20/70. Blindness often refers to legal blindness (best corrected visual acuity of 20/200 or worse or a visual field less than 20 degrees). Children with VI often have hereditary conditions such as albinism, optic atrophy and retinal degenerations and are different in many ways than adults with VI. The majority have conditions with onset at or near birth and as a result …

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The Relationship Between Accreditation And Performance Among Federally Qualified Health Centers, Henry Thompson Jan 2020

The Relationship Between Accreditation And Performance Among Federally Qualified Health Centers, Henry Thompson

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While past studies have examined the relationship between accreditation and hospital performance, no previous studies have evaluated the relationship between Joint Commission accreditation and Federal Qualified Health Center (FQHC) performance. Multiple regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between Joint Commission accreditation and variables of interest. Joint Commission accreditation was utilized as the dependent variable in the evaluation of organizational and environmental market factors, and utilized as the independent variable in the evaluation of clinical and non-clinical performance outcomes. This study applies a novel approach to determine the relationship between Joint Commission accreditation and adoption among FQHCs, and organizational …

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Effect Of Cement Selection On Retention Of Zirconia And Lithium Disilicate Crowns, Chan-Te Huang Jan 2020

Effect Of Cement Selection On Retention Of Zirconia And Lithium Disilicate Crowns, Chan-Te Huang

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Background: Ceramic crowns (lithium disilicate and zirconia) have become the most prescribed material for the restoration of anterior and posterior teeth due to the esthetic concerns of patients and the high cost of noble alloys. Different types of cements are used for luting crowns such as zinc phosphate, glass ionomer, resin modified glass ionomer (RMGI), resin cements and bioactive cements. Selection of different cements and bonding protocols for zirconia or lithium disilicate crowns to increase their bonding strength remains a clinical challenge for dentists. Objectives: To measure the retention strength of lithium disilicate and zirconia crowns cemented with different cements. …

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C-Reactive Protein Subverts The Myeloid Lineage: Implications For Renal Injury, Rachel Jimenez Jan 2020

C-Reactive Protein Subverts The Myeloid Lineage: Implications For Renal Injury, Rachel Jimenez

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C-reactive protein (CRP) is an evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition molecule that was first characterized for its participation in the acute phase response to bacterial infection. In the last 90 years, knowledge of CRP biology in innate immunity has expanded significantly. CRP is known to bind and activate the classical pathway of complement, to opsonize bacteria and inflamed tissue, and to modulate myeloid cell functions. CRP is normally present in the blood at low levels with its biosynthesis and serum concentration rapidly rises upon systemic inflammation. For example, high levels of serum CRP are found following acute kidney injury (AKI) in …

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In Vitro Evaluation Of Candida Albicans Adherence And Disinfection Techniques On Cad/Cam Milled, 3d Printed, And Heat-Cured Pmma, Mohammad Amir Koujan Jan 2020

In Vitro Evaluation Of Candida Albicans Adherence And Disinfection Techniques On Cad/Cam Milled, 3d Printed, And Heat-Cured Pmma, Mohammad Amir Koujan

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INTRODUCTION: Candida albicans has been regarded as the most predominant oral fungal pathogen and the main causative of denture stomatitis. Modern denture are fabricated from various types of polymers commonly: CAD/CAM or heat-cured. C. albicans adherence rate to these polymers and disinfection efficacy of adherent fungal biofilms are multifactorial processes and differ depending on the physical characteristics of the targeted surface. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate Candida albicans adherence to specimens from three types of polymers namely: heat-cured PMMA, CAD/CAM milled and 3D printed. The second part compares the efficacy of four common disinfection techniques on …

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