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2005

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Articles 1681 - 1710 of 2796

Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences

Integrated Automation Enhances Air Traffic Controller Conflict Detection Performance Under Free Flight, Raja Parasuraman, Ulla Metzger Jan 2005

Integrated Automation Enhances Air Traffic Controller Conflict Detection Performance Under Free Flight, Raja Parasuraman, Ulla Metzger

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Previous simulation studies have shown that, without the assistance of automation, controllers have difficulty in timely detection and resolution of aircraft-to-aircraft conflicts under future air traffic management concepts such as Free Flight (Galster et al., 2001; Metzger & Parasuraman, in press). However, how automated information on potential conflicts should be displayed to the controller is not well understood. In the present study, we reasoned that automation that was integrated with the primary radar display would be effective in enhancing conflict detetction. We also manipulated display modality so that the automation provided information to the controller using simple visual, enhanced visual, …

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Competence-Based Assessment Design For Air Traffic Control Training, Esther Oprins, Ernst Burggraaff, Hans Van Weerdenburg Jan 2005

Competence-Based Assessment Design For Air Traffic Control Training, Esther Oprins, Ernst Burggraaff, Hans Van Weerdenburg

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Air Traffic Control (ATC) simulator and on-the-job training (OJT) requires a valid and reliable assessment system. Competence-based assessment results in more effective learning processes, better pass/fail decisions and improved selection criteria which may contribute to an increased output of competent controllers from training. This paper describes the design of the assessment system in use by Air Traffic Control the Netherlands (LVNL).

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The Good, The Not-So-Bad, And The Ugly: Computer-Detected Altitude, Heading, And Speed Changes, Elaine M. Pfleiderer Jan 2005

The Good, The Not-So-Bad, And The Ugly: Computer-Detected Altitude, Heading, And Speed Changes, Elaine M. Pfleiderer

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The relationship between communication events and controller workload has been well established. Unfortunately, a substantial amount of time and effort is required to transcribe and code these events. Alternative measures might be preferable if they could be obtained more easily. Manning, Mills, Fox, Pfleiderer, and Mogilka (2002) found that, relative to a set of computer-derived measures, communication events might not add enough unique information to the prediction of subjective workload to justify the effort involved in obtaining them. At the time the study was conducted, computer-derived measures of altitude, heading, and speed changes were not available. The present investigation compares …

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Risk Factors For Fatal General Aviation Accidents In Degraded Visual Conditions, Jana M. Price, Loren S. Groff Jan 2005

Risk Factors For Fatal General Aviation Accidents In Degraded Visual Conditions, Jana M. Price, Loren S. Groff

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The prevalence of weather-related general aviation (GA) accidents has declined over the past two decades, yet the fatality rate of these accidents remains high. The goal of this study was to examine predictors of fatality within a set of weather-related GA accidents to determine if there are particular factors that contribute to excessively high fatality rates. 3,206 weather-related GA accidents from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Aviation Accident Database were analyzed using univariate chi-squares and binary logistic regression. A variety of pilot, aircraft, flight, and accident-related factors were evaluated to determine if they increased the odds of pilot fatality. …

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A Human Factors Approach For The Analysis And The Encoding Of Aviation Accidents And Incidents: A Validation Study, Y. Pouliquen, O. Ferrante, P. Jouniaux, G. Nicolas, P. Cabon, F. Rome, M. Wolff, R. Mollard Jan 2005

A Human Factors Approach For The Analysis And The Encoding Of Aviation Accidents And Incidents: A Validation Study, Y. Pouliquen, O. Ferrante, P. Jouniaux, G. Nicolas, P. Cabon, F. Rome, M. Wolff, R. Mollard

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Sharing safety information is a key issue to improve aviation safety. Therefore, it appears necessary to have a common way to describe aviation accidents/incidents in order to get consistent data that will be used to produce relevant safety indicators. This implies to use the same taxonomy, the same compatible software to facilitate data sharing, and, more important, a common method to encode occurrences into safety data. The way human factors are taken into account in the database must be improved since statistics usually provided, deal with accident/incident categories and not with their various causes (most of them are human factors …

