Agricultural Science Commons^™

The Role Of Information And Communication Technologies-Based Extension In Agriculture: Application, Opportunities And Challenges, Kelvin Mulungu, Menale Kassie, Maurice Tschopp

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Limited access to information about new technologies is a major barrier to agricultural productivity. To bridge this information gap, agricultural extension services increasingly use Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) to provide timely and actionable information to farmers. This systematic review analyses evidence from 49 studies examining the impact of ICT interventions including mobile apps, SMS messaging, educational videos, and voice calling services on awareness, agricultural practices adoption, yields, and income. The review reveals that 76% of studies reported increased adoption of good agricultural practices, 60% demonstrated improved awareness, 74% indicated higher yields, and 68% observed enhanced incomes. Cereals, particularly maize, …

Nature-Based Land Management Practices And Yield Dynamics In Oil Palm Production: Insights From Indonesian Smallholder Growers, Kibrom T. Sibhatu, Martin Paul Tabe-Ojong, Hermanto Siregar

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Nature-based land management (NLM) practices are increasingly promoted for their potential to bridge yield gaps and increase overall crop production. Yet, the extent of NLM adoption, the factors driving it, and its impact on yields remain unknown, particularly among smallholder farmers. This study addresses this knowledge gap using a unique three-round panel dataset from independent smallholder oil palm growers in Indonesia, focusing on three main NLM practices: composting, manual weeding, and organic soil amendments (SA) using lime and gypsum. We employ panel data estimators and a multivariate probit model to examine the yield effects of these practices and assess any …

Can Fungal Endophytes Suppress Trialeurodes Vaporariorum And The Transmission Of Tomato Infectious Chlorosis And Chlorosis Viruses In Field Conditions?, Marial Makur Zechariah Paweer, Everlyne Samita Namikoye, Shem Bonuke Nchore, Komivi Senyo Akutse

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Field trials were conducted for two seasons in two experimental sites (Mwea in Kirinyaga and Ngoliba in Kiambu counties of Kenya) to assess the efficacy of fungal endophytes Hypocrea lixii F3ST1 and Trichoderma asperellum M2RT4 in the control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum vector of tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV) and tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) through seeds inoculation. TICV and ToCV’s disease incidence, severity and the yield were also evaluated. All the fungal endophytes successfully colonized all the tomato plant parts, but the highest root colonization was observed in H. lixii F3ST1 compared to the T. asperellum M2RT4 in both seasons. The …

The Direct And Indirect Effects Of Mobile Phone Ownership On Maize Yields In Tanzania, Cool Dady Mangole, Kelvin Mulungu, Christian Kamala Kaghoma, Menale Kassie

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

The study uses the Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture to evaluate mobile phone ownership's direct and indirect effect on yields in Tanzania. The results indicate that transitioning from not owning to owning a mobile phone improves maize yields by about 16%. Mobile phones indirectly affect maize yield by facilitating farmers' access to extension services - regardless of the type of provider - but only account for about 2% of the total effects. Considering both direct and indirect effects, this study suggests that extension services partially moderate this causal relationship. Further, the impact of mobile phones is stronger among …

Predicting Food Prices In Kenya Using Machine Learning: A Hybrid Model Approach With Xgboost And Gradient Boosting, Benard O. Ogol, Evans Omondi, John Olukuru, Betsy Muriithi, Kennedy Senagi

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Introduction: Food price volatility continues to be a significant concern in Kenya's economic development, posing challenges to the country's economic stability. Methodology: This study examines the application of machine learning methods, employing a hybrid approach that combines XGBoost and gradient boosting, to predict food prices in Kenya. The food prices data from the World Food Programme, covering the period from January 2006 to September 2024, as well as currency exchange rates data from the Central Bank of Kenya in US dollars (USD) and inflation rates data, were collated and preprocessed to be ready for analytics and machine learning. The augmented …

Selective Lure For Bactrocera Dorsalis Based On Shared Palpal And Antennal Responses Across Three Economically Important Tephritid Species, Tibebe Dejene Biasazin, Raphael Njurai Miano, Xavier Cheseto, Shepard Ndlela, Samira A. Mohamed, Teun Dekker

