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Articles 13501 - 13530 of 14527
Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences
Sperry's Validation Of Patient Teaching: A Nursing Concept, Marietta Sperry
Sperry's Validation Of Patient Teaching: A Nursing Concept, Marietta Sperry
Books, Presentations, Posters, Etc.
Systematic review of patient teaching outcomes to form a concept requiring validation of patient’s understanding of information disseminated. Concept map illustrating defining attributes, antecedents, consequences, empirical referents, and model case.
Best Practices For Glucose Management Using A Computer-Based Glucose Management, Oteka Jackson-Cenales
Best Practices For Glucose Management Using A Computer-Based Glucose Management, Oteka Jackson-Cenales
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) continues to be a global concern among health care practitioners. Without collaboration and interventions, this chronic disease, which poses a significant financial burden for health care institutions, will continue to be problematic. Promoting the use of glycemic control measures among diabetic patients is an intervention, which has the potential to reduce diabetic complications and improve outcomes. The purpose of this doctoral project was to explore available evidence through a systematic review of the best practices for glucose management. The chronic care model served as the theoretical framework. The evidence based practice question was, What …
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus And Colorectal Cancer Risk And Survival In Oman, Rose Ngozi Mafiana
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus And Colorectal Cancer Risk And Survival In Oman, Rose Ngozi Mafiana
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and colorectal cancer (CRC) are 2 chronic diseases with common risk factors related to physical inactivity, obesity, and diet. Literature on T2DM as a risk factor for CRC development and survival in Oman is scarce. Using de-identified archival data provided by Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (SQUH) Oman, a retrospective, case-control, and time-to-event study designs were used to compare odds of developing CRC, and survival rates among adults with and without T2DM. The ecosocial theory provided the theoretical base for this research. Logistic regression was used to examine the odds of developing CRC among 114 cases …
Nursing Approaches For Use And Sustainability Of Barcode Medication Administration Technology, Jackson Ngigi Njeru
Nursing Approaches For Use And Sustainability Of Barcode Medication Administration Technology, Jackson Ngigi Njeru
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Approximately 43.4% of medication errors occur at the time of administration despite the use of bar code medication administration (BCMA) System. This trend has prompted a national effort to mitigate this problem in the United States. Implementing BCMA in health care settings is one of those efforts. Studies focusing on the approaches employed by nurses when using this system are scant. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to investigate strategies nurses and their leaders use to ensure BCMA is implemented, maximized, and sustained. The technology acceptance model was used to guide the study. The 2 research questions addressed …
Lived Experiences Of Individuals Quality Of Life On Prolonged Home Mechanical Ventilation, Munyaradzi Ephie Rwakonda
Lived Experiences Of Individuals Quality Of Life On Prolonged Home Mechanical Ventilation, Munyaradzi Ephie Rwakonda
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Improvements in technology have allowed people with tracheostomies to live at home on mechanical ventilation (HMV). Quality of life (QOL) for HMV users has been studied quantitatively, but few qualitative studies have been published. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore QOL for individuals with tracheostomies on prolonged HMV focusing on activities of daily living (ADLs) and the role of decision- making. The Roper, Logan, and Tierney activities of living theory were used to categorize activities. Ten participants, 18 years and older, with a tracheostomy and on HMV for at least 6 months were enrolled using purposive sampling. …
Beliefs, Costs, And Policies Influencing African American Men's Decisions On Psa Screening, Mary Frances Carter
Beliefs, Costs, And Policies Influencing African American Men's Decisions On Psa Screening, Mary Frances Carter
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Despite the growing concerns about routine prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening in men, little is known about the societal and economic impact of screening among the African American population. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore beliefs among African American men about PSA screening, funding for screening, and the role of the United States Preventive Service Task Force in addressing the problem. Guided by rational choice theory, data collection consisted of completion of a health beliefs survey, face-to-face interviews, field notes taken during interview, and interview audio recording. The population for the study included African American men residing …
