Agricultural Science Commons^™

Studies On The Alteration Of Grassland Ecosystems Under Intensification Of Grassland Management In The Gdr, Rudolf Hundt

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of the investigations described in this paper consisted in finding out the effect of industry-like production methods on grassland ecosystems from the plant-sociolog­ical, ecological, and agricultural points of view. In 1954, grassland phytocoenoses in the Elbe river valley near Dessau and in the Mulde river valley near Wurzen had been the object of geobotanical investigations. These investiga­tions were repeated in 1976. Sprinkler irrigation, intensive eutrophication, and ihe inclusion of grazing resulted in a complete change of the ecosystems. The productiveness of the swards improved substantially both in quantitative and in qualitative respect, and the number of species declined …

Persistence Of Various Grassland Components Under Varying Compaction Of The Sward, Vladimir Regal, Miloslava Vesela

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Studies on poaching-reistant successors on 32 types of plant stands and the evaluation of 210 stands on test runs helped to select the species of highest resistance to poaching. By means drawn of such regarding studies the conclusions composition have of grassbeen sports mixtures for grounds, stress-resistant playgrounds, swards airfields, (pastures,and others). position, Poa These Lolium pratensis mixtures perenne bemay be ingthe of simple predominant com­ of species. Tr(folium repens may and serve for short-growing supplementingspecies the stand. In mountainous, Festuca more rubra humid lo­ cations Agrostis with tenuis poorer proved soils, suitable for supplemen­and tation.

Wildfires 1n Semiarid Artemisia/ Stipa Grasslands, James A. Young, Raymond A. Evans

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

We investigated plant succession after acciden­tal burning of Artemisia/ Stipa grasslands. Burn­ing is the most important catastrophic stand renewal process for this grazing resource. The most striking impact of burning was the com­plete removal of the dominant shrub Artemisia tridentata Nutt. which does not sprout after removal of the aerial portion of the plant. Numerous other species of shrubs do root­sprout after burning and assume dominance of the plant community for 10 to 15 years. The native perennial grasses were not unduly in­jured by the fire, but the density of perennial grass had been greatly reduced by a century of …

The Evaluation Of Relationships Between Ecological Factors And Production On Permanent Grassland, Vladimir Krajovic

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

On 42 sites in 10 districts of the Carpathian region of the CSSR, relationships were exam­ined between grassland production and region­al, climatic (precipitation, temperature, solar radiation), and soil conditions (soil type, pH, S, 'r, V, C0., nutrients, and clay fraction). To this, five variants of fertilization were used (0; PK; 120 kg N/ha + PK, 240 kg N/ha + PK; 480 kg N/ha + PK). None of the natural ecofactors is generally characteristic enough for determining an opti­mal production. But the nutrition and the utilization of grass stands are important under each condition. Therefore, a system of differ­entiated grassland management …

The Yield Dependence Of Grass/Clover Mixtures On Different Environmental Conditions, Zygmunt Gryncewicz, Franciszek Gospodarczyk

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Red clover as pure crop as well as in mixture with grasses gave the best yields in foothill locations (450 m above sea level) above all under conditions of sufficient precipitation. In mountain locations (850 m above sea level) grasses showed better growth, accounting for the main part in the overall herbage crop. In the mixtures compared, meadow fescue proved to be the best component in all alti­tudes, Italian ryegrass was best in lowland areas, and timothy in the highest altitudes. Best yields in terms of oat equivalents were obtained from mixtures consisting of 75% clover and 25 % grasses. …

Flood Adaptation And Productivity Of Savanna Grasses, E Gonzalez Jimenez, A Escobar

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Savannas subjected to seasonal flooding occupy· vast areas of the Tropics. Above-ground bio­mass values for Venezuelan flooded savannas are high and related to the longer availability of water. C3 plants colonized the waterlogged unit and showed the highest productivity and nutritive value. This natural system permits a prolonged grazing season. These first results show the great potential for animal production of this ecosystem, stressing the need for coor­dinated research efforts in order to gain a better understanding of it.

