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2005

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Articles 1651 - 1680 of 2796

Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences

Experimental Analysis Of Task Prioritization Training For A Group Of University Flight Technology Students, Amy L. Hoover, Kenneth H. Funk Ii Jan 2005

Experimental Analysis Of Task Prioritization Training For A Group Of University Flight Technology Students, Amy L. Hoover, Kenneth H. Funk Ii

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in task prioritization performance between pilots who participated in a CTM training course and those who did not. A pretest-posttest control group design with random assignment was used. Pilots enrolled in the Central Washington University Flight Technology Program flew pretest and posttest simulated flights on a Frasca FTD. During a two week period between pretest and posttest simulated flights pilots in the experimental group participated in a CTM training course and pilots in the control group did not. Comparison of pre- and posttest error rates shows the experimental group had a …

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Task Analysis For Safety Assessment In En-Route Air Traffic Control, Satoru Inoue, Hisae Aoyama, Kota Kageyama, Kazuo Furuta Jan 2005

Task Analysis For Safety Assessment In En-Route Air Traffic Control, Satoru Inoue, Hisae Aoyama, Kota Kageyama, Kazuo Furuta

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The tasks involved in Air Traffic Control (ATC) make heavy demands on the information processing capacities of air traffic controllers. In particular, human factors problems that lead to both major and minor incidents are considered to be a serious problem for ATC in Air Traffic safety. Therefore, the need to analyze error mechanism, which occurs due to complex factors, and the need for developing systems that can deal with these errors are increasing. We examined the functional problems in an ATC system from the human factors aspects, and concluded that solution of this problem needs some kinds of measures. This …

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Cockpit Technology And Weather Related Decision Making: An Integrative Review, N. R. Johnson, D. A. Wiegmann, J. Goh, C. D. Wickens Jan 2005

Cockpit Technology And Weather Related Decision Making: An Integrative Review, N. R. Johnson, D. A. Wiegmann, J. Goh, C. D. Wickens

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

This paper provides a synthesis of the empirical studies to date that have investigated weather-related pilot decision making. Of particular interest is how new cockpit technologies such as synthetic vision systems and graphical weather information systems interact with flight experience, risk perception, risk-taking tendencies and selfconfidence in affecting pilots’ decision to continue flight into adverse weather. A conceptual framework for integrating and interpreting the results of these various studies is also be proposed.

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Evidence Against Crew Resource Management As A Cognitive Skill, Stacey M. L. Hendrickson, David L. Trumpower, Timothy E. Goldsmith, Peder J. Johnson Jan 2005

Evidence Against Crew Resource Management As A Cognitive Skill, Stacey M. L. Hendrickson, David L. Trumpower, Timothy E. Goldsmith, Peder J. Johnson

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

In recent years, airlines have begun to train and assess crew resource management (CRM) tasks similarly to technical tasks. However, in order for individual CRM categories (e.g., workload management, communication, situation awareness, etc.) to be viewed as skills, performance on a particular CRM category should transfer to different situations. In this study, we examined how well CRM behaviors generalized across different flight contexts. We analyzed pilot performance from five line oriented evaluations (LOEs). The LOEs were divided into phases of flight and many different behaviors were graded within each LOE, some of which were previously classified as belonging to a …

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Pilot Perspectives On Avoiding Cfit, Robert M. Jenney Jan 2005

Pilot Perspectives On Avoiding Cfit, Robert M. Jenney

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

According to Flight Safety Foundation, Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) accidents are a leading cause of commercial aviation fatalities. CFIT is not selective; it is prevalent in corporate aviation and, all too alarmingly, in other segments of general aviation. This paper is a pilot-to-pilot conversation specifically about avoiding CFIT and, in the process, about airmanship. All are invited to listen in.