Promoting Environments That Measure Outcomes: Partnerships For Change, Roseann C. Schaaf, Amy P. Carroll, Susan Toth-Cohen, Janice P. Burke, Caryn Johnson, E. Adel Herge
Promoting Environments That Measure Outcomes: Partnerships For Change, Roseann C. Schaaf, Amy P. Carroll, Susan Toth-Cohen, Janice P. Burke, Caryn Johnson, E. Adel Herge
Journal of Occupational Therapy Education
This paper describes the development of the PrEMO© (Promoting Environments that Measure Outcomes) program. PrEMO© is an innovative model promoting evidence-based practice (EBP) while developing capacity and quality of Level II fieldwork placements. The PrEMO© program is described from initiation to completion, including development of site-specific learning objectives, the twelve week schedule and the role of faculty mentorship. Occupational therapy (OT) students, and university OT program faculty including academic fieldwork coordinators, partner with fieldwork educators at the site to implement EBP using a data-driven decision making (DDDM) process to guide the development of evidence-based practices. PrEMO© …
Education For Occupational Therapists To Develop The Role Of Healthcare Leaders In Screening, Brief Intervention, And Referral To Treatment (Sbirt), Amy Mattila, Ingrid Provident
Education For Occupational Therapists To Develop The Role Of Healthcare Leaders In Screening, Brief Intervention, And Referral To Treatment (Sbirt), Amy Mattila, Ingrid Provident
Journal of Occupational Therapy Education
This mixed methods study explored the development, content, and impact of best practice post-professional clinical doctorate education related to assisting persons with substance use disorders (SUDs) using screening, brief interventions, and referral to treatment (SBIRT). A blended learning curriculum was developed and outcomes were measured through various participant report surveys. Results indicated that participants reported positive change in their understanding of SBIRT content; however, mixed beliefs exist in attitudes and perceptions towards individuals with SUDs. This article will discuss the overall impact of the SBIRT training on the occupational therapy students enrolled in a post-professional Occupational Therapy Doctorate Program. A …
Launching The Journal Of Occupational Therapy Education, Dana Howell, Renee Causey-Upton, Cynthia L. Hayden
Launching The Journal Of Occupational Therapy Education, Dana Howell, Renee Causey-Upton, Cynthia L. Hayden
Journal of Occupational Therapy Education
No abstract provided.
Relationships Between Student Grit And Team-Based Learning Preferences In A Master’S Level Occupational Therapy Program, Ron Carson
Journal of Occupational Therapy Education
This paper reports the relationship between student grit, defined as the specific characteristic of perseverance and passion for long-term goals, and perceptions of team-based learning (TBL). In a cohort of first-semester, master’s level occupational therapy students (N=29), no statistically significant relationship between grit and positive perceptions of TBL was identified in this retrospective study. Findings suggest that students’ grit levels are not predictive of positive or negative TBL perceptions. For OT faculty wishing to teach using a less-structured "flipped” classroom environment such as TBL, this study suggests that high-performing students may have positive perceptions.
An Innovative Behavioral Interview For Pre-Admission Selection Of Occupational Therapy Students, Kitsum Li, Julia Wilbarger, Shad St. Louis
An Innovative Behavioral Interview For Pre-Admission Selection Of Occupational Therapy Students, Kitsum Li, Julia Wilbarger, Shad St. Louis
Journal of Occupational Therapy Education
The goal for pre-admission interview is to identify students who will be successful both academically and professionally. The traditional structured pre-admission interview has not been shown to be effective in predicting students’ success in academic and fieldwork performance. This article describes an innovative behavioral interview process during which applicants interviewed simulated clients as part of the pre-admission selection process. The goals of the pre-admission behavioral interview were to observe applicants’ behavior as team players, and to assess their interpersonal communication skills, capability to be reflective, and professionalism. During the behavioral interview, faculty interviewers assessed the applicants’ performance in the planning …
Exploring The Impact Of Service Learning In Haiti On The Cultural Competence Of Otd Students, Nathan Short, Heather Y.Z. St. Peters
Exploring The Impact Of Service Learning In Haiti On The Cultural Competence Of Otd Students, Nathan Short, Heather Y.Z. St. Peters