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In-Flight Planning And Intelligent Pilot Aids For Emergencies And Nonnominal Flight Conditions, A. R. Pritchett, V. V. Kalambi Jan 2005

In-Flight Planning And Intelligent Pilot Aids For Emergencies And Nonnominal Flight Conditions, A. R. Pritchett, V. V. Kalambi

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

A commercial flight plan comprises a series of turns and climbs or descents defined by headings or waypoints, and speed and altitude constraints at each. Situations do occur in-flight where the pilot must re-plan, inflight, the lateral and vertical profile of the remainder of the flight. For example, a ‘non-nominal’ condition such as a thunderstorm may require re-routing; less frequently, an emergency situation may require an immediate landing at the nearest airport. . The objective of this research was to see how pilots perform in-flight planning by observing the planning behavior of pilots in non nominal and emergency conditions arising …

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Simulating Glass Cockpit Displays In A General Aviation Flight Environment, Robert W. Proctor, John P. Young, Richard O. Fanjoy, Robert G. Feyen, Nathan W. Hartman, Vishal V. Hiremath Jan 2005

Simulating Glass Cockpit Displays In A General Aviation Flight Environment, Robert W. Proctor, John P. Young, Richard O. Fanjoy, Robert G. Feyen, Nathan W. Hartman, Vishal V. Hiremath

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Development of a research platform that replicates the basic flight functions of a light, general aviation aircraft is described. This involved retrofitting an actual aircraft cockpit with computer displays to emulate an aircraft environment. The hardware and software used in this research platform are described, as well as issues and problems regarding implementation and use in research.

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Effect Of Air Traffic Controller Taskload And Temporal Awareness On Task Prioritization, Esa M. Rantanen, Brian R. Levinthal Jan 2005

Effect Of Air Traffic Controller Taskload And Temporal Awareness On Task Prioritization, Esa M. Rantanen, Brian R. Levinthal

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

This paper describes an experiment that was conducted to provide an empirical foundation for estimation of parameters for air traffic controller performance modeling efforts presently pursued within the NASA DAG-TM CE-6 model development. The focus of the work was the task prioritization scheme used in these models. A total of 11 retired FAA controllers and supervisors assigned to the FAA Technical Center volunteered to participate in the experiment. A part-task experimental simulation that presented the participating controllers with several simultaneous tasks in four quadrants, or panes, on a single display was used. Only one pane and typically one task could …

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Stratigies For Contolling Checklist Reading Behavior: A Literature Review, William G. Rantz Jan 2005

Stratigies For Contolling Checklist Reading Behavior: A Literature Review, William G. Rantz

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

One of the highest frequencies of errors recorded by recent Line Oriented Safety Audits (LOSA) is within the category of intentional non-compliance of which checklists use is included. These errors have led to serious lapses in risk management and many well- documented cases of aircraft accidents. This paper reviews the literature of both organizational behavior management and applied behavior analysis where checklist use is an independent variable. This report presents various methods and technologies from other settings which may prove useful in the flight-training environment. Also included is a proposed study that will be conducted at a major flight training …

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The Impact Of Sector Characteristics And Aircraft Count On Air Traffic Control Communications And Workload, Esa M. Rantanen, Philip W. Maynard, Deniz Özhan Jan 2005

The Impact Of Sector Characteristics And Aircraft Count On Air Traffic Control Communications And Workload, Esa M. Rantanen, Philip W. Maynard, Deniz Özhan

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Means of communication between pilots and controllers is one of the fundamental principles of air traffic control (ATC). Consequently, air-ground communications will both reflect the taskload imposed on the controller as well as drive the workload experienced by the controller. Therefore, analysis of ATC communications could potentially reveal a very rich and detailed picture of the demands placed on a controller in a given sector and traffic situation. This paper reports analysis of ATC voice data obtained from three different sectors at the Indianapolis air route traffic control center (ZID ARTCC). The main purpose of this analysis was to examine …

