Agricultural Science Commons^™

Host Specificity Of The Leaf Beetle, Diorhabda Elongata Deserticola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) From Asia, A Biological Control Agent For Saltcedars (Tamarix: Tamaricaceae) In The Western United States, C. Jack Deloach, Phil A. Lewis, John C. Herr, Raymond I. Carruthers, James L. Tracy, Joye Johnson

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Four species of saltcedars, Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb., Tamarix chinensis Lour., Tamarix parviflora DC., and T. canariensis Willd. and their hybrids, are exotic, invasive small trees from Asia that cause great damage to riparian ecosystems of the western United States. They displace native plant communities, degrade wildlife habitat (including that of many endangered species), increase soil salinity and wildfires, lower water tables, reduce water available for agriculture and municipalities, and reduce recreational use of affected areas. Phytophagous insects are abundant on saltcedar in the Old World and we selected Diorhabda elongata Brullé deserticola Chen as the top candidate biological control agent …

Biology Of Diorhabda Elongata Deserticola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), An Asian Leaf Beetle For Biological Control Of Saltcedars (Tamarix Spp.) In The United States, Phil A. Lewis, C. Jack Deloach, Allen E. Knutson, James L. Tracy, Thomas O. Robbins

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Adults and larvae of Diorhabda elongata Brullé subspecies deserticola Chen feed on the foliage of saltcedars (Tamarix spp.). All three instars are black, the 2nd with an indistinct, and the 3rd with a distinct yellowish lateral stripe; full-grown larvae reach ca. 9mm in length and pupate in cells in litter on the ground or a few cm below the soil surface. Adults are yellowish with two dark brown stripes on each elytron. Duration of the egg averaged 5 days, 1st instar 4.9 days, 2nd instar 4.8 days, 3rd instar 7.4 days, prepupa 4.8 days, and pupa 7.1 days at …

Large Summer Population Of Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle In North Dakota, Louis S. Hesler

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

The multicolored Asian lady beetle (Harmonia axyridis), hereafter MALB, is a Palearctic species that established relatively recently in eastern (Chapin and Brou 1991) and western North America (Dreistadt et a1. 1995). Populations of MALB have expanded throughout eastern North America (McCorquodale 1998) and among western coastal states (LaMana and Miller 1996). MALB was discovered in North Dakota in September 2000 (Fauske et a1. 2003). It currently is known from seven counties in eastern and northern North Dakota, based on one to two specimens per county (Fauske et al. 2003). MALB also has been found in South Dakota and …

Fiber Quality Response Of Pima Cotton To Nitrogen And Phosphorus Deficiency, Haile Tewolde, C. J. Fernandez

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Imposing a moderate level of nutrient deficiency may be an effective management strategy to limit vegetative growth and enhance maturity of Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.). Whether such deficiency affects fiber quality of American Pima cotton, however, is not well known. A field study was conducted in 1991 and 1992 to determine the fiber quality responses of Pima cotton to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization ranging between deficient and excess. Pima cotton cv. ‘‘S-7’’ was treated with nitrogen rates ranging between 0 and 269 kg ha^-1 in a factorial combination with phosphorus rates ranging between 0 and 44 kg …

Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Feeding And Reproduction As Functions Of Cotton Square Availability, S. M. Greenberg, T. W. Sappington, M. Sétamou

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

The influence of food item availability on boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, feeding and reproduction was determined by providing different numbers of cotton squares (flower buds) to individual weevils. Squares were replaced daily after a 5-d feeding and mating conditioning period. The number of lifetime punctures produced by boll weevil females and males increased with square availability. The total number of punctures caused by boll weevil females was 2.7-fold higher than that caused by males. Fecundity was significantly higher in the 10:1, 15:1, and 20:1 (squares:female) treatments than in the 1:1 treatment. The relationship between eggs laid per day …

Olfactometric Evaluation Of Spatial Repellents For Aedes Aegypti, Daniel L. Kline, Ulrich R. Bernier, Kenneth H. Posey, Donald R. Barnard

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

The spatial repellency responses of Aedes aegypti (L.) to deet, dehydrolinalool and linalool were evaluated using a dual port olfactometer. In the absence of human attractant mixture, each of the three chemicals resulted in activation and/or orientation of mosquitoes to the chemical source. Linalool was the most attractive compound. In the presence of human attractant mixture, activation and/or orientation of mosquitoes to each of the three chemicals was reduced. We compared reductions in mosquito responses to each of the three chemicals, in the presence of human attractant mixture, to estimate spatial repellency. As expected, lowest spatial repellency (7.3%) was observed …