Journal of Occupational Therapy Education
As society trends towards increased cultural diversity, the need for cultural competence in the field of occupational therapy (OT) becomes more acute. Immersion in another culture within the curriculum offers the student an opportunity to put their knowledge into practice and recognize the need to competently interact with members of another culture. This study explored the impact of a service learning trip to Haiti, providing seating and mobility services, on all four factors of cultural intelligence (CQ; i.e., metacognitive CQ, cognitive CQ, motivational CQ, behavioral CQ) for occupational therapy doctoral (OTD) students. Using the cultural intelligence scale (CQS), a one-group …
National Survey To Identify Mental Health Topics In Entry-Level Ot And Ota Curricula: Implications For Occupational Therapy Education, Brad E. Egan, Susan M. Cahill
National Survey To Identify Mental Health Topics In Entry-Level Ot And Ota Curricula: Implications For Occupational Therapy Education, Brad E. Egan, Susan M. Cahill
Journal of Occupational Therapy Education
Mental health has been identified as a priority practice area for occupational therapy. However, recent research suggests that the number of occupational therapy practitioners working in mental health is declining. The purpose of this survey research study was to examine the extent to which occupational therapy (OT) and occupational therapy assistant (OTA) programs include mental health topics in their curricula. A link to an on-line survey was sent to program directors of OT and OTA programs in the United States. A total of 105 programs fully completed the survey (33% response rate). All of the respondents (n=105) reported that their …
Outcomes Of An Evidence-Based, Data Driven-Model Fieldwork Experience For Occupational Therapy Students, Amy Carroll, E. Adel Herge, Lindsay Johnson, Roseann C Schaaf
Outcomes Of An Evidence-Based, Data Driven-Model Fieldwork Experience For Occupational Therapy Students, Amy Carroll, E. Adel Herge, Lindsay Johnson, Roseann C Schaaf
Journal of Occupational Therapy Education
Over the past decade, there has been an increased emphasis on evidence-based practice (EBP) and the use of outcome measurement in clinical practice, however, the implementation of evidence into practice remains challenging and irregular. During fieldwork, students often experience a disconnect between the emphasis on EBP in the classroom and lack of use in the clinic. Recognizing the need to develop high-quality, evidence-based and data-driven models of practice for student training, we partnered with local fieldwork educators to develop an innovative program that guides students and simultaneously trains fieldwork educators (FWE) in the use of a systematic data driven decision …
Experiential Learning To Advance Student Readiness For Level Ii Fieldwork, Wendy P. Goldbach, Tiffany C. Stella
Experiential Learning To Advance Student Readiness For Level Ii Fieldwork, Wendy P. Goldbach, Tiffany C. Stella
Journal of Occupational Therapy Education
Occupational therapy (OT) students question their readiness for Level II fieldwork prior to their first placement. Many request more hands-on experiences with clients during their coursework, in preparation for the practice setting. As part of a two year Master of Occupational Therapy program, a fourth semester course was designed to address readiness for fieldwork and engage students in the OT process with actual volunteer clients. This course utilized the primary components of a clinical setting: client interaction, evaluation, intervention and outcomes review, clinical decision making, documentation, and communication, to promote student proficiencies as clinicians in preparation for fieldwork experiences. Weekly …
Identifying Instructional Methods For Development Of Clinical Reasoning In Entry-Level Occupational Therapy Education: A Mixed Methods Design, Whitney Henderson, Brenda Coppard, Yongyue Qi
Identifying Instructional Methods For Development Of Clinical Reasoning In Entry-Level Occupational Therapy Education: A Mixed Methods Design, Whitney Henderson, Brenda Coppard, Yongyue Qi
Journal of Occupational Therapy Education
Occupational therapy education must teach using contemporary and evidence-based practices that yield graduates with clinical reasoning skills to successfully practice in dynamic and challenging environments. Researchers used a mixed-methods research design to identify the most frequently used and valued instructional methods for developing clinical reasoning with entry-level occupational therapy students. Researchers recruited full-time educators teaching in entry-level occupational therapy programs throughout the United States. Ninety-two occupational therapy educators completed the survey for the quantitative portion of the study. Subsequently, six occupational therapy educators participated in an interview for the qualitative portion of the study. Participants most frequently used laboratory experiences …