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An Analysis Of Communications For Arrival In Real-Time Air Traffic Control Simulation, Kota Kageyama, Hisae Aoyama Jan 2005

An Analysis Of Communications For Arrival In Real-Time Air Traffic Control Simulation, Kota Kageyama, Hisae Aoyama

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Air Traffic Control (ATC) communications between air traffic controllers and pilots are the most essential task in ATC operations. This paper describes results from an analysis of ATC communications in real-time (human- in-the-loop) simulation experiments. We analyzed communication data for arrival traffic of a radar control position in a Japanese terminal airspace. We assumed that particularly in a radar position, traffic volume directly influences ATC communication volume. In order to verify this assumption, we study on correlation between traffic volume and the amount of communication events issued by controllers. In addition, we examined ATC clearance phraseology and evaluated as a …

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Evaluation Of Aircraft Maintenance Operations Using Process Measures, Kunal Kapoor, Pallavi Dhawada, Nikhil Iyengar, Joel S. Greenstein, Anand K. Gramopadhye Jan 2005

Evaluation Of Aircraft Maintenance Operations Using Process Measures, Kunal Kapoor, Pallavi Dhawada, Nikhil Iyengar, Joel S. Greenstein, Anand K. Gramopadhye

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

This research focuses on the development of a proactive system (a Web-based Surveillance and Auditing Tool - WebSAT), which promotes standardization in data collection and identifies the contributing factors that impact aircraft safety. This system will document the processes and the outcomes of maintenance activities, make the results more accessible, and reduce future maintenance error rates. WebSAT will capture and analyze data for the different operations involved in surveillance, auditing, and airworthiness directives. To achieve standardization in data collection, data needs to be collected on certain variables which measure maintenance processes. These variables are defined as process measures. The process …

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The Air Traffic Selection And Training Battery: What It Is And Isn’T (And How It Has Changed And Hasn’T), Raymond E. King, Andrew R. Dattel Jan 2005

The Air Traffic Selection And Training Battery: What It Is And Isn’T (And How It Has Changed And Hasn’T), Raymond E. King, Andrew R. Dattel

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has developed a new selection procedure, the Air Traffic Selection and Training (AT-SAT) computerized test battery, to help select Air Traffic Control Specialists. AT-SAT is an aptitude test and not a test of air traffic control knowledge. Of the 264 applicants who have taken AT-SAT, 155 responded to a job announcement, while 109 previously passed the OPM (pre-employment) test and had to achieve a passing score on AT-SAT before they were admitted into training at the FAA Academy. Of the 155 job-announcement applicants, 131 (84.52%) achieved a passing score of 70 or greater (termed a …

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General Aviation Vfr-Into-Imc: Z-Score Filtering Of Demographic And Personality Variables, And The Personality Paradox, William Knecht Jan 2005

General Aviation Vfr-Into-Imc: Z-Score Filtering Of Demographic And Personality Variables, And The Personality Paradox, William Knecht

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Does pilot personality affect risk-taking with weather? Armchair logic says “Yes,” while data often say “No.” In this work, we apply the technique of z-score filtering (slice analysis) to pilot takeoff decisions made in the face of simulated adverse weather seen at taxiway level. Such a filtering technique might prove useful, provided emphasis is kept to maintain experiment-wise reliability. Statistical and methodological problems with personality data are discussed. The results of this particular data set showed a strong effect of weather on takeoffs, as measured by visibility, cloud ceiling, and the interaction of the two. But, despite best efforts, no …

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Interface Design To Actualize Human-Machine Coordination In The Highly Automated Cockpit, Daisuke Karikawa, Makoto Takahashi, Masaharu Kitamura, Capt. Akira Ishibashi Jan 2005

Interface Design To Actualize Human-Machine Coordination In The Highly Automated Cockpit, Daisuke Karikawa, Makoto Takahashi, Masaharu Kitamura, Capt. Akira Ishibashi

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Although automated systems in an advanced cockpit have contributed to the enhancement of the safety, they have also increased the system’s complexity which can be a cause of inappropriate situation awareness (SA). In this paper, a supportive method for enhancing SA in the highly automated cockpit has been proposed, focusing on the following two points. One is to support in grasping the situation from a broader perspective which can contribute to the detection of SA errors and to better understanding of the system’s activities. The other is mitigating additional cognitive burden by supportive information. For the achievement of both an …