Synergistic Attraction Of Aedes Aegypti (L.) To Binary Blends Of L-Lactic Acid And Acetone, Dichloromethane, Or Dimethyl Disulfide, Ulrich R. Bernier, Daniel L. Kline, Kenneth H. Posey, Matthew M. Booth, Richard A. Yost, Donald R. Barnard

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Kairomones produced by humans provide female anthropophilic mosquitoes with vital cues used in host-seeking for a blood meal. These chemicals are emanated primarily by the skin and provide the mosquitoes a means to orient themselves to humans at a relatively close range. Chemical studies of these emanations have provided new ideas for the formulation of attractant blends. We report mosquito attraction responses for three binary blends and their separate components. The blends are comprised of L-lactic acid plus either acetone, dichloromethane, or dimethyl disulfide. At the emission rates used in our bioassays, these blends synergistically attract laboratory-reared female Aedes aegypti …

Description And Analysis Of Two Internet-Based Databases Of Insect Pathogens: Edwip And Vidil, S. M. Braxton, D. W. Onstad, D. E. Docktor, R. Giordano, R. Larsson, R. A. Humber

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

In 1996, two searchable databases covering insect pathogens were posted on the World Wide Web: the Ecological Database of the World's Insect Pathogens (EDWIP) and the Viral Diseases of Insects in the Literature database (VIDIL). In this paper, we describe the format and contents of EDWIP and VIDIL on the World Wide Web. EDWIP contains over 9400 pathogen–host association records, 677 negative test result or ‘‘no association’’ records, 4454 host species, 2285 pathogen species records, and 2057 bibliographical references. Species of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera are the best represented groups in EDWIP. Lepidopteran species account for the most associations of any …

Above- And Below-Ground Responses Of C3-C4 Species Mixtures To Elevated Co2 And Soil Water Availability, Justin D. Derner, Hyrum B. Johnson, Bruce A. Kimball, Paul J. Pinter Jr., H. Wayne Polley, Charles R. Tischler, Thomas W. Boutton, Robert L. Lamorte, Gerald W. Wall, Neil R. Adam, Steven W. Leavitt, Michael J. Ottman, Allan D. Matthias, Talbot J. Brooks

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

We evaluated the influences of CO₂ and soil water on above- and below-ground responses of C₃ and C₄ plants in monocultures and two density mixtures.

Effects Of Different Neem Formulations On The Twospotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus Urticae Koch, On Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill.), Markus Knapp, Sophia Shaban Kashenge

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

The effects of four different neem formulations (Neemros®, Neemroc EC®, Neemroc Combi and Saroneem) and a combination of Neemros® with a synthetic acaricide (Mitac®) on the twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) were compared with Mitac® on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) leaf discs in the laboratory. The following LC50 were determined: Neemroc EC® 12.9 ml/l, Saroneem 5.8 ml/l, Neemroc Combi 1.0 ml/l and Mitac® + Neemros® 1 ml/l + 17.6 g/l. No LC50 was determined for Neemros® since the highest mortality observed was 11.4%. The combination of Mitac® and Neemros® resulted in the highest mortality after 24 hours (83.3%), followed …

Screening Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill.) Accessions For Resistance To The Twospotted Spider Mite Tetranychus Urticae Koch: Population Growth Studies, Markus Knapp, Debora Apiyo Mugada, Stephen Gaya Agong

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

The resistance of 63 tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) accessions to the twospotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), was investigated in screen house experiments and compared to Money Maker, a T. urticae-susceptible variety widely grown in Kenya. The number of motile mite stages 12 days after inoculation with 5 adult female mites was significantly lower than in the control variety (Money Maker) in seven accessions (Marglobe, Roma-VF, 94 RT 330, Continental Michel, Early Pearson, ARP 366-4 and 94 RT 316). Egg numbers were significantly lower than in the control in 14 accessions (Marglobe, Cal-J-VF, Roma-VF, Beauty, 95 RT 315, …

Isoflavanones From The Allelopathic Aqueous Root Exudate Of Desmodium Uncinatum, Muniru K. Tsanuo, Ahmed Hassanali, Antony M. Hooper, Zeyaur Khan, Festus Kaberia, John A. Pickett, Lester J. Wadhams

