Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Current Therapeutic Approaches To Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis, L. Dirikolu, Jonathan H. Foreman, Thomas Tobin

Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Faculty Publications

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis is the most important infectious neurologic disease of horses in the Western Hemisphere. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis can interfere with a horse's ability to race, work, and perform; untreated, EPM can be lethal. Antemortem diagnosis of EPM is challenging, requiring careful evaluation of the animal's history, clinical signs, and laboratory data, with rigorous exclusion of other causes.

Therapeutic approaches to EPM are evolving. First-generation therapeutic approaches for EPM were based on the classic anti–Toxoplasma gondii pyrimethamine–sulfonamide combinations; treatment is prolonged and can be associated with a considerable relapse rate, which may be associated with the difficulty in …

Formation Of The Plexus Sacralis In Pheasants (Phasianus Colchicus Mongolicus) And Macroanatomic Investigation Of The Nerves Originating From The Plexus Sacralis, Fati̇h Ramazan İstanbullugi̇l, Hüseyi̇n Karadağ, Şami̇l Sefergi̇l, Nazan Gezer İnce, Hasan Alpak

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The purpose of this study was to investigate the formation of the plexus sacralis in the Kyrgyz pheasant (Phasianus colchicus mongolicus) and the origin of the nerves emerging from the plexus sacralis. Five adult male Kyrgyz pheasants were used that had been hunted in their natural habitat near the town of Tokmok in the Chuy region of Kyrgyzstan. The plexus sacralis was found to be formed in the lumbar region by the ventral strands of sacral nerves 1 to 5, originating in the spinal cord. The plexus is composed of the truncus cranialis, which consists of the ventral strands of …

Epibulbar Melanocytoma In A Goat, Annahita Rezaie, Hannaneh Golshahi, Mohammad Rahim Haji Hajikolaie

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Melanocytoma is a benign tumor arising from the melanocytes. A 2-year-old female crossbreed goat that was suffering from respiratory insufficiency, emaciation, depression diffuse corneal opacity, and anemia was euthanized. There was a mass on the dorsal interface of the cornea and sclera of the left eye. It was raised, dark, and 2 mm in diameter. The histopathologic evaluation revealed melanocytoma and immunolabeling for Melan-A was positive. According to gross and microscopic evaluations, epibulbar melanocytoma was diagnosed and the authors think that the present case is the first recorded case of epibulbar melanocytoma in a goat.

Effects Of Vacuum Packaging On The Quality Of Frozen Cooked Döner Kebab, Enver Bariş Bi̇ngöl, Funda Yilmaz, Karlo Muratoğlu, Kami̇l Bostan

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Döner kebab is a traditional Turkish dish, recognized worldwide. It is an important fast-food meal sold by its local name in many countries. Döner kebab is consumed as a fresh dish and should be served immediately after cooking. Raw döner kebab can be stored by freezing, but there is not enough knowledge about the storage of cooked döner kebab. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of vacuum packaging on the meat quality of frozen cooked döner kebab. Packaged döner kebabs were stored at -18 ± 1 °C for up to 12 months and examined monthly for microbiological (total …

Development Of A Subunit Vaccine Against Bovine Diarrhea Caused By K99 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli And Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Emad Hashish

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Bovine diarrhea is economically one of the most important problems in cattle industry. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), particularly strains expressing K99 (F5) fimbriae and heat-stable type I (STa) enterotoxin is the predominant bacterial cause of diarrhea in calves; whereas bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes diarrhea and other illness to cattle at all ages. A vaccine that prevents against both K99 fimbrial ETEC and BVDV could benefit greatly to cattle producers worldwide. We hypothesized that a novel multivalent vaccine composed of K99, STa and BVDV E2 antigens could induce immunity for broad protection against bovine diarrhea. In this study we …