Studies On Site, Vegetation And Intensification Of Temporarily Flooded Grassland Of The Lower Oder River Near Schwedt, Gisbert Schalitz

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

On the temporarily flooded grassland of the lower Oder River near Schwedt, yields can be considerably increased by establishing high­yielding Phalaris arundinacea stands. In the drier zone it is indispensable to kill the old sward. To this effect, adequate methods should be chosen according to the type of existing vegetation. In the range of moisture-tolerant plant as­sociations, increased nitrogen fertilization will allow to build up high-yielding pure stands in short time.

Lead Content In Meadow Vegetation From Non­Contaminated Areas, Andrzej Sapek

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In 270 samples of selected meadow plant spe­cies, taken from natural sites and permanent meadows in the 1st-cut period, the lead con­tent was determined. Mean lead content in particular species fluctuated from 0.36 ppm in Phalaris arundinacea to 1.38 ppm in Carex vulpina. On a whole, the lead content was lower in grasses than in herbs. No relationship between the total lead content in soil and plants has been proved. On the other hand, a positive and often significant relationship between the lead content in particular plant species and their potassium, copper, nickel, and phospho­rus contents was observed.

Influence Of Plant Nutrition And Method Of Utilization On The Accumulation And Decomposition Of Root Matter In Meadow Soils, Yan Liyv, Rikhard Toomre

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Root matter formation of forage plants de­pends primarily on soil fertility. In fertile soils and under intensive fertilization less root matter is formed than in soils of low fertility. The decomposition of root matter as influenced by microbiological processes was found to be more intensive under grazing than under mow­ing. The application of high rates of nitrogen fertilizer (more than 200 kg N/ha) over longer periods is likely to cause undesirable changes in the relationship between forage plants and soil microorganisms, this resulting in yield decline and in lower efficiency of the fertilizers applied.

The Influence Of Grassland Plants Ort The Accu1nulation Of Humus And Nitrogen In The Soil In The Conditions Of The Estonian Ssr, Arnold Sau

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The accumulation of nitrogen and humus in soil under perennial grassland plants was studied between 1965 and 1974 in a trial laid out on carbonated reddish brown sandy loam moraine of original levels of 0.22 % humus and 18 m %1 nitrogen, the C: N ratio being 7 .2. Nitrogen and humus accumulation in the moraine was found to proceed the faster, the higher were the yields of above-ground and underground plant matter. In the course of 10 years, the humus content in the upper 5 cm of soil reached 1.92 to 2.26 % for the higher­yielding variants (grasses+ 150 …

Nitrogen Status Of A Shortgrass Prairie, Pasture Ecosystem, Robert G. Woodmansee, Jerrold L. Dodd, Rudolph A. Bowman, Charles E. Dickinson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Nitrogen was partitioned among soil organic matter, living and dead plant material, micro­organisms, above-ground and below-ground animals, and mineral N in a shortgrass prairie, pasture ecosystem in eastern Colorado, USA Soil organic matter contained the largest amount of N (89.5 %), and dead plant material contained 6.8 % of the total N in the system. Living organisms contained 3.4 % of the N in the ecosystem. Mineral N accounted for 0.2 %. Less than 1.0 % of the N in the system was located above ground. The amount of N im­mobilized in animals was small.

Nutrient Leaching In Hydromorphic Grassland Soils As Established In Lysimeters, Gerhart Mundel

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Lysimeter experiments were laid out for study­ing the leaching of nitrogen, calcium, po­tassium, and phosphorus from different hy­dromorphic soils. Most of the hydromorphic soils, above all those of low-bog sites, have to be considered as instable open systems from the very be­ginning of their cultivation. Matter removal well exceeds the amount of matter introduced into these soils. The degree of nutrient leaching in most cases is clearly dependent on the soil humus status. Attention is drawn to the in­tensive calcium leaching and the low level of nitrogen removal as compared with an­pydromorphic soils. The level of potassium leaching is closely …

Available Soil Nutrients Related To Species Composition Of Some Meadow Communities In North-Western Bohemia, Emilie Balatova-Tulackova