First Year Occupational Therapy Students’ Clinical Reasoning Approach To Addressing Challenging Behaviors Related To Sensory Processing Using A Simulated Case Study, Bryan M. Gee, Kelly E. Thompson, Jane Strickland, Lucy Jane Miller
First Year Occupational Therapy Students’ Clinical Reasoning Approach To Addressing Challenging Behaviors Related To Sensory Processing Using A Simulated Case Study, Bryan M. Gee, Kelly E. Thompson, Jane Strickland, Lucy Jane Miller
Journal of Occupational Therapy Education
Occupational therapy students must be prepared to use clinical reasoning to select appropriate interventions for children with sensory processing disorders (SPDs). Although these interventions are typically taught in entry-level occupational therapy programs, there is little information regarding the method by which occupational therapy students are taught a clinical reasoning process to determine which sensory processing intervention to use with pediatric clients. A problem-solving framework called A SECRET was used to teach students clinical reasoning for children with SPDs, via an online, module-based course. Following the module, the students were tested with an online assessment tool regarding their ability to discriminate …
Student Perceptions Of Non-Traditional Level I Fieldwork, Sarah Nielsen, Janet S. Jedlicka, Debra Hanson, Lavonne Fox, Cherie Graves
Student Perceptions Of Non-Traditional Level I Fieldwork, Sarah Nielsen, Janet S. Jedlicka, Debra Hanson, Lavonne Fox, Cherie Graves
Journal of Occupational Therapy Education
Academic programs commonly face challenges in developing Level I fieldwork where students have ample opportunity to practice and understand occupation. In response to this challenge, our academic program developed a non-traditional Level I fieldwork. The purpose of this study was to understand the student perceptions of this learning experience. Focus group methodology was employed. Fifty-nine students participated in one of six focus groups. Six themes were identified through the data analysis process. These included challenges and rewards of effective communication, learning to think like an OT, a greater understanding and focus on occupations, developing skills in cultural understanding and advocacy, …
Interprofessional Education: Theoretical And Practical Considerations For Occupational Therapy Educators, Mary K. Arvin, Lorrie A. George-Paschal, Jennifer S. Pitonyak, Sandee M. Dunbar
Interprofessional Education: Theoretical And Practical Considerations For Occupational Therapy Educators, Mary K. Arvin, Lorrie A. George-Paschal, Jennifer S. Pitonyak, Sandee M. Dunbar
Journal of Occupational Therapy Education
Interprofessional education (IPE) is an integral part of occupational therapy education as programs across the United States incorporate IPE into existing courses and develop new, innovative curricula. The American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) Commission on Education (COE) proposed in its 2015 position paper on IPE in occupational therapy curricula, that IPE is imperative for effective and ethical practice in today’s healthcare environment. Through participation in a Scholarship of Teaching and Learning program focusing on IPE, the authors examined broad constructs and practical implementation of IPE in occupational therapy education. As occupational therapy educators explore opportunities to collaborate with a diverse …
A Community Based Experience To Enhance Occupational Therapy Student Clinical Skills With Clients With Mental Illness, Monica S. Perlmutter, Quinn Tyminski
A Community Based Experience To Enhance Occupational Therapy Student Clinical Skills With Clients With Mental Illness, Monica S. Perlmutter, Quinn Tyminski
Journal of Occupational Therapy Education
Despite the high number of individuals living with severe mental illness and the evidence to support effective interventions, only a small percentage of occupational therapy practitioners work in community mental health settings. To address the need for more occupational therapists in this area of practice, schools must provide educational experiences that facilitate interactions with individuals experiencing severe mental illness to increase students’ competence with this population. The Washington University Program in Occupational Therapy fosters students’ clinical reasoning skills throughout a two semester case-based learning course. For the community mental health module at the end of the 2nd semester, the …
The Psychosocial Occupational Therapy Competency Assessment (Pot-Ca): Development And Implementation In A Level I Fieldwork Course, Jenna C. Yeager, Derek Piggott
The Psychosocial Occupational Therapy Competency Assessment (Pot-Ca): Development And Implementation In A Level I Fieldwork Course, Jenna C. Yeager, Derek Piggott
Journal of Occupational Therapy Education