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Surprise And Unexpectedness In Flying: Factors And Features, Janeen Kochan, Eyal Breiter, Florian Jentsch Jan 2005

Surprise And Unexpectedness In Flying: Factors And Features, Janeen Kochan, Eyal Breiter, Florian Jentsch

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

This database analysis was conducted to determine which factors, or combination of factors, play a part in creating an unwanted outcome due to surprising or unexpected events encountered by pilots. The purpose of this study was to identify likely precursors to perceived surprising and unexpected events and, to advance our understanding of the overt behaviors and misbehaviors found in response to these events. This study also sought to determine if there were any significant differences between commercial air carrier and general aviation flight operations in regard to surprising and unexpected events. The results of this study indicated that the involvement …

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Program Update And Prospects For In-Flight Simulation Upset Recovery Training, Janeen A. Kochan, James E. Priest Jan 2005

Program Update And Prospects For In-Flight Simulation Upset Recovery Training, Janeen A. Kochan, James E. Priest

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The Flight Research Training Center, established in 2002 in cooperation with the Federal Aviation Administration, focuses on improving the safety of commercial air transportation through the reduction of the loss-of-control events, which continue to be the leading cause of fatal commercial air carrier accidents (Boeing Commercial Airplanes Group, 2004). The primary research purpose of this program is the optimization of in-flight simulation based upset recovery training. The goal of the training is to have a beneficial impact on the loss-of-control accident and incident rate. The program is designed to collect research data through an extensive training program offered to commercial …

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Assessing Human Factors Risks In Air Traffic Management Research, Paul Krois, Jacqueline Rehmann Jan 2005

Assessing Human Factors Risks In Air Traffic Management Research, Paul Krois, Jacqueline Rehmann

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

This paper describes guidance for assessing human factors risks of research capabilities. The risk scales in the present study were used to assess concepts of the FAA Target System Description, part of the National Airspace System architecture. Results help identify areas where human factors analyses are needed and strengthen the business case for human factors assessments. Repeated high risk ratings provide R&D managers with additional information about whether or not to proceed with specific capabilities.

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How High Is High Enough? Quantifying The Impact Of Air Traffic Control Tower Observation Height On Distance Perception, William K. Krebs, Glen Hewitt, Steven R. Murrill, Ronald G. Driggers Jan 2005

How High Is High Enough? Quantifying The Impact Of Air Traffic Control Tower Observation Height On Distance Perception, William K. Krebs, Glen Hewitt, Steven R. Murrill, Ronald G. Driggers

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Each year the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) builds approximately seven air traffic control towers in the national airspace system. Each airport has unique surface and airspace characteristics, but all airports must determine the location and height of the new air traffic control tower (ATCT). These two factors impact cost and safety; therefore the FAA must develop a quantitative means in measuring what improvement in ATCT visibility can be gained by increasing tower height at different locations on the airport surface. Two metrics were developed (Object Discrimination, Line of Sight Angle of Incidence) to assess the impact of tower height on …

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The Considerations Of A Southeastern European Airline Aircraft Engineers Regarding The Incentives Applied By The Corporate Top Management And Those Required By Them, Dr. Yannis (John) Lainos Jan 2005

The Considerations Of A Southeastern European Airline Aircraft Engineers Regarding The Incentives Applied By The Corporate Top Management And Those Required By Them, Dr. Yannis (John) Lainos

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

In October 2003 we conducted a survey among the aircraft engineers of a southeastern European airline (Airline). The research included four questionnaires with 61 questions. The subjects of these questionnaires were: a) The incentives that attracted the a/c engineers to their profession. b) The opinion of the a/c engineers on the incentives applied by the Airline’s top management c) The incentives which the a/c engineers require to be applied by corporate top management. d) The opinion of the a/c engineers regarding the effects of the recently organisational restruring of the Airline’s group The sample used for this research represented 25% …

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Effects Of Haptic Feedback In The Tele-Operation Of An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, T. Mung Lam, Maximine Delannoy, Max Mulder, M.M. (René) Van Paassen Jan 2005