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The pH value as well as the content of humus and some available nutrients (Ca, Mg, K, P, N) were assessed in soil samples taken from the upper part of the rhizosphere in 15 different types of moist meadows situated in north­western Bohemia. The results obtained were evaluated mainly from the point of view of the occurrence of Ca, K, and Pin soil related to the species composition (which is the decisive factor in its classification in the phytocenolog­ical system). The greatest indicative value is shown by plants with relatively narrow ecolog­ical amplitude in the given phytocenological bounds, such as …

Yearly Nitrogen Budget In Natural And Fertilized Grasslands Of A Bohemian-Moravian Highlands District, Milada Findeisova, Vladimir Ruzicka, Blanka Ulehlova

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Simplified models are presented of nitrogen cycling in the three grassland ecosystems, as compiled from soil, plant, rain- and lysimetric water analyses pertaining to an experimental site near Kamenicky, in the nature conservancy area Zdarske vrchy in the Bohemian-Moravian highlands. The plant stands, all originally classified as Polygalo-Nardetum strictae, in­clude a control and two stands as modified by two levels of fertilization for three years. The increment of nitrogen harvested decreases con­siderably at the higher level of fertilization, while the nitrogen losses from the ecosystem increase and the atmospheric nitrogen fixation decreases dramatically.

Mineral Composition Of Vegetation Related To Primary Production In Alluvial Meadow Ecosystems, Jana Jakrlova

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Concentration and ratio of mineral nutrients, dynamics of mineral nutrient uptake per 1 m2, and the contents of mineral nutrients in per­manent biomass reserve and in maximum biomass were assessed in three selected types of meadow ecosystems representing a natural hydrological series in a given area (dry, moist, wet). The assessment was based on chemical analyses (N, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg) and production analysis of above-ground and underground parts of defined vegetation.

Total above-ground biomass produced per year was estimated (from the dry type to the wet one) at 706, 1070, 2430 g • W • m-2, re­spectively; total …

Biomass Budget And Energy Flow In Alluvial Meadow Ecosystem, Milena Rychnovska, Blanka Ulehlova, Jana Jakrlova, Marta Tesrova

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Primary production, production processes, and decomposition have been studied in alluvial meadow ecosystems for 6 years. Water has been found to be the decisive factor in the energy flow and mineral elements turnover. The quality and quantity of production and decomposition processes depend on the oc­currence and duration o( floods. Permanent pool of underground biomass in Alopecurus pratensis stand makes 45.3 %, permanent pool of shoot biomass makes 54.7 % of the total biomass. 19.4 % of the total biomass is taken off as forage. 11. 7 % of shoot biomass is de­composed during the summer season, and 3 .1 …

Current Aspects Of Eco-Physiological Studies Of Meadow Plants, Momcilo Konic

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Basic parameters applied in eco-physiological studies of meadow plants are: water balance (hydration, transpiration intensity, amounts and forms of water, water deficit, etc.), assim­ilation balance (CO2 balance, assimilation performance, compensation effect), matter pro­duction. Eco-physiological studies should be followed by microclimatic measurements and the anatomical analysis of the meadow plants under study. Eco-physiological studies of meadow plants, if performed in a complex and systematic way, constitute the safest basis for detennining the characters of the entire meadow plant com­munity under the concrete conditions of natural factors prevailing in terms of natural condi­tions and human influence.

Landscape Management Problems Of Grassland Utilization In Mountainous Regions Of The Gdr, Peter Hentschel

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the medium-altitude mountains of the GDR, many meadows cannot be utilized for intensive forage production. Because of their importance for recreation, game feeding and nature con­servation, general afforestation is not possible. A model is presented that allows for every meadow to choose between intensive utili­zation, afforestation, and reservation for other social needs. Management methods for mead­ows not suitable for intensive utilization, espe­cially the employment of herbicides, are dis­cussed.

