Agricultural Science Commons^™

Rumen Degradation Of Dry Matter And Protein Of Tropical Forage And Water Plant, M Saadullah, K V. Thomsen, A N. Niemann-Sorensen

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The dry matter and protein degradation rate of some tropical Bangladeshi forages were determined by using the nylon bag technique. The different forages and concentrates were dhancha (Sesbania aculeata), matikalie (Phaseolus mungo), ipil ipil (Leucaena) and water hyacinths (Echhomia crassipes), mustard oil cake and fish meal as control. A slow dry matter disappearance (from nylon bags) was observed for fish meal followed by ipil ipil and water hyacinths. It was also observed that the dry matter from mustard oil cake disappeard very rapidly, while the dhancha and matikalie formed intermediate of the …

The Digestibility, Intake And Rumen Fermentation By Sheep Of Some Tropical Grasses In Japan, O Kawamura, S Tanaka, T Miaki

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The cultivation of tropical grasses is gradually becoming widespread in southwest Japan. In this research, the digestibility, voluntary intake and rumen fermentation of the tropical grasses (green panic, Rhodes grass, Sudan grass and African millet) were compared with Italian ryegrass. The crude protein contents of all tropical grasses tested were over 10% in the dry matter, and were not so much different from the Italian ryegrass. The tropical grasses, in general, had higher contents of cell wall materials and lower content of total non-structural carbohydrate than the Italian ryegrass. In the dry matter digestibility and digestible nutrient contents, the tropical …

Evaluation Of Digestible Dry Matter Productivity Of Sugar Cane In Warm Temperate Zone Of Japan, T Takamura, H Nakano

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Field trials were carried out to evaluate and to utilize the potential productivity of sugar cane as a forage crop in warm temperate zone of Japan. Improved, modem varieties NiN2 and NCo310 were cultivated at Oshima Island, Kushimoto-cho, (Wakayama Prefecture), Takatsuki City, (Osaka Prefecture), and Sanyo-cho, (Okayama Prefecture). The results obtained were as follows: In experiment 1, it was demonstrated that dry matter yield (DM) and dry matter digestibility (DMD) were the highest in ratooning crop, and higher in April planting crop than in May planting crop. These levels of yields of ratooning and April planting of sugar cane were …

Effect Of Cutting Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) And Wheat (Triticum Oestivum L.) On The Yield Of Grain And Straw With Special Reference To The Nutritive Value Of The Green Forage Cut, M S. Nowar, S Y. Sherif, G A. Abdel-Rahman, S N. Abdel-Baki, K M. El-Gindi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

It was intended to study the possibility of cutting green barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) before obtaining grains. The grains of the two crops were sown in broadcasting. Half of the cultivated area of both crops were cut manually at 30 cm plant height, while the others were left as controls. Two digestibility trials using 3 fistulated castrated Ossimi rams were carried on the green forage cut of barley and wheat. The obtained results are summarized as follow:

1. The values of in vitro disappearance, in vivo digestion coefficients (except EE), nutritive value (SV, …

Feeding Value In Grain And Straw Of Paddy Rice At The Different Stage, K Taji, S Kumai, R Fukumi, E Horiuchu

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Experiments were carried out to estimate the feeding value and the rate of undigested excretion of starch in grain and ammoniated straw (AS) of paddy at the dough and the ripe stage. The plant material used was Matsuyama Mii, a late variety. Materials and experimental animals for the digestion trial were rough rice and AS, and sheep, respectively. In chemical composition, each content of crude fat (CF) and crude ash (CA) of the ripe rough rice (RRR) was higher than that of the dough rough rice (DRR), and moreover, each content of CF and CA of AS at the dough …

Digestibility And Chemical Composition Of Cell Walls From Grass And Legume Stems, D R. Buxton, J O. Fritz

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Lignin concentration and chemical composition, associated phenolic monomers, and arabinose branching of the xylose core of hemicellulose are all thought to affect the rate and/or extent of digestion. This study was conducted to investigate the influence of maturity on rate of cell wall ( CW) digestion of stems from two legume species and on CW constituents in legume and grass stems. The rate of CW digestion was determined by fermenting samples in rumen fluid for various periods. Structural carbohydrate composition was determined in ethanol-insoluble residues and phenylpropanoid components were determined in CW after alkali treatment and nitrobenzene oxidation. Rate of …