Effects Of Haptic Feedback In The Tele-Operation Of An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, T. Mung Lam, Maximine Delannoy, Max Mulder, M.M. (René) Van Paassen

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

This paper will describe an experiment that investigates the influence of force feedback on collision avoidance, control behavior and workload in the tele-operation of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Artificial force fields are used to provide force information. Subjects are asked to control a stability-augmented UAV helicopter through an obstacle-loaded environment. Visual information is provided by a display containing the simulated forward looking camera view and a navigation display, providing a top-down view. The force feedback algorithm is only implemented for the horizontal plane. Problems related to the general principle of an artificial force field that occur with autonomous robots, …

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A Non-Linear Relationship Between Controller Workload, Task Load, And Traffic Density: The Straw That Broke The Camel’S Back, Paul U. Lee, Joey Mercer, Nancy Smith, Everett Palmer Jan 2005

A Non-Linear Relationship Between Controller Workload, Task Load, And Traffic Density: The Straw That Broke The Camel’S Back, Paul U. Lee, Joey Mercer, Nancy Smith, Everett Palmer

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Controller workload, recognized as a significant bottleneck to capacity increase in the future National Airspace System, has been researched extensively in air traffic management. Unfortunately, subjective workload has been an unreliable predictor of a controller’s ability to safely manage the traffic, leading to attempts at replacing workload with more objective metrics, such as task load (e.g. number of clearances) and traffic density (e.g. aircraft count). A significant caveat to substituting these metrics for workload ratings, however, is that their relationships are nonlinear. More specifically, when the objective metrics, such as aircraft count, increase linearly, the controller’s perceived workload remains low …

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Workspace Visualization For Planning Of Air Operations, Gavan Lintern Jan 2005

Workspace Visualization For Planning Of Air Operations, Gavan Lintern

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Information overload has become a critical challenge within military operations. However, the problem is not so much one of too much information but of abundant information that is poorly organized and poorly represented. Here I describe a prototype information-action workspace, sometimes referred to as a knowledge visualization, to resolve this issue. Development proceeded through a systematic design sequence of cognitive analysis, knowledge representation and workspace design. The cognitive analysis focused on the specific information needed to support military planning and judgment. The workspace was structured in terms of dimensions of functional abstraction and functional decomposition; dimensions that are thought to …

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The Use Of Integrated Historical And Predictive Data To Support Flight Planning By Airline Dispatchers, Chang Liu, Phillip J. Smith, Charles Billings, Kapil Sheth, Shon Grabbe, Banavar Sridhar Jan 2005

The Use Of Integrated Historical And Predictive Data To Support Flight Planning By Airline Dispatchers, Chang Liu, Phillip J. Smith, Charles Billings, Kapil Sheth, Shon Grabbe, Banavar Sridhar

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Airline dispatchers play a critical role in the National Airspace System (NAS), as their flight planning decisions have a direct impact on the efficiency and safety of the resultant traffic flows and on contingency plans to deal with possible events that could arise while enroute. Their decisions also have an important impact on the operating costs for an airline. This paper first discusses the results of two focus groups with airline and military dispatchers that served to identify potential uses by dispatchers of the functionality contained in NASA’s Future ATC Concept Evaluation Tool (FACET). This tool uses trajectory modeling to …

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Analysis Methods For Determining The Safety Consequences Of Mixed-Fleet Flying, Beth Lyall Ph.D., Mike New Ph.D. Jan 2005

Analysis Methods For Determining The Safety Consequences Of Mixed-Fleet Flying, Beth Lyall Ph.D., Mike New Ph.D.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

This paper describes the development and implementation of analysis methods for identifying human factors safety vulnerabilities associated with the mixed-fleet flying of the Boeing 767-400 and 777. The results of the analysis were two sets of vulnerabilities: those with potentially critical pilot performance consequences that should be further tested, and those with minor consequences that should be considered when developing procedures and training for the mixed-fleet flying program. A longitudinal study was conducted that included data collection to address the potentially critical vulnerabilities. Examples of how vulnerabilities were addressed with video data from the study are presented and conclusions from …

