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A Review Of The Distribution Of Holarctic Recent Mammals, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

A review of the distribution of Holarctic Recent mammals.

Comparative Morphology In Nemic Phylogeny, Armand R. Maggenti

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

In 1945 Simpson wrote: "Phylogeny cannot be observed. It is necessarily an inference from observations that bear on it, sometimes rather distantly, and that can usually be interpreted in more than one way." Certainly this applies to a study of nemic phylogeny where our reasoning is based upon degree of resemblance and subject to confusion by convergence and reversal. Many feel that, because fossil records are lacking, it is of little purpose to indulge in speculation on nemic phylogeny. Nemic taxonomy, however, requires such speculation when it is based upon comparative morphology. Our attempts in taxonomy are really an effort …

Helminths Of The Shrew-Mole Neürotrichus Gibbsii (Baird) In Oregon, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Helminths of the shrew-mole from Oregon are described. They include a cestode Hymenolepis neurotrichi sp. n., a trematode Microphallus aspalacis sp. n., and the third-stage larva of an undetermined species of Porrocaecum (nematode), probably P. depressum (Zeder, 1800), or P. angusticolle (Molin, 1860). Preserved viscera of ten animals were examined. Three were infected.

Distributional Notes On Parasitic Mites, William F. Rapp Jr.

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Although much has been written on the systematics of mites little, to date, has been published regarding their distribution. Strandtman and Wharton (1958) have given distributional data on a large area basis i.e. United States, Mexico, etc., but have given only little specific distribution. Unfortunately much of our knowledge relative to mite distribution is limited to a knowledge of type localities. In the case of parasitic mites one cannot assume that the distribution of the parasite is the same as the host. Unfortunately at this time, we do not know what factors limit the distribution of parasitic mites.

The following …

Notes On The Collared Pika, Ochotona Collaris (Nelson), In Alaska, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Maps showing the geographic range of the collared pika, Ochotona collaris (Nelson), have been published recently by Hall (1951) and by Hall and Kelson (1959). According to these, this mammal occurs in the mountains between the Tanana and Yukon Rivers, and in the Alaska Range as far west as Mt. McKinley. A specimen from the summit of the Chugach Mountains (Baker, 1951) was not included on the aforementioned maps. Osgood (1904) referred to two specimens collected by C. L. McKay in the Chogmit Mountains, east of Lake Clark at the base of the Alaska Peninsula, and also mentioned a sight …

Malaysian Parasites Xxxv-Xlix, W. W. Macdonald

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

This is the third Study of the series from this Institute on the external and internal parasites and the biting insects of the Malaysian region. The earlier two volumes were planned and edited by Dr. J.R. Audy, and on his departure from Malaya in the middle of 1959 Mr. W. W. Macdonald continued the work which had been begun and collated and edited the papers in this present Study.

In the two previous volumes (Study No. 26, 1954 and No. 28, 1957) the emphasis was on the taxonomy of Trombiculid mites. In the present volume the emphasis has changed, and …

Studies On The Helminth Fauna Of Alaska. Xxxvil. Description Of Schizorchis Caballeroi N. Sp. (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae), With Notes On Other Parasites Of Ochotona, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Schizorchis caballeroi n. sp. has been described from the collared pika, Ochotona collaris (Nelson), from Alaska, and has been distinguished morphologically from its congeners, S. ochotonae Hansen, 1948, and S. altaica Gvozdev, 1951.

Nine species of helminths have been described 10 dale from North American pikas, O. collaris and O. princeps (Richardson). These mammals are markedly allopatric and do not share any species of helminth. Nematodes of two genera, Eugenuris Shults and Labiostomum Akhtar, 1941, occur in O. collaris as weIl as in palearctic species of Ochotona. This, along with other pertinent information, is taken to suggest that O. …

Trichinosis In The Arctic, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Trichinella spiralis (Owen, 1835) is a common parasite of mammals in the Arctic. High rates of infection have been recorded in terrestrial carnivores (particularly Canidae, Ursidae, and Mustelidae), but representatives of several other groups, including marine mammals, have been found infected. From existing information, it appears that the natural cycles have at least three ecologicaIIy distinct patterns, described in this note.