Evaluation Of Grain Sorghum As A Silage Crop, R L. Smith, K K. Bolsen

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Three experiments were conducted to determine the nutritive value and yield potential of grain sorghum cultivars harvested as whole-plant silage. A commercial yellow endosperm grain sorghum was harvested at late-dough and hard-grain stages of maturity. Each silage was fed unprocessed and processed through a roller mill to steers in growth and digestion trials. A yield study compared five cultivars of grain sorghum and one forage sorghum, each harvested at three stages of matuirity (milk to early dough, late-dough, and hard-grain). Processing the silages significantly improved steer gains and feed efficiencies. There was a nonsignificant increase in silage DM digestibility due …

Studies On The Utilization Of Water Hyacinth Plants As Feed, K Kabata, M Shimizu, N Ashikari, T Sawada, I Goto

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This study was conducted to promote the utilization of water hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes) plants as feed.

Water hyacinth was cultivated at the eutrophic lake, Ezuko in Kumamoto city from May, 1982 to December, 1984. The plants had the highest absorbing ability from October to November in a growing season. The raw material of the silage has been used for the plants harvested in October, 1984. After being washed, the plants were squeezed by the roller press machine and the press cake containing 85% moisture was used as raw silage material. The quality of the silage was ranked excellent grade …

Development Of The Practical Use Of Water Hyacinth As The Water Purification And The Feed Of Animals, M Shimizu, K Kabata, N Ashikari, I Goto, T Sawada

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

1. The global prolific growth of water hyacinth (Eichhomia crassipes) and effect of its vigorous reproduction on the environment is an increasing serious world-wide problem challenging an environmental menace. But Fortunatly, it contains much protein and essential amino acid. From above mentioned characteristics the plants are probably the most promising species for feed of animals and nutrient removal from eutrophic water. But unfortunately, the plants are so succulent that the practical use has not been realized. From such circumstances, we want to solve the hard problems by cutting down production expenses for the practical utilization of the plants. …

Effects Of Mono-Oligo Saccharides And Lignin On The Digestibility In Sorghum And Corn Culm, S Kumai, R Fukumi, K Taji

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This research was undertaken to clarify relationship between digestibility and chemical composition of sorghum and corn culm and futhermore, to find higher nutritive strains among sorghums. Experimental samples used were 21 sorghum culms and 13 corn ones at the silage stages. Samples were analysed mono, oligo saccharides (MOSD), organic cellular contents (OCC), organic cell wall (OCW), organic a (Oa), organic b (Ob), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (AD-L) and acid detergent silica (AD-silica), and estimated in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD).

Analysis Of Dry Matter Digestibility Of Green Panic As Affected By The Change In Temperature, Y Masuda

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In order to quantify the relationship between plant growth rate and its dry matter digestibility, an analytical method was proposed. The change in digestibility was expressed by the difference between mean relative growth rates of total dry matter and indigestible dry matter. And a concept of specific formation rate was introduced to show the efficiency of formation of indigestible materials assuming which are formed from accumulated digestible materials. The method was applied to the results of an experiment in which green panic (Panicum maximum var. trichoglume cv. Petrie) was grown for two successive periods of a week, and treated …

Cattle Performance On Tall Fescue Cultivars Varying In Forage Quality And Levels Of Endophyte Infestation, R C. Buckner, R W. Hemken, J A. Boling, P B. Burrus Jr, L P. Bush, J A. Jackson Jr, M R. Siegel, G D. Lacefield

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A fungal endophyte, Acremonium coenophialum, and alkaloids of tall fescue may prevent the realization of improved performance of animals consuming cultivars bred for superior forage quality. Beef and dairy cattle performance was studied using tall fescue cultivars varying in forage quality, in potential to produce alkaloids, and in levels of A. coenophialum infestaion. Comparative performance of growing beef and mid-lactation Holstein cattle was evaluated using forage from a seed lot of Kentucky 31 with ca. 75% endophyte infestation and from another seed lot without infestation and Kenhy and G 1-320 cultivars with improved forage quality and low levels of …