The Effects Of Propofol And A Diazepam/Alfentanil Combination In Dogs Aged 10 Years And Above On Heart Rate, Respiratory Rate, Pulse Oximetry Data, Intraocular Pressure, And Body Temperature, Özlem Güzel, Di̇lek Olğun Erdi̇kmen, Esma Yildar, Asli Eki̇ci̇, Murat Şaroğlu, Bülent Eki̇z

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

In older patients, it is important to minimise anaesthesia-related deaths and complications. In this study, 2 separate anaesthesia inductions were evaluated with respect to their effects on heart rate, respiratory rate, pulse oximetry data, intraocular pressure, and body temperature. A total of 22 dogs were evaluated and 2 separate anaesthesia groups were formed. Propofol (6 mg/kg) was administered to group G1 via a slow intravenous (IV) injection. In group G2, diazepam (0.5 mg/kg) was first administered via an IV injection, followed immediately by alfentanil (40 µg/kg), administered via a slow IV route. Each parameter was recorded prior to anaesthesia (T_0), …

Glycohistochemistry Of The Lateral Tympanic Membrane In The Syrinx Of The Denizli Cock, Nazan Keski̇n, Pinar İli̇

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The Denizli cock is a special race that has harmonious long crowing. In this study, the syrinx of the Denizli cock was studied by using glycohistochemical analyses. Paraffin sections were stained with Alcian blue (AB) at pH 1 and pH 2.5 for demonstration of sulfated and carboxylated carbohydrates, respectively. At AB-pH 1, the lateral tympanic membrane (LTM) and also the medial tympanic membrane (MTM) exhibited a weak reactivity, whereas they were stained intensely at AB-pH 2.5. The frozen sections were incubated with 5 digoxigenin-labeled lectins for lectin histochemistry: peanut agglutinin, Maackia amurensis leucoagglutinin, Galanthus nivalis agglutinin, Datura stramonium agglutinin, and …

Prevalence And Antibiotic Resistance Of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci In Animal Originated Foods, Fi̇gen Çeti̇nkaya, Tülay Elal Muş, Gül Ece Soyutemi̇z, Recep Çibik

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

A total of 270 animal-originated foods purchased from markets, including milk and dairy products, fresh and processed meat products, and poultry and poultry products, were analysed to determine the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). VRE were isolated from 12 out of 270 samples (4.4%): 6 (6%) from fresh meat and meat products and 6 (8.6%) from poultry and poultry products. VRE strains were identified as Enterococcus faecium (6 strains), E. avium (4 strains), E. durans (1 strain) and E. gallinarum (1 strain). Among these strains, 11 had high levels of vancomycin resistance (2 E. faecium strains had minimum inhibitory concentrations …

Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation In The Management Of Chronic Lower Airway Inflammatory Conditions In Horses, Nora Nogradi

Open Access Theses

Chronic lower airway inflammatory diseases, such as recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) and inflammatory airway disease (IAD) are common in horses. RAO and IAD present many similarities with asthma in people. Based on studies in human asthma, omega - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation has been proposed to improve clinical signs in horses with chronic lower airway inflammatory disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of an omega-3 PUFA containing equine feed supplement (Aleira^TM) in horses with chronic lower airway disease. The study consisted of two separate experiments. First, a pilot study was …

Prevention Of Embryonic Death Using Different Hormonal Treatments In Ewes, Mehmet Bozkurt Ataman, Mehmet Aköz, Mustafa Kemal Saribay, Hüseyi̇n Erdem, Mustafa Numan Bucak

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The purpose of this study was to evaluate different treatment protocols to prevent embryonic death in ewes. A total of 180 Akkaraman crossbred ewes and 10 healthy rams were used as material. The ewes were divided into 3 equal groups, with each of the 3 groups then separated into 3 subgroups. Ewes in estrus, determined with teaser rams, were exposed to mating. Three different treatment protocols of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog (buserelin, intramuscularly) at a dose of 20 µg, vaginal sponges containing 30 mg fluorogestone acetate (FGA), and saline at a dose of 1 mL (control, intramuscularly) were applied on …