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Human Factors And Human Resources Developments For Pan-European Implementation: Achievements In The European Atm Programme, Hermann Rathje Jan 2005

Human Factors And Human Resources Developments For Pan-European Implementation: Achievements In The European Atm Programme, Hermann Rathje

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The European Air Traffic Management (EATM) Human Resources Programme aimed to deliver harmonised tools and a body of knowledge for the management of human issues in ATM in the three areas training, manpower (human resources management) and human factors. Products are available as Guidelines, as Technical Reference Material or Reports or as Methods and Tools for direct application. The four year work programme consisted of specific developments, testing and validation of these products available since end 2003 for implementation in the 41 European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC) States. The implementation and use is not mandatory but products are applied increasingly …

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Pilots, Airspace Complexity, And Strategic Conflict Avoidance, Victor Riley, Edmundo Sierra, Gano Chatterji, Richard Mogford, Walter Johnson, Parimal Kopardekar, George Lawton Jan 2005

Pilots, Airspace Complexity, And Strategic Conflict Avoidance, Victor Riley, Edmundo Sierra, Gano Chatterji, Richard Mogford, Walter Johnson, Parimal Kopardekar, George Lawton

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Some future air traffic management concepts seek to place more separation responsibility on the pilot in order to achieve greater aircraft operating autonomy. Separating one’s own aircraft from others in something other than a see-and-avoid environment, however, would pose fundamentally new demands and challenges for pilots, and it is likely that new automation and display tools would be needed. Ideally, an automated strategic conflict avoidance system would behave consistently with pilot expectations and take pilot interests into account when suggesting resolution strategies. It might also recognize situations that pilots may have difficulty detecting and resolving on their own. At this …

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Checklist Usage As An Independent Variable In Student Pilot Task Performance Assessment, Dr. Vladimir N. Risukhin Jan 2005

Checklist Usage As An Independent Variable In Student Pilot Task Performance Assessment, Dr. Vladimir N. Risukhin

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Aviation safety statistics show that checklist utilization by pilots is one of many safety-critical aspects of flight operations. Flight training practice and experience in teaching student pilots to the principles of the multi-crew flight environment require addressing the checklist issue. Conventionally there have been two contradictory flight safety aspects relevant to checklist usage in flight operations. Flight safety standards require that checklists must be performed in-full during normal and non-normal flight situations. Conversely, checklists can be sources of pilot distraction from controlling the airplane that may compromise flight safety. A FAA approved Flight Training Device (FTD) was used to prove …

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Transfer Between Training Of Part-Tasks In Complex Skill Training – Model Development And Experiment, Jan Joris Roessingh, Astrid M.L. Kappers, Jan J. Koenderink Jan 2005

Transfer Between Training Of Part-Tasks In Complex Skill Training – Model Development And Experiment, Jan Joris Roessingh, Astrid M.L. Kappers, Jan J. Koenderink

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

One of the most common instruction-strategies for training complex skills is part-training. In this paper a model is developed for the optimisation of schedules for part-training, the ‘optimal transfer model’. This model is based on individual learning, but may be generalised to groups of trainees. It is based on the idea that if there is functional skill transfer from part-training to whole-task performance, then there must be a training schedule that yields optimal results. In this context, an optimal training schedule is one in which part-training lasts as long as is necessary to ensure the best possible performance with the …

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The Impact Of Automation On Teamwork In Air Traffic Control, Jan Joris Roessingh, Rolf Zon, Oliver Straeter, Ryoko Fukuda Jan 2005

The Impact Of Automation On Teamwork In Air Traffic Control, Jan Joris Roessingh, Rolf Zon, Oliver Straeter, Ryoko Fukuda

