Wood Science and Pulp, Paper Technology Commons^™

The Effect Of Various Concentrations Of Alkali With The Adsorption Of Calcium Ions Onto Oleic Acid, Thomas J. Mcapline

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this thesis was to find an optimum condition for the formation of the precipitated calcium soaps. The system investigated included the range of alkali addition of 0 to 1.2 pounds per one hundred gallons (#/100 gal.). A direct relationship between the adsorption with an increasing alkali concentration to a maximum of 145 parts per million calcium ion adsorbed to 833.5 ppm oleic acid when .225 (#/100 gal.) is applied. It shows that any higher concentration of an alkali will level out the maximum calcium adsorption to approximately 140 ppm.

It was also found that the alkali demand …

The Effects Of Ph On Alkali-Swellable Latex Binder Coating Systems, Larry N. Justen

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

In recent years there has been a growing demand for the use of synthetic latexes as sole binders in coating formulations. This had been brought about by the shortage of supply and changing prices of natural binders like casein and protein. Synthetic latex binders require no cooking; this increased energy saving over starch becomes more important as fuel prices rise. Synthetic latex systems are easy to handle and they can be combined easily to fit different requirements.

Most synthetic latex systems need a thickener and water retention aid to achieve the right viscosity and flow properties. The new alkali-swellable …

Effect Of Recycling Cooking Liquor And Eliminating The Washing Stage During Chemical Deinking, Thomas H. Ollila

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this investigation was two-fold--first to determine what effects recycling the cooking liquor in varying percentages had upon the final pulp quality, and second to find out what effect eliminating the washing stage had upon the final pulp. The results are not as definite as would have been desired due to variation in the data. Generally, the results showed recycling the cooking liquor left more fines in the pulp resulting in higher tensile, burst, and fold strength. Eliminating the washing stage left more ink particles, pigments, and fines in the pulp which resulted in higher yields, better opacity, …

Comparison Of Urea Formaldehyde, Melamine Formaldehyde, Glyoxal And Latex In Improving The Water Resistance Of The Starch Coatings, Tran Trong Kim

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Several coatings colors were prepared and applied. The coated sheets were tested with great emphasis on keeping the conditions constant throughout the course of the experimental work. The study utilized several types of insolubilizers: urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, glyoxal and latex. Two types of starches were also used: regular and cationic.

Results showed the importance of drying on wet rub development of both urea and malamine formaldehyde as compared to latex and glyoxal. Results also proved the superiority of using insolubilizer additions with cationic starch rather than regular starch.

Glyoxal and latex were superior choices to urea and malamine formaldehyde, …

Drying Rates, Infrared Drying, And Binder Migration, Alan Larson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Proper distribution of adhesive in pigmented coatings is necessary to obtain good printability. This ___ undertaker to study the effect of varying drying rates on adhesive distribution. Using a standard substrate, coating was dried under four separate drying rates on a pilot coater equipped with an air knife coater and three sections of hot air driers. After grinding to carious derths, a spectrophotometric method was used to analyze migration behavior. The fastest rate, utilizing an infrared heater temporarily placed directly after the air knife, showed extremely uniform adhesive distribution. This was due in part to the reflective foil placed opposite …

Dow Saran Microspheres A Low Weight – High Bulk Filler, William R. Hajek

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Dow Saran Microspheres as a light weight high bulk filler has been plagued with certain problems, due to the distribution and retention of the microspheres within the sheet. These problems concern dusting and build-up of the microsphere polymer on the dryer cans and during the printing operations on the finished base sheet.

Single and dual retention aid systems were studied and analyzed as a possible solution to the poor distribution and retention of the spheres within the sheet.

Based on this experimental data, the dual retention aid system proved far superior in improving sphere distribution as well as sphere retention. …

Two-Stage Peroxide-Hydrosulphite Bleaching Of Groundwood Pulp, Richard Daniel Hyatt

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The conditions and chemicals for the use of hydrogen peroxide, sodium hydrosulphite and zinc hydrosulphite for the bleaching of groundwood pulp are discussed. Previous research provided guidelines for establishing optimum conditions for temperature, time, pH, consistency and type of buffer. The research carried out determined optimum conditions for a two-stage peroxide-hydrosulphite sequence. The use of an HCl extraction prior to bleaching was found to be as effective as EDTA for the removal of heavy metals. The combination of peroxide-hydrosulphite gave a brightness rise of 26 G. E. points while hydrogen peroxide alone gave 22.2 points and hydrosulphite alone gave 8.7 …

An Operation Research Approach To The Economic Optimization Of Kraft Pulping, Robert E. Packwood

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The first attempt to apply operations research to the kraft industry came in 1959 by C.W. Carroll at the Institute of Paper Chemistry. Carroll developed a pulping rate expression and incorporated engineering balances to complete his mathematical model. Carroll then developed an optimization technique to optimize kraft mill economic performance.