Microsatellite Analysis For Parentage Testing Of The Arabian Horse Breed From Syria, Anas Mahmoud Khanshour, Eleanore Kathleen Conant, Rytis Juras, Ernest Gus Cothran

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Parentage testing is very important for genetically determining the accuracy of the pedigree of domestic animals. The Arabian horse population in Syria might be expected to have a high level of homozygosity because the traditional method of breeding results in such a small population. For this reason, using a set of highly polymorphic markers such as microsatellites is required for parentage testing. The purpose of this study was to analyze the usefulness of 16 STR markers for routine parentage testing in 94 samples from registered and nonregistered horses collected from Syria. The mean number of alleles was 5.69 per locus …

Effect Of Oocyte Quality And Activation Protocols On Bovine Embryo Development Following Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, Ömer Korkmaz, Şükrü Küplülü, Yüksel Ağca, İbrahi̇m Mert Polat

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of oocyte quality and activation protocols on the in vitro developmental competence of bovine embryos after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Bovine oocytes were grouped as being of excellent, good, and poor quality. All of the oocytes were activated using a calcium ionophore only, ethanol only, and 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) following calcium ionophore. For the excellent quality oocytes, cleavage rates after ICSI were 70% in the Ca ionophore + 6-DMAP activation group, 47% in the ethanol activation group, 41.82% in the Ca ionophore group, and 30% in the nontreated control group. Cleavage …

Effects Of Feeding Dry Fat And Yeast Culture On Broiler Chicken Performance, Mutassim Mohamed Abdelrahman

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

A feeding trial with 400 male broilers (Ross) was conducted to investigate the effect of using dry fat and 2 levels of yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on performance, blood glucose, cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus, cobalt, copper, magnesium, manganese, and zinc. One-day-old broilers were distributed among 4 treatments, with 4 replicates and 25 chicks/replicate. The treatments were: diet 1 (basal diet with maize oil, group T1), diet 2 (basal diet with dry fat, group T2), diet 3 (basal diet with dry fat + 2 kg of yeast culture/t diet, group T3), and diet 4 (basal diet with dry fat + 3 kg …

Seroepidemiology Of Canine Brucellosis In Beijing, China, Fu Xiang, Zhaofei Xia, Qingming Wu, Yanyun Chen, Jinhau Yu, Jianging Wan

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

A seroepidemiological survey of canine brucellosis was carried out in Beijing, China. Serum samples were taken from dogs admitted to the Beijing Companion Animal Hospital for immigration and emigration inspection, including dogs from 4 breeding farms and stray dogs (n = 1200, 14 districts), between January 2008 and April 2009. All of the sera were first tested and preselected by Rose Bengal plate agglutination test (RBAT), and the positive samples by RBAT were determined by tube agglutination test (TAT) again. Of the 1200 dogs studied, 60 (5%) were positive by RBAT, 21 (51.7%) of which were confirmed by TAT. The …

Changes In The Bioactive Protein Concentrations In The Bovine Colostrum Of Jersey And Polish Holstein–Friesian Cows, Monika Sobczuk-Szul, Zofia Wielgosz-Groth, Marek Wronski, Arkadiusz Rzemieniewski

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of this study was to determine changes in the bioactive protein concentrations in the bovine colostrum of Jersey and Polish Holstein-Friesian (PHF) cows. Double colostrum samples were collected from 16 Jersey and PHF cows, during 8 successive milking runs after calving. A total of 256 colostrum samples were analyzed to determine the pH, density, percentage share, and content of selected bioactive proteins, including the percentage share of casein fractions (\alpha_s-, \beta-, \gamma-, and \kappa-) in the total casein, and the concentrations of \alpha-lactalbumin (\alpha-LA), \beta-lactoglobulin (\beta-LG), lactoferrin (LF), interleukin-1\beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. The concentrations of the …