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Generally spoken, teamwork may be at considerable risk when new automated technologies are introduced at the Working Positions of operators. Automation may replace team functions, team structure and changes the composition of the team. Team roles are unavoidably redefined and communication patterns are altered. For Air Traffic Control, EUROCONTROL developed measures for the impact of new computerised systems (automation) on teamwork. This was done within the framework of EUROCONTROL's SHAPE project. In this paper we describe the development and experimental test of one of these measures (the “teamwork questionnaire”) in a Tower Control environment. We propose a method for the …

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Human Factors Design Of Electronic Documents, Thomas L. Seamster, Barbara G. Kanki Jan 2005

Human Factors Design Of Electronic Documents, Thomas L. Seamster, Barbara G. Kanki

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), working with the Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL) Industry Group, is developing a new MMEL electronic format. The MMEL refers to a series of documents controlled by the FAA that lists equipment that may be inoperative under certain conditions while still allowing the aircraft to be airworthy. Each aircraft model has an MMEL, and operators must work with that master document to determine the relief items for their specific aircraft. The resulting Minimum Equipment List (MEL) for an operator's aircraft is used by both ground personnel and pilots to determine the procedures for maintaining airworthiness. …

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Interpreting Cultural And Psychological Differences Between Usa And Eastern Countries, Dott. Ing, Giorgio Sacco Jan 2005

Interpreting Cultural And Psychological Differences Between Usa And Eastern Countries, Dott. Ing, Giorgio Sacco

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The interpretation and explanation of mainly Western cultures with reference to family configuration may help developing theory and practice concerning mistakes and errors, right decisions and good choices.

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Improving Novice Flight Performance Using A Functional Avionics Display, Carl F. Smith, Deborah A. Boehm-Davis Jan 2005

Improving Novice Flight Performance Using A Functional Avionics Display, Carl F. Smith, Deborah A. Boehm-Davis

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Supporters of functional interface design argue that direct interaction with the essential functional relationships of a system may aid in the acquisition of domain-specific skill. To evaluate the potential use of a functional display in assisting in the development of piloting skill, twenty novices were trained on either a conventional display or an alternative display that displays the functional relationship of power and airspeed (the Oz display). Novices trained on the functional display showed greater control of power and less deviation from a flight profile over multiple maneuvers. Implications for future research and potential uses in training are discussed.

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A Mind-Reference Framework For Design And Evaluation Of Intuitive And Natural Interfaces, Iya Solodilova, Gavan Lintern, Peter Johnson Jan 2005

A Mind-Reference Framework For Design And Evaluation Of Intuitive And Natural Interfaces, Iya Solodilova, Gavan Lintern, Peter Johnson

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The Mind-Reference framework is proposed to address new and existing interfaces at semantic, perceptual and contextual levels. This framework allows us it is possible to distinguish information structures at behavioral, physical and environmental levels. The framework deals not only with how the information is presented on a perceptual level but also, by accounting for a variety of task contexts, how a pilot can interpret that information. A design approach that follows this framework’s step-principles produces intuitive and natural interfaces for pilots and offers a benchmark for evaluation of existing interfaces.

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Airport Resource Management And Decision Aids For Airlines, Amy Spencer, Philip J. Smith, Charles Billings Jan 2005

Airport Resource Management And Decision Aids For Airlines, Amy Spencer, Philip J. Smith, Charles Billings

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Airport surface management is fundamentally a task requiring decision making under uncertainty. For example, there is uncertainty about when an aircraft will be ready to push back, how long it will take a departing flight to taxi to the departure runway queue and how long it will take an arriving flight to taxi to its gate from the arrival runway. As a result, managing traffic on the airport surface, and coordinating this surface movement with airspace constraints, is a risk management task. Decision support tools which provide better access to airport surface data and predictions, as well as access to …

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Information Distribution To Improve Team Performance In Military Helicopter Operations: An Experimental Study, Brian K. Sperling, Amy R. Pritchett Jan 2005

Information Distribution To Improve Team Performance In Military Helicopter Operations: An Experimental Study, Brian K. Sperling, Amy R. Pritchett

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Changes in task requirements and system capabilities have led to the addition of crewmembers, information displays, and monitoring and coordination requirements in many domains. This experimental study tested the hypothesis that providing task relevant information to individual team members in a time critical environment, while limiting their access to non task-relevant information, would change team interactions by developing complementary team mental models and thus improve performance. The results of this experiment support this hypothesis, and give insight into how the distribution of information among team members effects the communications and coordination within a team. and team and individual performance.