Warm-Air And Forced-Air Ventilation Drying Of Grass Seeds, Werner Maltry

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

For the design of warm-air conveyor driers and of ventilated bins to be used for grass seeds drying, certain parameters of the drying characteristics under varying conditions must be known. Investigations in a climatized cham­ber with seeds from different plant species at varying bulk height, inlet air temperature, and rate of air flow have shown the drying charac­teristics of a layer to be quite similar to those of a single drying crop. The curve of the drying velocity can be approximated by two branches, a first branch with constant drying velocity and a second straight-lined declining branch. The whole oper­ation …

Problems Of Phytophagous And Pollinating Insect Control Of Seed Lucerne In France, Rene Bournoville, Pierre Guy, Jean-Noel Tasei, Alain Delaude F.N.A.M.S

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This paper is concerned with two factors of lucerne seed yields: phytophagous and pollina­tor insects. There are three groups of phytophagous insects, i.e. foliage species: Acyrthosiphon pisum, Apion pisi, Hypera variabilis, Colaspidema atrum; gall midges: Dasyneura ignorata, Conta­rinia medicaginis; and seed pests: Laspeyresia medicaginis, Tychius aureolus, Adelphocoris line­olatus, Lygus rugulipennis, Bruchophagus roddi. Net sweeping, yellow dish trapping, and gall rearing were used for population and flight observation. Laboratory tests were carried out to deter­mine the susceptibility of Miridae bugs, pre­dators, and pollinators to insecticides. The possibility of rearing and multiplying Megachile pacifica was demonstrated. Studies on its local enemies and …

Progress In Grass Seed Production Through Specialization And Concentration, Heinz Hartmann

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Specialization and concentration •in grass seed production require a long-term development programme. Such development programme has to be put into effect planfully and from year to year by all partners involved. The crews in charge of actual production must be in command of up-to-date seed-growing technologies and see with great continuity to their own further education. Both the farms and nationally-owned enter­prises for seed and planting stocks (VEB Saat­und Pflanzgut) must be furnished with efficient machinery and other facilities for adequate col­lection, treatment, and marketing of grass seed. A complex quality-ensuring system has to be established for high-accuracy control and …

The Effect Of Closing Date, Stocking Rate, And Nitrogen Application On Seed And Wool Production From Tall Fescue (Festuca Arundinacea Schreb.) Pastures, Christopher M. Williams, Kevin G. Boyce

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The effects of closing dates, stocking rates, and nitrogen application on seed and wool production of Demeter tall fescue in South Australia are described. Seed production and gross income were greatest at an intermediate closing date (8 September), at the highest level of nitrogen and highest stocking rate. Late closings (6 October and 3 November) resulted in severe depressions in seed yield and gross incomes. Stocking rates of 15 and 30 sheep/ha caused a similar large reduction in seed yield at late closing dates. The gross value of the extra wool produced from late closing date treat­ments (although up to …

New Problems And Results Of Grass Breeding In The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, Frantisek Bures

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Turf grass species are among the topics of forage grass breeding in Czechoslovakia at present. Breeding goals, however, are highly differentiat­ed, and testing methods have to be adjusted to that diversity of purposes. Agrostis tenuis Sibth., 'Golf variety, is a perennial turf grass which forms short stolons. Tiller formation has been 263/dm2 on average over several years. Its colour is deep green, and the grass is unpretentious in terms of nutrition and soil. Mean root expansibility is 6.9 per cent, mean tensile strength 3,249 kg/cm2, and aver­age compressive strength 112,768 gcm/cm3. Frequent deep mowing is well tolerated. Variety 'K 7' …

Ms- Based Hybrid Breeding In Lolium Perenne L., Inge Gaue

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Hybrid breeding in Lolium perenne is possible by use of male sterility (ms). To get a suitable basis for successful breeding it is necessary to search, analyze, and confirm plants with male sterility. Over four years we have developed fixator lines and ms-analogous lines and began to test their combining ability. The analysis of anther design in 16 ms-analogous lines showed the level of sterility to be highest in the white­steriles. A breeding programme has been devel­oped that makes possible the production of commercial hybrid seed in the 10th year after the beginning of breeding work.