Effect Of Cultivar And Type Of Forage Of Tall Fescue (Festuca Arundinacea Schreb.) On Palatability And Intake By Sheep, U Simon, V Prager

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Two cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) viz. 'Festal' and 'Kentucky 31', and a Festuca arundinacea x Lolium multiflorum hybrid ( = Festulolium) cultivar 'Hazel' were chosen to test their palatability and intake by sheep when offered simultaneously as fresh grass or hay or silage. Of fresh grass of both the primary growth and the third growth the Festulolium was preferred to tall fescue. When the Festulolium was withdrawn, significantly more forage of 'Festal' than of 'Kentucky 31' was eaten from the primary growth, but the reverse was true with the regrowth forage. Hay of the three cultivars …

Productivity Of Morphologically Different Sown Tropical Grass Pastures Grown Under Similar Conditions, B G. Robbins, J J. Bushell

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A reduction in animal production as sown grass pastures age has been identified as a serious problem on clay soils in south-east Queenland. To determine if this decline in productivity varied between sown grasses or mainly depended on some aspect of soilfertility, such as soil available nitrogen (N), a three year experiment was conducted at Gayndah (730 mm average annual rainfall). In this replicated grazing trial, six morphologically different grass pastures (native grasses (Heteropo­gon/Bothriochloa); angleton grass (Dichanthium aristatum); creeping bluegrass (Bothriochloainsculpta); purple pigeon grass ( Setaria porphyran tha); green panic (Panicum maximum) …

Composition And Nutritive Value Of Diets Selected By Sheep And Goats On Four Pasture Types, E C. Prigge, D B. Mpiri, W B. Bryan

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Esophageally fistulated sheep (Ovis aries) and goats (Capra hircus) were compared in relation to the composition and nutritive value of ingesta collected by grazing four pasture types. The pasture types are described as Improved Pasture, Unimproved Pasture, Unimproved Pasture with Low Scrub and High Scrub. The scrub consisted mainly of hawthorne (Crataegus sp.) and blackberry (Rubus sp.). Samples of herbage and esophageal extrusa were visually separated into four forage classes (legumes, grass, forbs/browse and dead material). A significant (P < .01) animal species x type of pasture interaction was evident in regard to the preference for the various forage classes. The goats consumed much larger proportions of browse than the sheep on the pastures containing scrub. Few differences were evident between goats and sheep in nutritive value of the ingesta within pasture type.

Leaching Effects On Composition And Digestibility Of Leaf And Stem Of Alfalfa And Red Clover, Michael Collins

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Rainfall during field drying of legume hay reduces both yield and nutritive value of the forage. An experiment was conducted to evaluate leaching effects on composition of dry leaf and stem tissue of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Leaching increased neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose and acid detergent lignin concentrations in every case although leaf increased more. Stem tissue of red clover differed less from leaf in fiber composition than did leaf and stem of alfalfa. Leaching did not significantly affect nitrogen concentration but decreased in vitro true digestibility of both …

High Moisture Ryegrass Preservation With Ammonia, L R. Verma, B D. Nelson, C R. Montgomery

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The high humidity in southeast Louisiana prohibits curing of rycgrass hay at its optirnu�� quality st��ge . Oft���� up to 10 days are required in curing rye grass cut before mid-May t':' reach a safe level ��or storage. R��mfall and ��•gh hunudity dunng_ this period increase the curing time and decrease the quality of rye?rass. Bali��g .of !ug�� mo1st':1re hay 1s one way to reduce the curing time and limit the weather related damage. However, microbial _ activity m high moisture hay reduces _its quahty_ due to loss of protein and energy and the formation of molds. Microbial activity may …

Flavor Constituents Of Italian Ryegrass And Rhodes Grass Hays, T All, M Yonaga, H Tanaka

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

SUMMARY In connection with the effect of flavors on feed intake and pasture selection by cattle and insect pests, the flavor components of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lamark) and Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) were isolated by trapping ofheadspace volatiles on Tenax-GC and by steam distillation and identified by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Both fresh grasses have a flavor very similar to odors of (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate. In the volatiles from the hays, however, the acetate was not detected and the amount of (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol was small, while aldehydes such as 2,4-hexadienal and 2,4-heptadienal were found along with volatile …