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

The oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis is a highly destructive and invasive pest that threatens global horticulture, causing economic losses due to fruit damage and quarantine regulations. While attract-and-kill baits are widely used to suppress fly populations, these baits also impact many non-target species. To achieve ecological sustainability, our study aimed to develop a method that selectively targets female fruit flies. Using gas chromatography coupled to electro-antennal or palpal detection (GC-EAD/GC-EPD), we identified compounds that elicited responses in the maxillary palp and antenna of three different fruit flies including B. dorsalis, Ceratitis capitata, and Zeugodacus cucurbitae. As previous studies indicated …

Deep And Continuous Root Development In Ameliorated Soil Improves Water And Nutrient Uptakes And Wheat Yield In Water-Limited Conditions, Gaus Azam, Kanchana Wickramarachchi, Craig Scanlan, Yinglong Chen

Grain and Other Field Crops Research Articles

Background and aims

Despite the widespread co-occurrence of subsoil acidity and compaction, the interaction between these factors and their combined effects on root system development under water-limited conditions is poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate how the removal of soil strength and acidity influenced root development and examine relationships between root system properties and shoot growth under field conditions.

Methods

Images of root growth were obtained in situ by using rhizotron facilities to assess the temporal effects of soil improvement through loosening and lime incorporation on wheat root development in the 2018 season. Following this, we examined the relationship …

The Effect Of Thidiazuron Treatment On The Growth Of Vanda Limbata Blume In Vivo, Novika Ditasya Putri, Nintya Setiari, Yulita Nurchayati, Sri Widodo Agung Suedy

Makara Journal of Science

Vanda limbata is one of the most popular ornamental orchids. Currently, its growth is slow, making it necessary to improve its cultivation techniques. One of the possible ways to achieve this is to use plant growth regulator (PGR) treatment. Thidiazuron (TDZ) is a cytokinin used to increase the growth of V. limbata. This study aimed to determine the effect of TDZ concentration on the growth rate of V. limbata. The study involved cultivating V. limbata on planting media and spraying it with TDZ at various concentrations. This research uses a CRD (Completely Randomized Design) single-factor, which is TDZ concentration at …

Phosphorus Buffering Determines How Soil Properties And Rainfall Influence Wheat (Triticum Aestivum) Yield Response To Phosphorus Fertiliser, Craig Scanlan, Raj Malik, Gustavo Boitt, Mark Gherardi, James Easton, Zed Rengel

Grain and Other Field Crops Research Articles

Context

Current decision support systems (DSS) for phosphorus (P) fertiliser were developed using data from historical cropping systems. An understanding of how soil properties and rainfall influence wheat (Triticum aestivum) response to P fertiliser in current systems is required to optimise P management. Aims

The aims of this study were to: (1) assess the soil properties that have the greatest influence on relative yield; (2) examine how rainfall conditions influence relative yield; and (3) examine whether there were interactive effects between rainfall and soil properties on relative yield. Methods

Forty P rate-response field experiments were completed in Western …

Farmers’ Decision Processes About Biocontrol Innovation Adoption: Dynamics Surrounding Push-Pull Technology In Western Kenya, Olufemi Samson Adesina, Stephen Whitfield, Susannah M. Sallu, Steven M. Sait, Jimmy Pittchar

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) face increasing challenges from pests and climate change, among other issues. In response to these challenges, international agricultural research for development (R4D) investment is often focused on developing and scaling up techniques and technologies that bolster resilience. However, such approaches are often technocentric and follow linear assumptions of innovation diffusion and adoption, which overlook the complex realities that influence smallholder farmers’ dynamic decisions and engagement with novel techniques. This study used qualitative ethnographic methods to explore the experiences, knowledge construction, motivations, and decision-making of farmers in Western Kenya regarding the extensively researched push-pull technology …

Impacts Of Gibberellin Application On Citrus: An Overview From Seed Germination To Fruit Quality Enhancement, Siti Auliya Rahma, Rahmat Budiarto, Syariful Mubarok, Supatida Abdullakasim