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A Framework For The Assessment Of Controller Coordination In The Air Traffic Control Tower Environment, Peter Moertl, Craig Bonaceto Jan 2005

A Framework For The Assessment Of Controller Coordination In The Air Traffic Control Tower Environment, Peter Moertl, Craig Bonaceto

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The air traffic control tower (ATCT) environment requires coordination between various controller positions for safe and efficient operations. With the development of new collaborative decision support tools in the tower (e.g. SMS, NASA 2004), efficient human interface design will require the consideration of the coordination routines that controller use. Whereas inter-position coordination is generally prescribed by the FAA (FAAO 7110.65) as well as by specific ATCT standard operating procedures, little is known about face-to-face coordination that is not captured by other recording media such as flight strip marking or radio communication.

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Teams, Teamwork, And Automation In Air Traffic Control, Philip W. Maynard, Esa M. Rantanen Jan 2005

Teams, Teamwork, And Automation In Air Traffic Control, Philip W. Maynard, Esa M. Rantanen

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Many recent initiatives involving social psychology applications in the aviation world have redoubled the interest in the concept of teams and teamwork. The importance of teamwork in airline cockpits, hailed as cockpit (or crew-) resource management (CRM), has been recognized for a relatively long time. It is also widely agreed that extensive and effective interaction among participants in the National Airspace System (NAS), pilots, air traffic controllers, and airline operations personnel, is tantamount to the daily successes of the nation’s air transportation industry. Team aspects in air traffic control (ATC) are, however, much more convoluted than intra-cockpit teams or top-level …

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Supporting Teams In Crisis With It: A Preliminary Collaboration Framework, Earl Mckinnet Jr. Jan 2005

Supporting Teams In Crisis With It: A Preliminary Collaboration Framework, Earl Mckinnet Jr.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

To support their teams in crisis, organizations seek to leverage advances in information technology. These advances include automation support to the warfighting team (e.g. an electronic checklist for a flight crew), as well as collaboration support such as linking engaged combat troops to intelligence services. While automated support is rapidly developing, very little consideration has been given to enhancing the collaboration support for teams that face crisis. Here we suggest a preliminary set of IT system attributes to support collaboration for teams that face crisis. These attributes are based on two frameworks that have been developed to mitigate the effects …

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Building An Interlocking Human Factors Research And Development Program, Jacqueline Rehmann, Dino Piccione, Richard Mogford Ph.D. Jan 2005

Building An Interlocking Human Factors Research And Development Program, Jacqueline Rehmann, Dino Piccione, Richard Mogford Ph.D.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) partners with the National Astronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to manage and integrate research on enhanced air- and ground-based air traffic management technologies. This partnership, designed to integrate air traffic decision support tools, concepts, and procedures, was formalized in September 1995. Coordinated research initiatives are described in joint research project descriptions (JRPDs) that define objectives, approach, responsibilities, mission relevance, goals, and outcomes. JRPD 12 is unique in that, as a cross-cutting JRPD, it ensures relevant human factors research issues, methods, metrics, and findings of individual programs of both organizations are made known to, shared, and …

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External Aids And Age Differences In Pilot Communication, Daniel Morrow, Dervon Chang, Christopher Wickens, Esa Rantanen, Liza Raquel Jan 2005

External Aids And Age Differences In Pilot Communication, Daniel Morrow, Dervon Chang, Christopher Wickens, Esa Rantanen, Liza Raquel

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The use of external aids (e.g., a kneepad) can reduce the demands of Air Traffic Control (ATC) communication on pilots’ working memory during routine flight. Older pilots may especially benefit from such aids because of agerelated declines in working memory, although cognitive declines may impair the ability to coordinate the use of these aids with concurrent flight navigation and control tasks. We investigated the use of two external aids that may vary in ease of coordination: a conventional knee pad and an electronic notepad, or e-pad. Participants were 6 older (50-65 years) and 6 younger (20-40) active instrument-rated pilots. While …