A competency assessment was developed to assess students' skills at the culmination of courses relating to mental health, including a Psychosocial Level I Fieldwork course. The intention of the assessment, titled the Psychosocial Occupational Therapy Competency Assessment (POT-CA), was to engage students in a practical skill demonstration and use of clinical reasoning in relation to brief case studies. Key skills assessed included: administration of the ACLS-5, establishing and maintaining therapeutic rapport, defining OT in client centered language, and use of clinical reasoning to identify additional assessment, intervention, and discharge recommendations. The purpose of this article is to present the tool …
The Impact Of Instructional Method On The Application Of Kinesio Taping® Techniques For Occupational Therapy Students, Theresa Rice, Husny Amerih, Diane Brown
The Impact Of Instructional Method On The Application Of Kinesio Taping® Techniques For Occupational Therapy Students, Theresa Rice, Husny Amerih, Diane Brown
Journal of Occupational Therapy Education
This research utilized a crossover study design to analyze the differences in learner satisfaction, confidence, and accuracy when comparing in-person, video, and written instructional methods. The study was conducted on a group of 32 occupational therapy students from a local university by teaching them two different Kinesio Taping® protocols. Satisfaction and confidence were measured by survey. The participants completed tapings, then were rated by an instructor to obtain accuracy data. The study found that learning satisfaction was rated higher following video instruction. Regarding confidence, there was a statistically significant difference in the level of confidence for students viewing video instruction …
Relationship Between Occupational And Physical Therapist Students’ Belongingness And Perceived Competence In The Clinic Using The Ascent To Competence Scale, Patti J. Berg-Poppe, Joy R. Karges, Ranelle Nissen, Susan Deutsch, Kendra Webster
Relationship Between Occupational And Physical Therapist Students’ Belongingness And Perceived Competence In The Clinic Using The Ascent To Competence Scale, Patti J. Berg-Poppe, Joy R. Karges, Ranelle Nissen, Susan Deutsch, Kendra Webster
Journal of Occupational Therapy Education
Clinical education experiences (CEEs) serve an essential role in physical therapist (PT) and occupational therapist (OT) student development. The Ascent to Competence Scale (ACS) measures valuable attributes of belongingness, competence, and welcoming associated with CEE placement. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between PT and OT students’ belongingness and perceived competence during CEE using the ACS. A survey consisting of 35 questions from the ACS measuring students’ feelings of belongingness and perceived competence in the clinic was administered to PT and OT students from 7 Midwest universities. Respondents rated statements using a 5-point Likert-type scale (“never …
Experiential Learning: Critical Analysis Of Standardized Patient And Disability Simulation, Laura Vanpuymbrouck, Jenna L. Heffron, Alisa Jordan Sheth, Kim J. The, Danbi Lee
Experiential Learning: Critical Analysis Of Standardized Patient And Disability Simulation, Laura Vanpuymbrouck, Jenna L. Heffron, Alisa Jordan Sheth, Kim J. The, Danbi Lee
Journal of Occupational Therapy Education
Current revisions to the accreditation standards for occupational therapy (OT) education include proposed changes to experiential learning. The AOTA Fieldwork/Experiential Learning Ad Hoc Committee recommends that fieldwork Level I experiences be replaced with a new model of experiential education that includes the use of standardized patients and simulation (AOTA, 2017). The purpose of this article is to present critical perspectives about standardized patient simulation and disability simulation to support informed decision-making about the integration of experiential learning in OT professional education. In standardized patient simulation, actors play the roles of clients and important others in therapeutic scenarios; in disability simulation, …
Student-Led Special Interest Groups As A Model For Inclusion Of Specialty Hand Content In Otd Curriculum, Nathan Short, Jennifer Bain, Courtney Barker, Zack Bolton, Kristina Dammeyer, Ethan Fahrney, Kalin Hale, Carter Maples
Student-Led Special Interest Groups As A Model For Inclusion Of Specialty Hand Content In Otd Curriculum, Nathan Short, Jennifer Bain, Courtney Barker, Zack Bolton, Kristina Dammeyer, Ethan Fahrney, Kalin Hale, Carter Maples
Journal of Occupational Therapy Education
This article presents a student-led special interest group within a doctorate of occupational therapy (OTD) program as a model to supplement the core curriculum for inclusion of specialty content related to hand therapy. Consisting of advanced educational modules, research article review and discussion, as well as related service projects, the group provides ancillary benefits as well as networking opportunities for student participants. An initial program evaluation demonstrates efficacy as students reported a positive impact on various areas of professional and clinical skills to support specialization in hand therapy upon graduation. The student-driven nature of this experiential learning approach provides more …