Jurnal Kultivasi

Gibberellins are key plant hormones, and their application in citrus plants is frequently reported. This review aims to provide an overview of the application of gibberellic acid (GA3) in citrus cultivation, emphasizing their effects on growth, flowering, fruit quality, and ripening. Citrus fruits often face challenges like irregular fruit set, size inconsistency, and environmental stress, impacting yield and profitability, with exogenous gibberellin application as a potential solution. Applying gibberellins can accelerate citrus seed germination and seedling growth, enhance vegetative growth, inhibit flowering, delay fruit ripening, and improve fruit quality. However, the efficacy of gibberellins varies across species and conditions, highlighting …

Evaluation Of The Impact Of Heat Stress At Flowering On Spikelet Fertility And Grain Quality In Barley, Camilla Beate Hill, Tefera Angessa, Sharon Westcott, Lee-Anne Mcfawn, Hamid Shirdelmoghanloo, Yong Han, Chengdao Li

Grain and Other Field Crops Research Articles

Against the backdrop of a warming climate, heat stress has become one of the most limiting factors to crop productivity and food security worldwide. The flowering stage is susceptible to high temperatures in cereal crops, leading to severe grain yield losses by decreasing fertility and seed-setting rate. Our objective was to (1) assess a global panel of 572 barley varieties with contrasting genetic backgrounds for various agronomic traits related to spikelet fertility and grain quality, (2) identify barley germplasm with superior spikelet fertility and seed set under extreme heat conditions, and (3) understand the relationship between spikelet fertility and grain …

Developing Resilient Organic Dryland Wheat Systems In The Face Of Climate Change., Jennifer R. Reeve

Funded Research Records

No abstract provided.

Potential Propagation Seedling Of Ramie (Boehmeria Nivea) From Various Types Of Stem Cuttings, Taufiq Hidayat Rahman Side, Mayasari Yamin, Sri Mulyani, Agung Pangestu Aji, Luthfi Ayunawati

Jurnal Kultivasi

Ramie is a fiber-producing plant that can replace cotton as a raw material for the textile industry. In general, ramie plants are reproduced using rhizomes, but it takes a long time, around two years, to be used as a source of planting material. Therefore, other sources of explants besides rhizomes are required, such as stem cuttings. Explants from stem cuttings are quickly available and only need 2-3 months to be used as planting material. This study aims to determine the potential of effective stem cuttings that can be used as planting material for the propagation of ramie seedlings. The research …

Agronomic Biofortification Of Calcium In Pak Choy (Brassica Rapa Subsp. Chinensis) Via Hydroponic Nutrient Film Technique, Regina Septiani Zahro, Khavid Faozi, Zulfa Ulinnuha, Agus Sarjito

Jurnal Kultivasi

Pak choy is rich in calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, and vitamin K, all essential for health. Pak choy requires a proper balance of nutrients for optimal growth. In a hydroponic system, any imbalance in nutrient levels can negatively impact plant growth and reduce the nutritional value stored in the tissues. Selecting suitable varieties and providing appropriate calcium treatment can help increase calcium content and enhance productivity. This study aims to determine the effect of calcium concentration on growth, yield, and Ca content and the most responsive varieties to increased calcium concentration. The research design used was a Split Plot Design …

Maize Hybrids’ Genetic Variability Based On Qualitative And Quantitative Traits, Slamet Bambang Priyanto, Herawati, Suwarti, Ayyub Ar Rahman, Nining Nurini Andayani, Abdul Fattah, Muhammad Azrai

Jurnal Kultivasi

Genetic variability was a prerequisite to doing a plant breeding program. A broad genetic variability allows plant breeders to select a desired genotype. This research aims to assess the maize hybrid's genetic variability based on qualitative and quantitative traits. This research was conducted in the Bone district, south Sulawesi, from November 2022 to March 2023. Fifteen maize hybrids were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The variables observed are qualitative and quantitative traits. Principal component (PCA) and cluster analyses assessed the genetic variability. The result indicated that based on a loading factor greater than 0.70, the …