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The Effectiveness Of A Personal Computer Aviation Training Device (Pcatd), A Flight Training Device (Ftd), And An Airplane In Conducting Instrument Proficiency Checks, Henry L. Taylor, Donald A. Talleur, Esa M. Rantanen, Tom W. Emanuel Jr. Jan 2005

The Effectiveness Of A Personal Computer Aviation Training Device (Pcatd), A Flight Training Device (Ftd), And An Airplane In Conducting Instrument Proficiency Checks, Henry L. Taylor, Donald A. Talleur, Esa M. Rantanen, Tom W. Emanuel Jr.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

This project evaluated the effectiveness of a personal computer aviation training device (PCATD), a flight training device (FTD) and an airplane for conducting an instrument proficiency check (IPC). The study compared the performance of pilots receiving an IPC in a PCATD, in a FTD and in an airplane (IPC #1) with performance on a later IPC in an airplane (IPC #2). Chi-square tests were used to analyze the IPC #1 and IPC #2 data to determine whether the treatment (assignment to group) had an effect on the pass/fail ratio for the IPC #1 and IPC #2 flights respectively. The treatment …

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The Role Of Institutional Review Boards In Aviation Research: It's The Law And It Makes Sense, Dr. Earl S. Stein Jan 2005

The Role Of Institutional Review Boards In Aviation Research: It's The Law And It Makes Sense, Dr. Earl S. Stein

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Research in medicine and social sciences often involves the participation of human participants, who under the rules in place today volunteer their time and understand both the benefits and risks associated with the research. This was not always the case. Rules, regulations, and laws currently require oversight by organizations referred to as Institutional Review Boards (IRBs). These boards exist to protect the participants, ensure their ethical treatment, and encourage good research. IRBs enhance the quality of research planning, and the IRB process should be part of every researcher's timeline for completion of his/her projects.

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Transfer Of Training Effectiveness Of A Flight Training Device (Ftd), Henry L. Taylor, Donald A. Talleur, Tom W. Emanuel Jr., Esa M. Rantanen Jan 2005

Transfer Of Training Effectiveness Of A Flight Training Device (Ftd), Henry L. Taylor, Donald A. Talleur, Tom W. Emanuel Jr., Esa M. Rantanen

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

A transfer of training research design was used to measure the effectiveness of a flight training device (FTD) and to determine the point at which additional training in a FTD was no longer effective. The dependent measures were number of trials to specific completion standards, time to complete a flight lesson, and time to a successful evaluation flight. Percent transfer and transfer effectiveness ratios (TERs) were computed for each instrument task and for the time to complete a flight lesson. The data from the current study indicates that the FTD and the PCATD appear effective in teaching basic and advanced …

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Human Performance Modelling For Accident Risk Assessment Of Active Runway Crossing Operation, Sybert H. Stroeve, Henk A.P. Blom Jan 2005

Human Performance Modelling For Accident Risk Assessment Of Active Runway Crossing Operation, Sybert H. Stroeve, Henk A.P. Blom

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

A human performance modelling approach is presented for risk assessment of operations with multiple, dynamically interacting agents. The approach is illustrated for a risk model of runway incursion on an active departure runway. This model-based approach can provide detailed, systematically derived results on risk contributions of human operators and technical systems in complex multi-agent environments.