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Three isoflavanones, 5,7,2′,4′ -tetrahydroxy-6-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)isoflavanone (1), 4″,5″ -dihydro-5,2′,4′-trihydroxy-5″-isopropenylfurano-(2″, 3″;7,6)-isoflavanone (2) and 4″,5″-dihydro-2′ -methoxy-5,4′-dihydroxy-5″-isopropenylfurano-(2″,3″;7,6) -isoflavanone (3) and a previously known isoflavone 5,7,4′ -trihydroxyisoflavone [genistein (4)] were isolated and characterised spectroscopically from the root exudate of the legume Desmodium uncinatum (Jacq.) DC. We propose the names uncinanone A, B, and C for compounds 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Isolated fractions containing uncinanone B (2) induced germination of seeds from the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. and fractions containing uncinanone C (3) moderately inhibited radical growth, the first example of a newly identified potential allelopathic mechanism to prevent S. hermonthica parasitism. © 2003 …

Pig Industry Biosecurity Plan - March 2003 - Protecting The Pig Industry Is Everyone's Business, Department Of Agriculture, Western Australia

Biosecurity published reports

Farmnote 71/2002 - Farm Biosecurity

Farmnote 43/2002 - Biosecurity in the livestock industries

StockGuard has been initiated to develop a series of biosecurity plans for the animal industries in Western Australia. Through StockGuard, representatives from the animal industries have been working with the Western Australian Department of Agriculture to identify potential threats to each of the animal industries and to develop action plans detailing how these threats can be managed.

The overall purpose of StockGuard is to identify threats to the animal industries and to develop effective ways to minimise the potential impact of these threats.

If an emergency pig …

Arkansas Corn And Grain Sorghum Performance Tests 2002, D. G. Dombek, D. K. Ahrent, R. D. Bond, I. L. Eldridge

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series

Corn and grain sorghum performance tests are conducted each year in Arkansas by the University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture. The tests provide information to companies marketing seed within the state and aid the Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service in formulating recommendations for producers.

Specialty Tomato Variety Observation Trial For Indiana, 2002, Elizabeth Maynard

Midwest Vegetable Trial Reports

The trial reported here is an extension of the specialty tomato trials conducted in Indiana in 2001. In that trial, 16 varieties were grown in replicated trials in two locations to evaluate their performance and suitability for the restaurant salad market. In this trial, the same 16 varieties plus an additional 17 varieties were grown in unreplicated plots for evaluation of yield and culinary quality.

Specialty Tomato Variety Observation Trial For Indiana, 2002, Elizabeth Maynard

Purdue Fruit and Vegetable Research Reports

The trial reported here is an extension of the specialty tomato trials conducted in Indiana in 2001. In that trial, 16 varieties were grown in replicated trials in two locations to evaluate their performance and suitability for the restaurant salad market. In this trial, the same 16 varieties plus an additional 17 varieties were grown in unreplicated plots for evaluation of yield and culinary quality.

Arkansas Soybean Performance Tests 2002, D. G. Dombek, D. K. Ahrent, R. D. Bond, I. L. Eldridge

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series

Soybean cultivar performance tests are conducted each year in Arkansas by the University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture. The tests provide information to companies developing cultivars and/or marketing seed within the State, and aid the Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service in formulating cultivar recommendations for soybean producers. The 2002 soybean cultivar performance tests were conducted at the Northeast Research and Extension Center (NEREC) at Keiser, the Cotton Branch Station (CBS) near Marianna, the Rice Research and Extension Center (RREC) near Stuttgart, the Southeast Research and Extension Center - Rohwer Division (SEREC-RD) near Rohwer, the Burton Brothers Farm (BBF) in LaFayette County, …

Handbook Of Plant And Crop Physiology, Second Edition, Revised And Expanded, Wally Wilhelm

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

This book, as the title states, is an updated and expanded edition of a 1995 book with a similar title and the same editor. The first thing that may strike the reader of the Handbook is the physical size of this volume. Although the second edition is a few pages shorter than the original (973 vs. 1003 pages), the print size was reduced in this revised edition allowing the expanded text to be presented in a similar number of pages. In revising the book, the editor and authors have rearranged the sections, updated almost all chapters, and added chapters on …

Prevalence And Characterization Of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia Coli On Carcasses In Commercial Beef Cattle Processing Plants, Terrance M. Arthur, Genevieve A. Barkocy-Gallagher, Mildred Rivera-Betancourt, Mohammad Koohmaraie

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Beef carcass sponge samples collected from July to August 1999 at four large processing plants in the United States were surveyed for the presence of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Twenty-eight (93%) of 30 single-source lots surveyed included at least one sample containing non-O157 STEC. Of 334 carcasses sampled prior to evisceration, 180 (54%) were found to harbor non-O157 STEC. Non-O157 STEC isolates were also recovered from 27 (8%) of 326 carcasses sampled after the application of antimicrobial interventions. Altogether, 361 non-O157 STEC isolates, comprising 41 different O serogroups, were recovered. O serogroups that previously have been associated with …