The Effect Of Seed Provenance And Organic Fertilizer Types On Growth And Yield Of G2 Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L. Cv. Medians) Seeds In Jatinangor Medium Plains, Mohammad Faisal Rafiif, Wawan Sutari, Jajang Sauman Hamdani

Jurnal Kultivasi

Potato growth is influenced by seed provenance and fertilization, but the availability of high-quality potato seeds is still limited. To overcome those challenges, solutions include using temperature-tolerant potato varieties from medium plains and applying organic fertilizers to improve potato growth and yield. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of the interaction between seed provenance and application of organic fertilizers on the growth and yield of G2 potato seeds of the Medians cultivar in the Jatinangor medium plains. The research was conducted from June to October 2023 at the Ciparanje Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, …

Diversity Of Gibberellin 2-Oxidase Genes In The Barley Genome Offers Opportunities For Genetic Improvement, Jingye Cheng, Yong Jia, Camilla Hill, Tianhua He, Ke Wang, Ganggang Guo, Sergey Shabala, Meixue Zhou, Yong Han, Chengdao Li

Grain and Other Field Crops Research Articles

Introduction

Gibberellin (GA) is a vital phytohormone in regulating plant growth and development. During the “Green Revolution”, modification of GA-related genes created semi-dwarfing phenotype in cereal crops but adversely affected grain weight. Gibberellin 2-oxidases (GA2oxs) in barley act as key catabolic enzymes in deactivating GA, but their functions are still less known.

Objectives

This study investigates the physiological function of two HvGA2oxgenes in barley and identifies novel semi-dwarf alleles with minimum impacts on other agronomic traits.

Methods

Virus-induced gene silencing and CRISPR/Cas9 technology were used to manipulate gene expression of HvGA2ox9 and HvGA2ox8ain barley and RNA-seq …

Genetic Diversity And Population Structure Of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) From The Usda-Grin Germplasm Collection, Ibtisam Alatawi, Haizheng Xiong, Hanan Alkabkabi, Kenani Chiwina, Qing Luo, Kai-Shu Ling, Yuejun Qu, Renjie Du, Ainong Shi

Horticulture Faculty Publications and Presentations

The genetic diversity and population structure of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) were investigated to support breeding strategies and germplasm conservation. A total of 276 accessions from the USDA-GRIN collection were analyzed using single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) generated through genotyping by sequencing (GBS). After stringent filtering, 5162 high-quality polymorphic SNPs were retained for analysis. Population structure analysis revealed three distinct genetic groups (Q1, Q2, and Q3) among the accessions. Accessions from the USA, Asia, and Central and South America were assigned to all three groups, while accessions from Europe and Oceania were predominantly clustered within Q2. Genetic diversity indices, including major …

Assessment Of Drought Tolerance In Mung Bean [Vigna Radiata (L.) Wilczek] Through Phenology, Growth, Protein Yield, And Cluster Heatmap Analysis, Rafiqul Islam, Jamil Hossain, Shamsul Huda, Mohammad Golam Azam, Faruk Hossain, Aktar Uz Zaman, Safiqul Moula, Nasir Uddin Ahmed, Jamal Hossain, Ayman El Sabagh, Mohammad Sohidul Islum

The Philippine Agricultural Scientist

Mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] cultivation is challenging under the changing climate as less precipitation during the summer season, which is becoming increasingly common, results in soil moisture deficiency and affects production especially at the early growth stages. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the phenology, growth, and protein yield traits of mung bean related to drought tolerance. Eight mung bean genotypes were grown in pots inside a rain-out shelter under well-watered (WW) and water-deficit (WD) conditions. These genotypes included four water stress-tolerant genotypes: G-1 (BARI Mung-8), G-2 (BMX-010015), G-3 (BMX-08010-2), and G-4 (BMX-08009-7), as well as four …

Morphological And Physiological Changes Of Katuray (Sesbania Grandiflora) During Seed Maturation [Research Note], Alangelico San Pascual, Lucille Elna De Guzman, Maurice Gravidez, Elijah Estante