Investigation Of Male Sterility In Lolium Perenne L. As Influenced By Environmental Conditions, Eicke Rudloff

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

By means of a classification of anther design, field-grown male sterile clones of Lolium perenne were found to differ greatly from greenhouse­grown clones as to their variability in the phenotypic manifestation of sterility (PMS). Only 8.7 % white-steriles were found as com­pared with the results obtained from field assess­ment. White-steriles were also found in plants that showed a different PMS in the field. In the greenhouse, up to 93 p.c. of the plants were fertiles, with several provenances producing no fertile phenotypes at all. This is indicative of the fact that PMS would be influenced by the gen­otype. Additional nitrogen …

Particularities Regarding The Manifestation Of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility In Dactylis Glomerata L., Grigori Kuleshov, Aelita Kremnina, Valentina Korovina

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Chemical mutagenics were found to induce male sterility in M1 of Dactylis glomerata L., this character being transmitted in the following generations under conditions of open pollina­tion and pair matings. The respective segrega­tions in the families obtained from test cross­ings, open pollination, and pair matings of sterile plants, and the existence of sterility fixers allow to suppose that in M1, M2, and M3 the sterile forms have cytoplasmic male sterility and are represented by recessive homozygotes with sterile cytoplasm. The study of the meiosis of the male-sterile forms induced by chemical mutagenics has revealed that disturbances in the course of …

Association And Breeding In Cocksfoot (Dactylis Glomerata L.), P Rotili, L Zannone

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The aim of this study was to know the impor­tance of the progeny association effects in the evaluation of the combining ability of the parents. The experiment included eight pure stands and twenty-eight binary mixtures. Gener­al domination ability was considerably larger than general association ability. This is due to the fact that situations of competition were generally observed. A good similarity of rank­ing in pure stand and in mixture was observed. In conclusion, the association effects are not important in the evaluation of the combining ability of the parents.

Influence Of Origin And Arrangement Of Components In Hybridization Nursery On The Performance Of A Synthetic Population Of Alfalfa (Medicago Varia Martyn.), Jan Rod

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Using 7 clones and their immediate progenies (strains), two conforming hybridization nur­series were laid out. The components crossed were planted in close pairs without mutual space isolation but with one meter distance between the pairs. Arrangement corresponded with a Greek-Latin square with two replications of the same combination. Under conditions of open pollination, seed setting was lower in the clone nursery. A per­formance decline took place in strain progenies, i.e. in the generation after one reproduction. Replication of the same combination was typi­cal in both cases. The differences between the performance of progenies of individual com­binations show that, using the …

Acceleration Of Red Clover Breeding (Trifolium Pratense Subvar. _Praecox Witte) By Inclusion Of Greenhouse-Grown Generations, Rolf Gaue, Warner Schweiger

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

An outline is given of several possibilities for shortening the breeding period by using meth­ods of generation acceleration in red clover under artificial environmental conditions in the greenhouse. It is possible both to realize com­plete reproduction cycles in the greenhouse within 120 and 180 days, and to produce clover seed within 80 days when using plants that had already passed preliminary field selection for seed productivity. Details of the rearing con­ditions, of the illumination period, and of the sources of light used illustrate the effect of the varied environmental conditions. Honey bees have successfully been used for pollination.

Breeding Tall Fescue (Festuca Arundinacea Schreb.) And Cocksfoot (Dactylis Glomerata L.) For Seedling Establishment Under Conditions Of Competition, Samuel Badoux

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Possibilities of breeding tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) for a better establishment rate were studied under conditions of competition. Tall fescue selection for seedling fresh weight and tiller number was conducted for 3 gener­ations. For both characters, estimates of her­itability h2 = 0.57 and h2 = 0.33, respectively, were obtained. The date of appearance of the first tiller was highly correlated with tiller number two months after sowing. Cocksfoot varieties with a rapid establish­ment in greenhouse experiments presented a higher proportion of cocksfoot when used as a compound of a seed mixture.