Studies On The Helminth Fauna Of Alaska. Xxxvi. Parasites Of The Wolverine, Gulo Gulo L., With Observations On The Biology Of Taenia Twitchelli Schwartz, 1924, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Natural biotic relationships already had been severely disrupted in the United States by the time significant interest had developed in faunistic helminthology. Some mammalian species, particularly the larger carnivores, had been extirpated or were represented only by scattered individuals in the few remaining wilderness areas. Thus, it is not remarkable that the helminths of such species as the wolverine, Gulo gulo Linnaeus, have been little studied. Fortunately, however, much of arctic and subarctic North America has endured in its primitive state, and here it is still possible to undertake basic biological studies under undisturbed conditions.

Studies On The Helminth Fauna Of Alaska. Xxxiv. The Parasites Of Wolves, Canis Lupus L., Robert L. Rausch, Francis Williamson

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

It is generally recognized that canine animals comprise an important reservoir of parasites and diseases transmissible to man. These animals, including the domestic dog, have unusual economic importance in arctic and subarctic North America, particularly for the Eskimos and Indians living in more remote regions. These aboriginal peoples continually have close association with canine animals and would appear to be quite vulnerable to infection from this source. That this is true is already evident, although data on morbidity from animal-borne diseases are far from complete. At the present time, at least in Alaska, these people have little ability to lessen …

Studies On The Helminth Fauna Of Alaska. Xxxv. On The Identity Of Certain Cestodes (Taeniidae) From Foxes, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Some species of the genus Taenia Linnaeus, 1758, are morphologically so similar in the adult stage that their separation is very difficult. Complicating this problem is the questionable validity of certain of these species which have been insufficiently characterized. There are two species, however, the adults of which possess well defined morphological difference but which have been repeatedly confused despite their having been adequately described by early investigators. These cestodes, Taenia crassiceps (Zeder, 1800) and T. polyacantha Leuckart, 1856, have for many years been recognized solely by their larval characteristics under the misconception that the adults were indistinguishable.

Biometric Comparisons Between North American And European Mammals. I. A Comparison Between Alaskan And Fennoscandian Wolverine (Gulo Gulo Linnaeus), Björn Kurtén, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

A comparison between the Alaskan and Fennoscandian wolverine (Gulo gulo Linnaeus).

Biometric Comparisons Between North American And European Mammals. Ii. A Comparison Between The Northern Lynxes Of Fennoscandia And Alaska, Björn Kurtén, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

A comparison between the northern lynxes, (Felis (Lynx) spp.), of Fennoscandia and Alaska.

Notes On The Prevalence Of Hydatid Disease In Alaskan Moose, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

In conjunction with current moose-management studies in south-central Alaska; 124 pairs of lungs of moose (Alces alces) have been collected and examined for the presence of hydatid cysts, the larval stage of the cestode, Echinococcus granulosus. The lungs were collected in the Cook Inlet region between January 1, 1956 and January 1, 1958, mostly from animals accidentally killed by trains or cars.

The presence or absence of the tapeworm cyst was determined by visual inspection, palpation, and finally by sectioning the lungs into slices approximately % in. thick. Hydatid larvae do not always localize in the lungs …

The Occurrence And Distribution Of Birds On Middleton Island, Alaska, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

A survey of the birds of Middleton Island was made in June 1956. Forty-five species of birds were recorded. Of these, at least 16 species were breeding, four other species were possibly breeding, and 2.5 species were regarded as transients. The distribution of the breeding birds was correlated with six major ecological formations. Five of the latter were based on vegetational characteristics, while the rocky cliffs comprised the sixth.

The avian fauna of Middleton Island consists mainly of species found in the Prince William Sound region, to the north. An important exception was the Lapland Longspur, which previously has not …

Some Observations On Rabies In Alaska, With Special Reference To Wild Canidae, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Includes a summary of available information on outbreaks of rabies recorded in canine animals in Alaska over a 9-year period (1949-57), and to discuss some problems relating to the natural history of rabies in high boreal regions.