The Philippine Agricultural Scientist

Katuray (Sesbania grandiflora), whose flowers are consumed as steamed vegetables, is an important green manure crop in the Philippines. Understanding different processes leading to seed maturity can aid in determining S. grandiflora’s seed quality, preventing premature harvesting for seed increase, ensuring efficient propagation and production of seedlings, and breeding new varieties of this crop. Multiple flowers were tagged, and three to five pods were collected five days after anthesis (DAA) and at a five-day interval thereafter until 100% germination was achieved. Seed size, moisture content (MC), dry weight, germination percentage, and embryo development were observed and recorded. Seed length was …

Effect Of Integrated Crop–Livestock Systems On Soil Properties And Microbial Diversity In Soybean Production, Namita Sinha, Brett R. Rushing, Aniruddha Acharya, Shankar Gaapathi Shanmugam

Faculty Publications - Biological Sciences

Integrated crop and livestock systems (ICLSs) have been considered an important management-based decision to improve soil health by carbon sequestration. A two-year study (2019–2021) at CPBES in Newton, MS, was conducted to evaluate the effect of an ICLS on soil microbial diversity in the southeastern region of the USA, representing agroclimatic conditions that are warm and humid. Amplicons targeting bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal ITS2 regions were sequenced. Taxonomic assignment and characterization of microbial diversity were performed using QIIME2®. Soil fungal diversity pattern showed significant difference (alpha diversity, p = 0.031 in 2020 and beta diversity, p = 0.037 …

Site Position, Tillage, And Soil Depth Effects On Soil Properties In A Furrow-Irrigated Rice Field On A Silt-Loam Soil, Hannah Nobles, Kristofor Brye, Diego Della Lunga

Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences Undergraduate Honors Theses

The fundamental agronomic shift from conventional agricultural methods to conservation agriculture relies on understanding soil nutrient stratification with depth and under different tillage treatments. Assessment of nutrient stratification in the dynamic conditions of furrow-irrigated rice (Oryza sativa) systems in eastern Arkansas is absent. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of tillage [i.e., conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT], site position (i.e., up-, mid-, and down-slope), soil depth interval (i.e., 0-10 and 10-20 cm), and their interaction on the difference (i.e., end of the season minus beginning of the season) in select soil chemical …

Leveraging Within-Field Spatial Variability To Optimize Soybean Yield, Seed Quality, And Profitability, Marina Marly Dalla Betta

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Optimizing yield and seed quality in soybean production is critical for both profitability and meeting market demands. However, within-field variability in soil properties poses a challenge in determining optimal management strategies to maximize soybean yield, seed quality, and profitability. This work aimed to evaluate the spatial variability of soybean fields to optimize soybean seeding rates, seed quality, and profitability. Two case studies were used to carry over this research. The first study looked at the optimal economical site-specific soybean seeding rates using 11 on-farm precision experiments across Nebraska. The second study looked at the protein and oil variability within 22 …

Induced Systemic Resistance Against Nematodes By Plant Growth-Promoting Microbes In Potatoes, Cole Grannan

Master's Theses

Biofertilizers consist of plant growth-promoting microorganisms that establish symbiotic relationships with plant roots and stems. These beneficial microbes play a crucial role in enhancing plant defenses against various threats including insects, nematodes, and microbial pathogens. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of two fungal biofertilizers (an endophytic strain of Beauveria bassiana (BA) and a mixture of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi), specifically their ability to induce systemic resistance against plant- parasitic nematodes (PPNs) in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum cv. Masquerade) under controlled greenhouse conditions. The study utilized soil collected from Colorado State University’s San Luis Valley (SLV) Research …

Evaluating The Duckweeds Lemna Minor And Spirodela Polyrhiza As Alternative Aquatic Hosts For The Spread Of The Bacterial Wilt Pathogen, Ralstonia Solanacearum, Irelynn Smith