Physiological Effect Of Feeding With The Leguminous Shrub, Leucaena Leucocephala, On The Vole, Microtus Arvalis Pallas, And Mice, T Asada, T Arai, T Konno, Y Oki, K Ogimoto

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The leguminous grass, Leucaena leucocephala, is a perennial plant rich in protein and vitamins. An experiment was carried out to obtain basic information required for the practical application of the grass to livestock feeding. In it, herbivorous voles of Microtus arvalis pallas and mice were fed, for 30 days, two basal diets of different composition to which the grass had been added to such extent that the mimosine content of the resulting diets might be about 1 %. As a result, an increase in body weight at the end of the experimental period was more remarkable in voles fed …

Influence Of Supplementation On Herbage Digestibility And On Faeces Characteristics With Sheep, M Chenost, Elisabeth Grenet, C Demarquilly, C Beranger

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of this study is to determine whether or not supplements e.g. concentrates, added at pasture modify the relationship between organic matter digestibility (OMD) of grazed herbage and faecal crude protein content (FCP). This would provide an answer whether or not the OMD of the fraction of herbage in the ration can be predicted from the FCP content of the faeces corresponding to the ration. We have utilized results of 2 digestibility measurements trials in which sheep were fed ad libitum herbage alone or supplemented either with barley (trial 1) or with a concentrate (trial 2). The supplementation leads …

A Simulation Model Of The Seasonal Pattern Of Herbage Digestibility And Its Interaction With Intensity Of Defoliation, A W. Illius

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Despite the considerable efforts expended in studying the seasonal changes in the digestibility of herbage under different harvesting regimes, there has only been slow progress in the modelling of these processes. In this paper, a quantitative description of the factors underlying seasonal changes in herbage digestibility is developed and applied to sets of data from S24 and S23 perennial ryegrass. A new variable, relative maturity, is used to describe the effect of defoliation in interrupting the process of tiller maturation which leads to the decline in digestibility. For S24, the model explained 95.5% of variation in digestibility decline, allowing accurate …

The Effect Of Silage Quality And Level Of Concentrate On The Dry Matter Intake And Milk Production Of British Friesian Heifers, R H. Phipps, J A. Bines, J Thomas, A Cooper, R J. Wilkins

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Trials have shown that both silage quality and level of concentrate are major factors influencing dry matter (DM) intake and milk production with adult dairy cows but there are few data relating to heifers.Seventy-two British Friesian heifers were divided into two groups during weeks 3-12 of lactation and received ad Iibitum either good quality (G) or poor quality (P) grass silage. The in vitro digestible organic matter in the dry matter was 68 and 60 for silages G and P, respectively. In addition, the heifers in each group consumed concentrate at either a low (4.3 kg DM/day), medium (6.4 kg …

Intake Of Grassland - Hay By Dairy Cows And Its Potential Meet Requirements Of Maintenance And Milk Production, J P. Dulphy, C Beranger, D Micol

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

There have been few recent studies on the use of grass-hays by dairy cows, probably as a result of the importance given to studies on silage. Therefore 9 grass-hays, harvested in good conditions, were prepared and fed to dairy cows. With a CP content of 133 g/kg DM and an O.M. digestibility of 64.4%, the intake of these hays was 2.07 % of live weight (12.65 kgDM/animal/day). Their energy supply was sufficient to cover the maintenance needs of the cows, and a mean theoretical daily production of 8.1 kg of milk. The real production was 20.1 kg, and the difference …

Barley And Protected Protein Concentrate As Supplements To Timothy Silage For Growing Bulls, H S. Hakkola

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of the experiment was to study the utilization of grass silage by growing bulls. Between the age of 68-434 days, 63 bulls took part in an experiment in which as supplements to timothy silage were 1) barley 2) barley+ protected protein concentrate and 3) protected protein concentrate only. The effects on· silage intake and live weight gain of the bulls were measured. In each feeding group there were 21 bulls. The concentrate contained 30% digestable crude protein of which 72% from soya-bean meal, 18% from rapeseed meal and 10% from milk powder. The protein of the concentrate was …