Impact Of Social Support Networks On Level Of Stress And Self-Esteem Among Canadian Immigrants, Jackie Williamson
Impact Of Social Support Networks On Level Of Stress And Self-Esteem Among Canadian Immigrants, Jackie Williamson
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Immigration may be an effective survival strategy for individuals from countries involved in war or political unrest.However, the immigration process may exacerbate a number of physical and psychological health symptoms. There are limited data on the health status of new Canadian immigrants, and some social support networks are not formally connected to settlement programs.The purpose of this cross-sectional quantitative study was to assess the level of stress and self-esteem of 400 recent and older immigrants in Canada, and to investigate the impact of social support networks on the mental well-being of recent immigrants.Cultural care and general adaptation theory provided the …
Voluntary Employee Turnover: Retaining High-Performing Healthcare Employees, Jesse J. Boyd
Voluntary Employee Turnover: Retaining High-Performing Healthcare Employees, Jesse J. Boyd
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Voluntary employee turnover in the healthcare industry is one of the most expensive and disruptive business problems that healthcare organizations encounter. Healthcare organizations can expect employee replacement costs to represent up to 150% of a departing employee's annual salary in new employee acquisition and decreased productivity. Guided by the leader-member exchange theory, the purpose of this single case study was to explore the strategies healthcare managers used to retain high-performing healthcare employees. Using semistructured interviews, the targeted population encompassed 6 healthcare managers from a healthcare organization in Central Texas who have demonstrated successful strategies for retaining high-performing healthcare employees by …
Injury In D Iii Volleyball Players Is Associated With Preseason Jump And Hop Measures, Jason Brumitt, Alma Mattocks, Phil Lentz, Jeremy Loew
Injury In D Iii Volleyball Players Is Associated With Preseason Jump And Hop Measures, Jason Brumitt, Alma Mattocks, Phil Lentz, Jeremy Loew
Faculty Publications - College of Physical Therapy
Collegiate volleyball (VB) players are at risk for sports injuries. Reported time-loss injury rates for female Division III (D III) collegiate VB players range from 4.0 to 5.4 injuries per 1000 athletic exposures (AEs). Identifying risk factors in this population may help coaches to reduce injury rates via targeted training programs. The purpose of this prospective cohort study was to determine the ability of 2 functional performance tests (FPTs) [the standing long jump (SLJ) and/or the single-leg hop (SLH) for distance] to identify female D III VB players who may be at an increased risk for a non-contact time-loss lower …
Empowering Nurses Through Knowledge And Technology To Decrease Fall Rates, Ngozi Doreen Nwaise
Empowering Nurses Through Knowledge And Technology To Decrease Fall Rates, Ngozi Doreen Nwaise
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Falls are nurse-sensitive outcome which reflect the quality of nursing care. Nurses, therefore, have a major role to play in efforts to decrease fall rates. The objective of this project is to increase nurses' knowledge on the proper use of the CVVM as an attempt to effectively decrease fall rates. Pretest, post test, and course evaluation data were collected from 30 nurses. A descriptive analysis of the data was performed. Overall, the pretest evaluation showed that nurses had an average score of 43% in the combined assessment of their knowledge on fall prevention strategies, their use of the CVVM, and …
Factors Influencing African American Women To Undergo/Forego Reconstruction After Mastectomy, Senetta Jean Hunt
Factors Influencing African American Women To Undergo/Forego Reconstruction After Mastectomy, Senetta Jean Hunt
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The factors associated with the decision of African American women to undergo/forego breast reconstruction after mastectomy has not been well researched. The purpose of this quantitative, correlational study was to determine the extent to which certain factors (age, religion, confidence level, and education) were associated with the decision to forgo or undergo breast reconstruction after mastectomy among African American women. Using the social-cognitive theory as the framework, the study focused on the decision-making process regarding breast reconstruction after mastectomy among African American women in Florida. The research questions for this study were to determine to what extent age, religion, confidence …