Honors Theses

Ralstonia solanacearum is a plant pathogen that causes bacterial wilt disease in major crops such as tomatoes and potatoes. Recently, this bacterium was discovered in floating pennywort (Hydrocotyle ranunculoides) and Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonum pennysylvanicum), two previously unsuspected aquatic plants. Duckweed is an aquatic plant with a high level of resilience and short doubling time. Common duckweed (Lemna minor) has previously demonstrated its capability as a versatile high-yield infection model for other types of pathogenic bacteria. Given this newfound branch of aquatic hosts and the fact that duckweed is a common pond weed previously identified in several ponds located nearby infected …

Developing Holistic And Reduced Fertilization Guidelines For Southeastern Peach (Prunus Persica (L.) Batsch) Orchards, Richardson Bien-Aime

All Theses

Peach production in the southeastern United States requires optimizing fertilization practices to balance economic sustainability and environmental health. Current guidelines may overlook rootstock-specific nutrient requirements and fail to align with orchard-specific conditions, often resulting in overfertilization, increased costs, and environmental risks. This study, conducted at Clemson University’s Musser Fruit Research Center during 2023 and 2024, aimed to refine fertilization practices through two complementary experiments. The first experiment investigated how three rootstocks, ’MP-29’, Lovell, and Guardian, influence nutrient dynamics of ‘Carored’ peach trees. Nutrient concentrations were measured in various tree organs, including leaves, pruned wood, thinned fruitlets, and harvested fruits, along …

The Diverse Effects Of Continual Organic Inputs On Soil Biogeochemical Properties And Microbial Communities In Sandy Ultisols Under Organic Production, Zhine Wang

All Dissertations

The objectives of this study were to understand how continual organic amendment inputs improve Nitrogen (N) cycling, microbial diversity and functional traits. Fully crossed factorial experiments were designed to test four cover crop treatments (cereal rye, hairy vetch, mixture of the rye and vetch, and no cover crop fallow) and two levels of manure compost application (with manure application and blank control) in organic vegetable production from 2020 to 2023. Cover crop biomass, soil chemical and biological properties were analyzed for the distribution and availability of soil labile N (Chapter 2), the abundance of N-cycling genes (Chapter 3), the structure …

Effects Of Changing Farming Practices In African Agriculture, Todd S. Rosenstock, Peter Steward, Namita Joshi, Christine Lamanna, Nictor Namoi, Lolita Muller, Akinwale O. Akinleye, Erica Atieno, Patrick Bell, Clara Champalle, William English, Anna Sarah Eyrich, Angela Gitau, Dorcas Kagwiria, Hannah Kamau, Anna Madalinska, Lucas Manda, Scott Mcfatridge, Elijah Mumo, Alex Nduah, Babra Ombewa, Anatoli Poultouchidou, Janie Rioux, Meryl Richards, Julia Shuck, Helena Ström, Katherine Tully

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Information on the effects of changing agricultural management on crop and livestock performance is critical for developing evidence-based policies, investments, and programs. Evidence for Resilient Agriculture (ERA) v1.0.1 presents a dataset that harmonizes and aggregates 112,859 observations from 2,011 agricultural studies taken place in Africa between 1934 and 2018. The dataset includes information on the effect of 364 combinations of management practices and technologies on 87 environmental, social, and economic indicators of outcomes. Observations are geolocated and temporally tagged and thus can be linked to other datasets such as historical weather, soil properties, and road networks. ERA offers a new …

Biostimulant And Antagonistic Potential Of Endophytic Fungi Against Fusarium Wilt Pathogen Of Tomato Fusarium Oxysporum F. Sp. Lycopersici, Marie Cecile Muhorakeye, Everlyne Samita Namikoye, Fathiya M. Khamis, Waceke Wanjohi, Komivi S. Akutse

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Endophytic fungal-based biopesticides are sustainable and ecologically-friendly biocontrol agents of several pests and diseases. However, their potential in managing tomato fusarium wilt disease (FWD) remains unexploited. This study therefore evaluated effectiveness of nine fungal isolates against tomato fusarium wilt pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) in vitro using dual culture and co-culture assays. The efficacy of three potent endophytes that inhibited the pathogen in vitro was assessed against FWD incidence, severity, and ability to enhance growth and yield of tomatoes in planta. The ability of endophytically-colonized tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants to systemically defend themselves upon exposure to FOL …