Control Of Witchweed Striga Hermonthica By Intercropping With Desmodium Spp., And The Mechanism Defined As Allelopathic, Zeyaur R. Khan, Ahmed Hassanali, William Overholt, Tsanuo M. Khamis, Antony M. Hooper, John A. Pickett, Lester J. Wadhams, Christine M. Woodcock

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

During investigations into the control of insect damage to maize crops in subsistence farming in Kenya, which involved intercropping with repellent plants, the fodder legumes silverleaf (Desmodium uncinatum) and greenleaf (D. intortum) were also found to reduce dramatically the infestation of maize by parasitic witchweeds such as Striga hermonthica. This effect was confirmed by further field testing and shown to be significantly greater than that observed with other legumes, e.g., cowpea, as were the concomitant yield increases. The mechanism was investigated, and although soil shading and addition of nitrogen fertilizer showed some benefits against S. hermonthica infestation, a putative allelopathic …

Nitrogen And Dry Matter Distribution By Culm And Leaf Position At Two Stages Of Vegetative Growth In Winter Wheat, Wally Wilhelm, G. S. Mcmaster, Dorothy M. Harrell

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Knowledge of N and assimilate partitioning in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) improves management efficacy and crop model development. Our purpose was to describe N and dry matter distribution during vegetative growth of blades, sheaths, and internodes on four culms. Winter wheat grown at the Colorado State University Horticultural Farm was sampled at Haun Stage 5 and jointing. Samples were dried, weighed, and analyzed for N. As the canopy developed and older tissue contributed more of total tissue, N concentration decreased although N mass and dry weight increased. Dry matter and N mass decreased from MC to T1 and T2 …

Miscellaneous Publication 6/2001 - Sheep And Goat Industries Biosecurity Plan, Department Of Agriculture Western Australia, Government Of Western Australia

Biosecurity published reports

StockGuard has been initiated to develop a series of biosecurity plans for the animal industries in Western Australia. Through StockGuard, representatives from the animal industries have been working with the Department of Agriculture to identify the major threats to each of the animal industries and to develop action plans detailing how these threats will be managed.

The recent Foot and Mouth outbreak in the United Kingdom is a stark example of the potential for exotic disease to devastate an animal industry. The UK experience, along with the 1999 outbreak of virulent Newcastle disease in poultry in New South Wales have …

Property Planning Manual For The Swan-Canning Catchment - February 2002, Catherine Nind, Kylie Banfield, Brian Lloyd

Farm Systems and Economics published reports

Perth, its suburbs and adjacent semi rural and rural areas are part of the Swan-Canning catchment. Ona broad scale the Swan and Canning Rivers are part of a large drainage system that collects and drains water from across the catchment via a myriad of small channels, creeks, brooks and drains which, working together, concentrates the flow into a single water body, the Swan-Canning Estuary. This drainage system collects water both from the surface of the land and also from water, which seeps beneath the surface and moves underground.

The water may contain a considerable variety of potential pollutants, such as …

Arkansas Agriculture Situation And Outlook 2002, Bruce L. Ahrendsen, Eric J. Wailes, Bruce L. Dixon, Michael Popp, Pat Manning, Tony E. Windham

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series

Many farmers in Arkansas and other parts of the United States are experiencing financial stress. The purpose of this special report is to highlight the situation of Arkansas farmers and to offer an outlook for 2002. The report emphasizes the production, price, income, policy, financial, farmland value, and interest rate outlook for Arkansas farmers and considers the impact of the macro economy on agriculture. In addition, a summary of commercial rowcrop farm characteristics and production practices is presented.

Relationship Of Sorghum Kernel Size To Physiochemical, Milling, Pasting, And Cooking Properties, W. J. Lee, Jeffrey F. Pedersen, D. R. Shelton

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Effects of kernel size on grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] quality were studied in an experiment designed to separate effects of kernel size from seedlot. The study utilized three sieve fractions of varying kernel diameter (>3.35, >2.80 and >2.36 mm) from six seedlots. Chemical composition, physical characteristics, milling characteristics, pasting properties, and cooking qualities were determined for each kernel size fraction. Large kernels lost less relative mass during 1 min of decortication, were higher in protein concentration, and lower in ash. Milling yields were higher from large kernels, and flour from large kernels had higher water absorbance, …