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The Recording Of Flight Time By Pilots, Redolf G. Mortimer Phd Jan 2005

The Recording Of Flight Time By Pilots, Redolf G. Mortimer Phd

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Flight time is an important index of the flight exposure of pilots and is used in estimating the accident rates of pilots, but we are not aware of prior attempts to determine how the underlying data are obtained. This study used two surveys of civilian U.S. pilots to learn how they measured and recorded flight time. Pilots used a timer, watch, the Hobbs meter or tachometer to measure the duration of flights. Professional pilots flying on scheduled flights used company or block time as the criterion of the duration of a flight, while 79% of private pilots used the time …

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An Evaluation Of Scanning Of Integrated Hazard Displays As A Function Of Size And Event Detection Performance, Emily K. Mathard, Christopher D. Wickens Jan 2005

An Evaluation Of Scanning Of Integrated Hazard Displays As A Function Of Size And Event Detection Performance, Emily K. Mathard, Christopher D. Wickens

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The present study was designed to assess the influence of display enlargement on pilot scanning patterns and event detection performance. Nineteen pilots monitored an integrated hazard display for changes in the altitude or heading of traffic aircraft and weather systems. Analyses revealed that event detection accuracy and response time were unaffected by display size, suggesting pilots compensated for display enlargements by strategically widening scanning patterns. While eye movement data revealed that attention was allocated to the peripheral display regions regardless of display size, individuals who were poor at detecting events were less likely to attend to these display areas. The …

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Beyond Automation Surprises: A Simulator Study Of Disturbance Management On Highly Automated Flight Decks, Mark I. Nikolic, Nadine B. Sarter Jan 2005

Beyond Automation Surprises: A Simulator Study Of Disturbance Management On Highly Automated Flight Decks, Mark I. Nikolic, Nadine B. Sarter

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Error prevention alone will never be sufficient for improving safety in complex high-risk systems, such as aviation. This approach needs to be combined with better support for error and disturbance management which, in turn, requires an improved understanding of current strategies for coping with errors and the resulting disturbances to the flight. The present research has sought systematic empirical evidence to expand our understanding of the disturbance management process on modern flight decks. A simulator study was conducted with twelve B747-400 airline pilots in order to examine (the effectiveness of) their strategies for diagnosing and recovering from disturbances, and the …

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Operators’ Time Perception Under Stress, R. V. Nayeem, T. Oran-Gilad, P. A. Hancock Jan 2005

Operators’ Time Perception Under Stress, R. V. Nayeem, T. Oran-Gilad, P. A. Hancock

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Time perception is extremely important to the understanding, design and use of complex aviation systems. This experiment focused on differences in time estimation, flight performance, and monitoring tasks. In a betweensubjects experiment, participants navigated through a flight scenario while monitoring a switch and listening to white noise at either 55dBA or 85dBA. Flight performance data and monitoring data were collected throughout the task. Participants also completed the NASA-TLX and the DSSQ-S. Statistical analyses showed that the noise condition did not significantly affect workload, monitoring abilities, task completion and subjective stress questionnaires for the dual task. However, the 85dBA condition significantly …

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Mishap Trends In Several Air Force Aircraft: Implications For Crm Training, Robert Nullmeyer, Lt Col David Stella, Gregg Montijo Jan 2005

Mishap Trends In Several Air Force Aircraft: Implications For Crm Training, Robert Nullmeyer, Lt Col David Stella, Gregg Montijo

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Human factors trends in C-130, F-16, and A-10 mishaps were reviewed for relevance to cockpit/crew resource management (CRM) course content. The current Air Force Safety Center human factors taxonomy includes about 360 detailed human factors elements. About sixty of these taxonomy elements map directly into the six CRM core areas identified in Air Force Flying Operations publications (communication, risk management/decision making, situational awareness, task management, crew coordination/flight integrity, and mission preparation/ debriefing). This small fraction of human factors elements accounted for well over half of the causal and strongly contributing factors cited in each platform. The relative contributions of specific …

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