This work develops the mathematical model utilizing a different pulping rate expression and further develops certain areas (e.g. recovery boiler, lime kiln, and washer models) utilizing regression equations obtained from literature and material and energy balances in an approach much like that of Boyle and Tobias.

An attempt was made …

The Attainment Of Ultrahigh-Solid Coating Colors, Robert C. Ziolkowski

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Ultrahigh-solid coating colors were mixed containing (#1) clay, three different ground calcium carbonates of varying particle size, and a styrene-butadiene latex as a sole binder. The resulting colors demonstrated proper coating rheology and were applied to a base paper by means of a blade coater. The coated paper was then evaluated for the physical properties produced.

An effective control of binder migration and water retention without the aid of a hydrocolloid was indicated by tests made on the coated paper. The paper coated with the ultrahigh-solid coating colors also depicted desirable finished properties of brightness, opacity, pick strength, ink receptivity, …

Fibrous Filler As An Extender For Titanium Dioxide – Methods Of Filler Addition, James G. Shaner

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The paper industry today faces higher costs in such fillers as titanium dioxide. The need for extenders to add to the pulp slurries with titanium dioxide is ever increasing. The extender must not lower the strength properties of the paper to any large extent and must yield nearly the same optical properties as titanium dioxide. Fibrous filler has proven to be a filler which meets these requirements. There exists, however, several different methods for the addition of the fillers to the pulp stock. Each of these methods give different results in the final sheet of paper. It was found from …

Alginate Additives And Coating Migration Control, Peter B. Bradshaw

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In this study the feasibility of using alginate compounds in latex coating slurries to control migration so as to improve the coating properties of the latex is discussed. In the past, starch and casein have been used in an attempt to alleviate streaking, blade build-up and premature drying, but they have not performed in an entirely satisfactory way, particularly with higher concentrations of solids. Considerable evidence is presented to indicate that the use of alginate additives will enhance both the coating ability and the coating properties of latex, even when high concentrations of solids are present.

In addition, a new …

A Study Of The Refiners At The Pilot Plant Of Western Michigan University, Thomas P. Lewis

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The following report is an analysis of Paper Science and Engineering at Western Michigan University. This project was made as an indication of how the refiners at the tire pilot plan performed. This could also be used as ground work for further study of the refiners. For example, the new double disk refiner which was not in operation at the time when these tests were made could be compared to the other refiners in the pilot plant. It could also be the basis for refiner analysis with mixed hard and soft wood pulps.

This project was made to determine which …

The Modern Paper Machine Headbox, Richard N. Alger

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

The headbox and associated equipment, such as the slice and intlet header, are the most important items on a paper machine since what this equipment does or does not do at the wet end determines the quality of paper the machine will produce. The purpose of this project is to examine the historical background and the development of this equipment and ultimately design a new headbox for the fourdrinier pilot machine at Western Michigan University's Department of Paper Science and Engineering. The present headbox does not allow sufficient head to be developed due to the low speed of the …

The Effect Of Various Initial Electrokinetic Potentials On The Retention Of Titanium Dioxide, Jeff L. Gutowski

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this thesis was to find out if maximum TiO₂ retention will always occur in an electrokinetic range of +3 mV, as theorized, regardless of initial electrokinetic values. The systems investigated, included the addition of 5% TiO₂ slurries at various positive and negative electrokinetic values to pulp slurries, also at various charges. Even though all 13 systems investigated by handsheet analysis were all run at the same final electrokinetic values of ±4 mV, wide variations in their % retention of TiO₂ were found. The scattering coefficient of TiO₂ and the conductivity and % light …

An Examination Of Paper Manufacture Quality Control Methods And How They Effect Consumer Complaints, Ian R. Paisley

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Information gathered by means of a consumer survey indicates that the majority of problems affecting roll runnability are caused by employee work habits and supervision, rather than machinery, during the manufacture of a roll of paper.

A second survey, in the form of a three-part questionnaire, was sent to mills in the United States and Canada, producing newsprint, fine paper, groundwood printing and specialty papers. The survey obtained information about testing and supervision procedures plus the formal training of those responsible for quality control. The conclusion indicate that the lack of professional training may contribute to potential customer complaints.