Determination Of Newcastle Disease Virus Among Wild Bird Populations In Lake Van Basin, Turkey, Banur Boynukara, Ti̇mur Gülhan, Fethi̇ye Çöven, İlhami̇ Ki̇zi̇roğlu, Ati̇lla Durmuş

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

In this study, 540 feces samples taken from a total of 22 bird species, including transit migrant, winter visitor, migratory, and resident bird species, in Lake Van basin were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with respect to the Newcastle disease virus (NDV). All of the feces samples were cultured in specific pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs) for NDV isolation. The NDV isolates were analyzed for virulent fusion (F) protein by RT reverse transcription PCR (RRT-PCR). Of the 540 examined feces samples, 28 (5.18%) were found to be positive by RT-PCR. The same samples were cultured in ECEs and, …

Effects Of Parity And Litter Size On The Energy Contents And Immunoglobulin G Concentrations Of Awassi Ewe Colostrum, Shogo Higaki, Masashi Nagano, Seiji Katagiri, Yoshiyuki Takahashi

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study determined the energy content and immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration of Awassi ewe colostrum and examined the effects of parity and litter size on them. Colostral samples were collected from 57 ewes from the 1st to 7th parities with a litter size of 1 or 2, within 12 h after lambing. Concentrations of colostral fat, lactose, and protein were measured as energy sources, and IgG was measured as representative of the immunoglobulin content of the colostrum. Mean values obtained from analyses of the ewe colostrum samples were 7.4 ± 2.1 kJ/g for the energy value and 60.9 ± 21.4 …

Multiple Jaw Fractures And Hiatus Linguae In A Dog, İbrahi̇m Akin, Murat Sarierler, Nuh Kiliç, Ali̇ Belge

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The case of a 3.5-year-old male Norwegian Elkhound crossbreed dog, seen the day after a traffic accident, is reported. Fractures in the symphysis mandibulae and the right corpus mandibulae were diagnosed. The apex linguae hung down laterally; a 2-cm cut wound was present on the right side. Two more cut wounds (6 cm long on the ventral surface and 3 cm long on the dorsal aspect) of the tongue in a direction oblique to its long axis were connected by a cut through the entire thickness of the tongue. Tooth 103 was broken at the gingival line and 104 under …

Factors Affecting Colostrum Quality Of Ewes And Immunostimulation, Özge Yilmaz, Güven Kaşikçi

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Maternal antibodies play a major role in the development of the immune system of a young animal. Ideally, the transmission of maternal immunity to the foetus occurs in the uterus. However, in ruminants, as there is no maternal antibody transfer from the mother to her young by way of the uterus, the antibodies present in the colostrum are a vital necessity for newborn ruminants. After birth, an unhealthy neonatal period for the young animal and an unhealthy puerperal period for the mother can cause significant financial losses. In animal husbandry, due to the budget allocated for the treatment of diseases …

Ultrasonographic Evaluation Of Buffalo Eyes, Gholamreza Assadnassab, Majid Fartashvand

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The purpose of this study was to describe the ultrasonography appearance and measurements of normal buffalo eyes. Ocular ultrasonographic examinations were performed on 20 adult buffaloes. Transpalpebral ultrasonographic images were obtained with a 6-8 MHz linear transducer in the axial imaging plane. The ultrasonographic appearance of structures within the buffalo eye is similar to that in other species. When comparing measurements, the anteroposterior depth of the lens, vitreous chamber, and axial length of the globe on the left side were greater than on right, and the anterior chamber depth and scleroretinal rim wall thickness on the left side were also …

Immunokinetics Of Theileria Equi Specific Antibodies: A Comparison In Serial And Single Dilution Elisa Antibody End Titres, Yogesh Kumar, Dharam Vir Malhotra, Anil Kumar Nichani, Ashok Kumar, Shruti Dhar, Sanjay Kumar