A New Genus Of Monogenetic Trematode (Family Diclidophoridae) From A New Zealand Fish, Harold W. Manter, Gail Walling

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

These monogeneans were collected by Harold W. Manter in Wellington, New Zealand, in 1951 from the gills of Seriolella brama (Günther), the warehou (Family Nomeidae). A study of the three specimens collected indicates they belong to a new genus of the family Diclidophoridae, subfamily Cyclocotylinae.

Distribution And Specificity Of Helminths In Microtine Rodents: Evolutionary Implications, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

The taxonomic status of anoplocephaline cestodes of microtine rodents has been reviewed. Of the genus Andrya Railliet, 1883, five species are considered valid: A. macrocephala Douthitt, 1915; A. primordialis Douthitt, 1915; A. montana Kirshenblat, 1941 ; A. arctica Rausch, 1952; A. bairdi Schad, 1954. Of the genus Paranoplocephala Luehe, 1910, six species are regarded as valid: P. omphalodes (Hermann, 1783); P. blanchardi (Moniez, 1891); P. infrequens (Douthitt, 1915); P. variabilis (Douthitt, 1915); P. lemmi Rausch, 1952; P. neofibrinus Rausch, 1952. Andrya caucasica Kirshenblat, 1938, and A. bialowizensis Soltys, 1949, are regarded as synonyms of A. macrocephala. Paranoplocephala brevis Kirshenblat, 1938, …

The Occurrence Of Echinococcus Multilocularis Leuckart, 1863, In Japan, Robert L. Rausch, Jiro Yamashita

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Since 1937, when alveolar hydatid disease was first recognized on the Japanese island of Rebun, 25 cases have been investigated clinically. About one percent of the population of the island is believed to be infected. (Yamashita et al., 1955). Five cases also have been reported from other islands, some of these involving emigrants from Rebun (Inukai et al., 1955; Yamashita, 1956).

Studies On The Helminth Fauna Of Alaska. Xxxi. Observations On The Propagation Of The Larval Echinococcus Multilocularis Leuckart, 1863, In Vitro, Robert L. Rausch, Virginia Jentoft

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Larval reproduction in Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863, takes place through the proliferation of exogenous secondary vesicles (Rausch, 1954). In some species of host this process appears to be continual, extending over a long period of time with little tendency for self-limitation. Consequently, the growth characteristics of this larval cestode are such that it would seem well suited to culture in vitro.

Studies On The Helminth Fauna Of Alaska. Xxv. The Ecology And Public Health Significance Of Echinococcus Sibiricensis Rausch & Schiller, 1954, On St. Lawrence Island, Robert L. Rausch, Everett L. Schiller

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

The occurrence of a species of Echinococcus (Rudolphi, 1801) on St Lawrence Island was noted by the writers in early 1950. Recognition of its unusual host relationships led to an investigation of the ecology of this cestode, E. sibiricensis Rausch & Schiller, 1954. It is the purpose of this paper to report the results of this work, with emphasis on alveolar hydatid disease in man, of which this cestode is the etiologic agent.

Observations On Shipleya Inermis Fuhrmann, 1908 (Cestoda: Acoleidae), Marietta Voge, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Shipleya inermis, described by Fuhrmann (1908) and redescribed by Baer (1940), is known from only few specimens. The first and only North American record of this species was published by Webster (1951), who reported the finding of two specimens in dowitchers. Examination of a large number of cestodes from dowitchers collected by Rausch, and of cestodes from the Helminthological Collection of the United States National Museum yielded specimens which are without doubt Shipleya inermis. However, some of our observations which are reported here do not agree with Baer's description. In particular, we are unable to agree with Baer …

Studies On The Helminth Fauna Of Alaska. Xxvii. The Occurrence Of Larvae Of Trichinella Spiralis In Alaskan Mammals, Robert L. Rausch, B. B. Babero, Virginia R. Rausch, Everett L. Schiller

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

In 1948 much interest in trichinosis in arctic regions was aroused, particularly by the findings of Thorborg et al. (1948), who investigated serious outbreaks occurring among the Eskimo of West Greenland during 1947. Consequently, with the founding of the Arctic Health Research Center in the autumn of 1948, a study of trichinosis in Alaska was the first project to be initiated by the Zoonotic Disease Section (formerly Animal-borne Disease Section) of this Center.