Evaluation Of Forage At The Level Of Voluntary Intake, M Okamoto, K I. Sung, N Hasegawa, N Yoshida

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

To revise the conventional method of forage evaluation, digestion trials were conducted at the level of voluntary intake. Dry matter (DM), crude protein and Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF) contents in offered and residual feeds were measured, using suffolk wethers which were fed with grass silage and hay. A lower content of crude protein and a higher content ofNDF in residual feeds were detected when compared with those of offered feeds. Then, crude protein and NDF values of intake feeds were calculated from the composition of offered and residual feeds. It was suggested that the reason for different contents of crude …

The Effects Of Heat Treatment And Ruminal Degradation On Digestibility Of Rumen- Bypassed Protein And Total Digestibility, Y Maeda, T Masuko, K Awaya, K Sugimura

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In order to investigate the protein digestibility of heated roughage, the effects of the extent of heat treatment and ruminal degradation on the post-ruminal digestibility of the rumen-bypassed protein and the total digestibility from rumen to post-ruminal tracts were studied. First cutting Italian ryegrass dried at four levels of temperature (freeze, 40, 80 and 120°C) were prepared. Materials were put into the rumen by nylon bag technique for 0, 2 and 6 hr., after rumen exposure, the residual protein was incubated by pepsin-pancreatin artificial digestion method. The total protein was partitioned using three fractions based on ruminal and pepsin-pan-creatin (P-P)degestibility. …

An Expert Nirs Forage System, John S. Shenk, M O. Westerhaus

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has become an accepted technique to analyze the nutritive value of forage and feedstuffs. Recent advancements have been made in developing universal calibration equations that can be transferred from instrument to instrument. This advancement has made it possible to use NIRS as the analytical component of expert system software in conjunction with livestock feeding models. The software is flexible to provide information for research, extension, and industry applications. The incorporation of NIRS into an expert system promises to make possible new advancements in efficiency of livestock production.

Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy Analysis Of Quality Of Farm- Grown Alfalfa, N P. Martin, G C. Marten, D A. Schriever, J L. Halgerson, F R. Ehle

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Successful use of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) analysis of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of farm-grown alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is described. Calibration equations for CP, ADF, and NDF using the BEST/NeoTech 6100 IR spectro-computer system1 were developed from windrow alfalfa samples collected throughout Minnesota over three seasons. Standard errors of calibration were 0.57, 1.56 and 1.83 dag/kg for CP, ADF and NDF, respectively. Coefficients of multiple determination (R2) were 0.97, 0. 91 and 0. 93, respectively. Standard errors of NIRS analysis for CP, ADF, and NDF were 0.58, 1.48 and …

Development Of A National Alfalfa Quality Assessment Procedure In The United States, V L. Marble, W C. Templeton

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Only a small fraction of the U.S. hay crop is evaluated for nutritive properties. Various states have developed alfalfa hay quality prediction systems based on chemical analysis. Confusion among users has resulted from nonuniformity among systems. Additional factors causing concern include: increased awareness among producers of higher income from the sale of high quality hay; increased demand among dairymen for a prediction system compatible with ration formulation; recognition of the inadequacy and nonuse of U.S. federal hay grades; increased movement of alfalfa hay across state borders; and lack of agreement on duplicate samples sent to different laboratories. After formation of …

The Cultivation And Feeding Value Of Persian Clover, P C. Flinn, K.F M. Reed, G R. Saul, G N. Ward, J G. Graham

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Research with Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum, ssp. majus) cv. Mara!, in south eastern Australia shows it to be productive and well adapted to waterlogged soils. It is particularly productive in spring when compared with other clovers. Winter production can be increased by sowing Persian clover with Westerwolds ryegrass or oats but the yield of clover in the spring is therby reduced. Persian clover conserved as hay was found to have a low neutral detergent fibre content (28.1 % ). In a 60 day feeding trial, lambs were fed Persian clover hay (78.5% digestible dry matter), lucerne hay (63.0% …