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Theileria equi, a haemoprotozoan of equids, is responsible for endemic infection/latency in tropical/subtropical parts of the world. The present study investigated the immunokinetics of T. equi infection in experimental animals and the diagnostic applicability of single dilution ELISA vis-à-vis conventional serial dilution ELISA. Sequential serum samples were collected up to 90 days postinfection (PI) from 4 donkeys experimentally infected with T. equi. Immunokinetics of T. equi antibodies end titre were determined by serial and single dilution ELISA. A significant rise in initial ELISA antibody end titre (1:800 in serial dilution ELISA and from 1:600 to 1:650 in single dilution ELISA) …

The Effect Of Electron Beam Irradiation On Β-Glucan Content, X-Ray Diffraction Of Starch, Protein Subunit Patterns, And In Vivo Digestibility Of Barley Grain In Cockerels, Parvin Shawrang, Ali Asghar Sadeghi, Behnam Ghorbani

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of electron beam radiation on the chemical composition, the \beta-glucan content, the water extract viscosity, the crystallinity of starch, the patterns of protein subunits, and the in vivo digestibility of barley grain. Barley samples were irradiated at doses of 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 kGy under the electron beam. In a completely randomized design, cockerels were fed raw or irradiated samples to determine the digestibility of crude protein and gross energy. Irradiation had no effect on the total contents of protein, starch, and \beta-glucan. At doses of 10, 15, 20, …

Fertility Issues In Simmental Cows In Central Croatia: A 5-Year Study, Robert Zobel, Suzana Tkalcic, Wendell Cole

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The purpose of this study was to establish the fertility trends in dairy cows in Central Croatia and compare the trends and causes of infertility and subfertility during a 5-year period. A total of 12,060 Simmental cows and heifers were included in the study. The animals were examined by vaginoscopy, transrectal palpation, and ultrasonography on a regular basis. Fertility problems that included infertility and subfertility were diagnosed in 56.61% of all observed animals. The total number of animals diagnosed with subfertility increased and almost doubled by the end of the study period. Subfertility issues associated with anovulatory oestrus, delayed ovulation, …

Relationship Between Dead Pupa Removal And Season And Productivity Of Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera, Hymenoptera: Apidae) Colonies, Ahmet Güler, Hakan Toy

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study was conducted to evaluate the dead pupae removal behaviour of 90 honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies during the beekeeping season and the relationships between removal and colony productivity. The liquid nitrogen technique was used in May, June, July, August, and September. The number of removed pupae was significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with the month and changed throughout the season. The highest cleaning efficiency of the colonies were recorded in July and September, and the lowest were in May and August. While the average dead pupae removal was 83.75% in the 90 colonies, the percentage of removed pupae varied between 56.4% and 99.3% during the 5 months. There were significant positive correlations between dead pupae removal and honey yield (P < 0.01; r = 0.295), bee wax production (P < 0.01; r = 0.334), and adult worker bee population (P < 0.05; r = 0.233). No correlation was found between dead pupae removal and brood production and average temperature. Although hygienic behaviour has positive effects on many characters relating to productivity in untreated breeding populations, it is affected by many biotic and abiotic factors. This behaviour decreases with many stressful conditions (wasps, Merops sp., predators, honey harvesting) and increases with colony strength during the season.

The Effect Of Flashed Light On The Ultrastructure Of The Retinal Photoreceptor Cells In Rabbit: A Transmission Electron Microscope Study, Arash Esfandiari, Iraj Posti, Asghar Dehghan, Nasser Hadjipour

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The effects of light exposure on the retina have been carefully considered in recent years. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of flashed light with low and high intensity on the photoreceptor layer of rabbit. Fifteen adult male New Zealand White rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups: a control group, experimental group I (exposed to 60 W of flashed light 5 times), and experimental group II (exposed to 1000 W of flashed light 5 times). The retinas of the eyes were removed and studied by transmission electron microscope. The photoreceptor layer damage in experimental …