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An Intelligent Aircraft Landing Support Paradigm, Steve Thatcher, Lakhmi Jain, Colin Fyfe Jan 2005

An Intelligent Aircraft Landing Support Paradigm, Steve Thatcher, Lakhmi Jain, Colin Fyfe

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

In this paper we discuss the problems associated with a small remnant of seemingly non eradicable accidents in contemporary aircraft landings and propose three autonomous agents whose task it is to jointly monitor the aircraft and its flight crew. Two of these agents will monitor the path of the aircraft, one armed with prior knowledge of how planes tend to land at a particular airport, the other with the ability to extrapolate forward from the plane’s current position in order to identify potential dangers. The third agent will monitor the flight crew’s behavior for potentially dangerous actions or inactions. These …

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Effects Of Cdti Display Dimensionality And Conflict Geometry On Conflict Resolution Performance, Lisa C. Thomas, Christopher D. Wickens Jan 2005

Effects Of Cdti Display Dimensionality And Conflict Geometry On Conflict Resolution Performance, Lisa C. Thomas, Christopher D. Wickens

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

With the presence of a CDTI that provides graphical airspace information, pilots can use a variety of conflict resolution maneuvers in response to how they perceive the configuration of the conflict. However, across previous studies on conflict resolution using CDTIs, there has been little apparent consistency in maneuver safety, flight axis preferences (lateral or vertical), or turning direction within a flight axis. These inconsistencies may be due to a limited range of conflict geometries and/or display frames of reference. This article describes a study that incorporates three displays with different frames of reference and a wide range of conflict geometries …

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“Meaningful Physics” Or Finding A System Description Suitable For Ecological Interface Design, M.M. (Rene) Van Paassen, Max Mulder, Stijn B.J. Van Dam Jan 2005

“Meaningful Physics” Or Finding A System Description Suitable For Ecological Interface Design, M.M. (Rene) Van Paassen, Max Mulder, Stijn B.J. Van Dam

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Ecological Interface Design (EID) is a design paradigm that addresses the cognitive interaction between users and systems. EID’s original application domain is the field of process technology. However, in several studies the techniques outlined for EID are applied to other domains. In the development of EID interfaces for two different tasks involving control of the locomotion of an aircraft, the authors experienced a gap between the stages of cognitive work analysis (CWA) and the actual design of the interfaces. This paper analyses the approach in the two projects, generalizing the findings in creation of a proper representation with the Abstraction …

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Disorientation In Vfr Pilots: Flight Performance And Psychophysiological Changes During A Flight Simulator Training, Karin Tropper, K. Wolfgang Kallus Jan 2005

Disorientation In Vfr Pilots: Flight Performance And Psychophysiological Changes During A Flight Simulator Training, Karin Tropper, K. Wolfgang Kallus

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Disorientation due to flying into instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) is a major safety hazard for VFR pilots (VFR: visual flight rules) as confirmed by aviation accident databases. The objectives of our research are the development and evaluation of systematic training programs to cope with different kinds of disorientation phenomena and the analysis of the psychophysiological processes during dis- and reorientation. A study was conducted using the multi-axial moveable flight simulator DISO (AMST Systemtechnik GmbH, Austria). 25 pilots were randomly allocated to one of three testing groups (one control- and two experimental training groups). The flight performance data confirm that participants …

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Facial Temperature As A Measure Of Mental Workload, Hans J.A. Veltman, Wouter W.K. Vos Jan 2005

Facial Temperature As A Measure Of Mental Workload, Hans J.A. Veltman, Wouter W.K. Vos

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

We conducted an experiment to explore the relation between facial temperature and mental effort. Participants had to perform mentally demanding tasks while their face was captured with an infrared camera. The temperature of the nose decreased during these tasks and increased during the successive rest periods. Other parts of the face did not change due to mental effort. The advantage of this workload measure is that it can provide objective and real-time information about mental effort of operators without attaching sensors to an operator. This measure can be used to measure the workload of operators in relatively stable environmental conditions …

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