Swine Response To Misting Synchronized With Meal Events, Roger A. Eigenberg, John A. Nienaber, G. Leroy Hahn, Stephen D. Kachman

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Prior work has shown that the tympanic temperature of swine increases during an eating bout. An experiment was conducted in a hot environment using timing of misting as a way of reducing the body temperature during meal events. Three treatments were applied to pigs in a constant temperature 30³C environment: no misting, misting just prior to meals, and misting between meals. Two response variables were examined: feed intake and meal duration. Three environmental chambers were used in a Latin–Square layout with each chamber hosting each treatment. Analysis showed feed intake was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by misting just prior to the meal, when compared with no misting or misting between meals. Similarly, meal duration was significantly greater (P < 0.05) for misting just prior to the meal than for the other two treatments. The meal effect appears to result from cooling the pig, thereby reducing the tympanic temperature spike that normally occurs during an activity event such as a meal. The moderation of the body temperature apparently allows the pig to eat for a greater period of time before thermoregulatory controls restrict the meal duration and hence the meal amount. While not conclusive from these short–term observations, increased feed intake should benefit growth performance.

Characterization Of Fro1, A Pea Ferric-Chelate Reductase Involved In Root Iron Acquisition, Brian M. Waters, Dale G. Blevins, David J. Eide

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

To acquire iron, many plant species reduce soil Fe(III) to Fe(II) by Fe(III)-chelate reductases embedded in the plasma membrane of root epidermal cells. The reduced product is then taken up by Fe(II) transporter proteins. These activities are induced under Fe deficiency. We describe here the FRO₁ gene from pea (Pisum sativum), which encodes an Fe(III)-chelate reductase. Consistent with this proposed role, FRO₁ shows similarity to other oxidoreductase proteins, and expression of FRO₁ in yeast conferred increased Fe(III)-chelate reductase activity. Furthermore, FRO₁ mRNA levels in plants correlated with Fe(III)-chelate reductase activity. Sites of FRO_{1 …}

Accumulation Of Microbial Biomass Within Particulate Organic Matter Of Aging Golf Greens, Mine Kerek, Rhae A. Drijber, William L. Powers, Robert C. Shearman, Roch E. Gaussoin, Anne Streich

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Microbial biomass (MB) is a key variable controlling soil organic matter dynamics in soil. Currently, there is little information on the amount and significance of MB in highly managed golf greens. Our objective was to determine the amount and distribution of MB within soil structural components of golf greens and its relationship to the location of organic substrates. During 1996, 47 greens were sampled from 12 golf courses within Nebraska (USA). Microbial biomass, determined as extractable lipid phosphate on field-moist soils, increased linearly with age of green (Y = 19.39 + 3.54x; r² = 0.87, P = 0.001). In …

Vaccination Of Pregnant Dams With Intimino157 Protects Suckling Piglets From Escherichia Coli O157:H7 Infection, Evelyn A. Dean-Nystrom, Lisa J. Gansheroff, Melody Mills, Harley W. Moon, Alison D. O’Brien

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Cattle are important reservoirs of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 that cause disease in humans. Both dairy and beef cattle are asymptomatically and sporadically infected with EHEC. Our long-term goal is to develop an effective vaccine to prevent cattle from becoming infected and transmitting EHEC O157:H7 to humans. We used passive immunization of neonatal piglets (as a surrogate model) to determine if antibodies against EHEC O157 adhesin (intimin_O157) inhibit EHEC colonization. Pregnant swine (dams) with serum anti-intimin titers of ≤100 were vaccinated twice with purified intimin_O157 or shamvaccinated with sterile buffer. Intimin_O157-specific antibody titers in …

Atelier Ouest - Africain Sur Les Semences Bybrides De Sorgbo Et De Mil, John D. Axtell, Moussa Oumarou, Issoufou Kapran, Anand Kumar, Ouendeba Botorou, Gebisa Ejeta, Lee House, Thomas Crawford, Bruce Hamaker, Inoussa Akintayo

INTSORMIL Impacts and Bulletins

Le sorgho et Ie mil sont les deux cereales les plus importantes en Afrique Occidentale. Elles y representent en effet 70 % de la production cerealiere totale qui constitue la ration de base des peuples vivant dans cette region. Les progres realises dans I' amelioration du sorgho et du mil sont par consequent d'une importance vitale pour Ie bien-etre des populations de l' Afrique Occidentale. L' atelier de travail sur la semence hybride de sorgho et de mil represente l'aboutissement de 10 annees d'efforts de recherche et de developpement par l'Institut National de Recherches Agronomiques du Niger (INRAN), Ie Programme …