Effect Of Corpus Luteum: Quality And Recovery Rate Of Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis) Oocytes, Lakshman Sahoo, Suresh K. Singla

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Recovery rate and quality of oocytes were investigated from abattoir collected ovaries with and without corpora lutea (CL). The oocytes were categorized into four grades: grade-A, grade-B, grade-C, and grade-D based on the presence of the cumulus cells complex around the oocytes. The number of oocytes per ovary were 1.7 ±0.1 and 1.5 ±0.1, obtained from ovaries without CL and with CL, respectively. Recovery rate of different grades of oocytes from ovaries with CL and without CL were almost identical.

Relative Transit Time Of Chyme Between Duodenal And Jejunal Segments Of The Small Intestine Of Cattle, Alejandro Plascencia, Maria Alejandra Lopez-Soto, Victor Manuel Gonzalez, Francisco Javier Monge, Richard Zinn

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Two steers (228 ± 4.5 kg) equipped with \"T\" type cannulas in the proximal duodenum, duodenal-jejunal juncture, and distal ileum were used to measure transit time of chyme within the duodenum and jejunum. Steers were fed (as fed basis) with 5.75 kg of chopped alfalfa hay per day. The transit time was measured during 3 consecutive days using aniline dye, which was pulse-dosed via the duodenal and jejunal cannulas. The site of each cannula placement was confirmed and the small intestine was dissected and measured. Time required between the infusion of aniline dye into the proximal duodenal cannula and its …

Vertical Transmission Of Porcine Circovirus 2b (Pcv2b) To Mouse Fetuses In Maternal Uterus By Artificial Insemination With Semen From Pcv2b-Infected Male Mouse, Deng Zhibang, Gong Qianlong, Wang Naidong, Yuan Anwen, Yu Xing Long

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

In order to investigate whether porcine circovirus 2b (PCV2b) can be replicated in the spermatids of mice and whether semen from PCV2b-infected male mice can induce reproductive failure in female mice, 10 male Kunming mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with PCV2b, and 10 female Kunming mice were artificial inseminated with semen from the PCV2b-inoculated male mice. Semen from inoculated male mice and newborn mice or dead fetuses from inseminated female mice were tested for PCV2b by polymerase chain reaction, transmission electron microscopy, and immunofluorescent histochemistry. The results showed that PCV2b was capable of being replicated in spermatids in Kunming mice and …

Fungal Peritonitis In Dog Caused By Candida Albicans - A Case Report And Literature Overview, Kamila Glinska, Marcin Jankowski, Krzysztof Kubiak, Jolanta Spuzak, Maciej Grzegory, Stanislaw Dzimira

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This clinical case concerns a male dog of Pointer breed, 10 years of age. The clinical examination revealed severe tenderness and a tension in the abdominal walls. The ultrasound examination detected fluid in the peritoneal cavity. The fluid collected from the peritoneal cavity displayed typical features of exudative fluid. In the cytological examination of the fluid, numerous stimulated endothelial cells, lymphocytes, and neutrophils were found. In the microbiological examination of the peritoneal fluid, Candida albicans was cultured. On the basis of the clinical signs, laboratory test results of the peritoneal fluid, and microbiological culture, the diagnosis of fungal peritonitis was …

The Use Of Moringa Oleifera In Poultry Diets, Talha E. Abbas

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Poultry production sectors in developing countries are facing some problems, one of which is an increase in the cost of feed due to high prices of protein and energy sources. In addition, they are also faced with the problem of the development of antibiotic-resistant pathogens due to unwise and excessive use of antibiotics. Researchers are therefore looking for cheap, available, and safe alternative sources of protein and energy. In addition, scientists are also searching for natural antimicrobial ingredients. Some tropical legumes and plants were introduced into poultry diets as protein sources to decrease the cost of the feed. Recent studies …