Field work was begun in January, 1949, and a preliminary note on trichinosis in Alaskan mammals was published by Brandly and Rausch (1950). The subject of trichinosis …

Studies On The Helminth Fauna Of Alaska. Xxviii. The Description And Occurrence Of Diphyllobothrium Dalliae N. Sp. (Cestoda), Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Plerocercoid larvae of Diphyllobothrium spp. occur commonly in various species of freshwater and anadromous fishes in Alaska. Several times in recent years the writer has observed a distinctive plerocercoid in the blackfish, Dallia pectoralis Bean, an abundant and economically important species in the Kuskokwim River region of western Alaska. This cestode was studied in detail during the summer and fall of 1955, and has been found to represent an undescribed species, for which the name Diphyllobothrium dalliae n. sp. is proposed.

Occurrence And Distribution Of Hymenolepidid Cestodes In Shrews, Marietta Voge, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

A survey of the literature dealing with cestodes of shrews reveals the increasing interest of contemporary parasitologists in this poorly known group of symbionts. In the United States, approximately 18 species have been described from shrews in the last 15 years. These reports deal almost exclusively with morphology of the cestodes; however, information on distribution, host specificity, rate and intensity of infection, is either fragmentary or not available in published form.

A List Of Cestode Parasites From California Mammals, Marietta Voge

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

This report brings together information on the occurrence and distribution of cestode parasites in California mammals. The original information reported herein, was obtained by students, myself, and other staff members of this university. Although the host-parasite list which follows is far from complete, the dearth of knowledge about the helminth fauna in California seems to justify the publication of relatively few data, in the hope that other workers will be able to use this list as a starting point and add to it.

With few exceptions, the common names of the hosts, as given in the host list, were obtained …

Unusual Pathogenicity Of Diphyllobothrium Sp. In A Black Bear, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

The black bear, Ursus americanus Pallas, has been found to he an exceptionally good host for a common species of Diphyllobothrium, as evidenced by the large size attained by individual strobilae, and the duration of infections experimentally established. Since 1950, the writer has used at least five of these bears annually in the study of Diphyllobothrium spp. With the single exception reported herein, no adverse effect to the hosts has been recognized.

Reproduction In The Wolverine, Gulo Gulo, Philip L. Wright, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

The reproductive habits of the wolverine, largest of the terrestrial mustelids, have remained largely unknown. Recently Rausch (1953) has concluded that the American and European wolverines belong to the same species (Gulo gulo). In this paper, the reproduction of this species is investigated.

Cyclustra Ardeae N. Sp. And The Status Of Dendrouterina Fuhrmann, 1912 (Cestoda: Dilepididae), Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Three cestodes representing a species of the genus Cyclustra Fuhrmann, 1901, were obtained by the writer from a great blue heron, Ardea herodias L., collected at Neville, Rock County, Wisconsin, on April 14, 1947. The bird was an adult male, weighing 2,630 grams. Two other great blue herons from this locality were also autopsied, but were negative for this cestode. Two species of Cyclustra are known, bath from ardeiform birds. The Wisconsin material differs from these in morphological details, and is described herein as new.
The cestodes were stained with Semichon's acetic carmine, and mounted entire. The strobila of this …

Studies On The Helminth Fauna Of Alaska. Xxiv. Echinococcus Sibiricensis N. Sp., From St. Lawrence Island, Robert L. Rausch, Everett Schiller

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

As the result of field and laboratory investigations extending over a period of more than four years, we have amassed considerable information on the life cycle and ecology of a cestode of the genus Echinococcus (Rudolphi, 1801). Occurring on St. Lawrence Island, which lies in Bering Sea about 40 miles southeast of Cape Chukotskyi, northeast Siberia, this cestode not only has an interesting life cycle, but in the larval stage is an important parasite of humans.