Hemicellulose Retention In Pulping, Denise R. Trainer

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In order to study the fate of hemicelluloses in sulfite pulping, a full survey of the reactions involved and the techniques which have been successful in promoting the retention of the hemicelluloses was carried out. Experimentation then followed with wood analysis, pulping and analysis of the three pulps produced. From the results it can be seen that either a determination of the pentosans or of hemicelluloses will illuminate the relative amount of hemicelluloses in a set of samples. However, the hemicellulose value is more reliable for sulfite pulp. The total yield of a pulp is greatly increased by starting the …

Pulping Of Rubber Wood For Pulp And Paper, George Paulose

Masters Theses

No abstract provided.

A Study Of Hydrotropic Pulping, Tat-Hong Poon

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Aspen wood chips and hardwood thermomechanical pulp were cooked with Sodium Xylen Sulfonate solution in various cooking temperature, time length, chemical content and liquor to wood radio.

The process had a very high yield but the products produced a poor strength. Brightness was increased slightly by the treatment. Kappa Number was decreased at the beginning of the cook but increased again as the cook proceeded.

Based on this experimental data, hydrotropic pulp produced from wood chips and thermomechanical pulp was inferior to ordinary chemical pulp (Kraft or Sulfate) both in terms of physical and optical characteristics.

The Effects Of Fiber Furnish On Physical Properties Of Paper, Dennis Havard

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This experiment was designed to determine the effects of fiber furnish on the physical properties of paper. To do this various pulps and combinations of these pulps were formed into handsheets and their physical properties determined. The tests performed on the handsheets were tear, fold, tensile, stretch and tensile energy absorption.

The findings of this report indicates possibilities of a linear relationship between percent of pulp in a sheet and the fold and tensile. Stretch values increase by various degrees as more of the higher stretch fiber is added. The TEA follows the stretch values very closely.

The Potential For Application Of The Fluidized Bed In High Rate Waste Treatment, Bradley M. Mcclary

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A feasibility study of fluidized bed high rate - biological waste treatment was performed. Goals of the , investigation were to demonstrate possible advantages of higher treatment rates and compaction of effective reactor volume, and to compare this, system to conventional high rate treatment, in particular, activated sludge.

This system was found to be capable of achieving high rates of Boo 5 removal, producing a, consistent low concentration effluent. Such treatment could be realized in one-fifth the reactor volume required for conventional activated sludge, operating at an equivalent organic loading rate. Less sludge wasting occurred in this system operation than …

The Application Of Linear Programming In The Design Of Least Cost Furnishes For Paper Making Systems, George M. Iverson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Linear programming is a mathematical technique used to optimize complex physical processes. Due to rising pulp costs, the need to minimize the costs of raw materials in paper furnishes is acute. This paper studies the potential of linear programming as a tool to design furnishes meeting designated paper specifications while minimizing raw material costs. The flexibility of linear programming is discussed and the applicability of linear models describing multi-component furnishes with their effect on paper properties is investigated. Some paper properties were found to fit well with the linear model. Some of these were opacity, smoothness, tensile, mullen, and tear. …

Ozonation Of Secondary Effluent For Color Removal, Michael Patton

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of various ozone concentrations when applied to secondary kraft effluent in regards to color removal. The influence of effluent temperature upon the color removal capabilities of ozone was also investigated to determine the optimal ozone reaction temperature or the temperature which would result in the greatest color reduction at a given ozone concentration.

The study was conducted by injecting ozone at three different concentrations of 20, 30 and 40 mg/liter into a temperature controlled column of secondary kraft effluent obtained from S.D. Warren Company in Muskegon, Michigan. The temperature was …

Effects Of Surface Sizing Agents On Bod Of Recycled Papers, Lynn Berry

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Surface sizing agents can be major contributors to a mill's BOD loading. A 2% solids application of polyvinyl alcohol will give little or no BOD as compared to a high BOD resulting from a 8% solids application of anionic and cationic starch. The use of polyvinyl alcohol will give equivalent or better strength properties along with better sizing and high wax picks with only about one-half to three-quarters of a pound pick up per 3300 ft². High sizing values were achieved with the starches but at higher pick up levels. Polyvinyl alcohol could be best used in combination …

"The Evaluation Of Bacterial Cellulose From Acetobacter Xylinum As A Potential Papermaking Material", Thomas R. Arnson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Bacterial cellulose was biosynthesized by Acetobacter xylinum on an enriched growth medium of glucose, yeast extract and KH₂PO₄. The bacterial cellulose fibers were found to be about one-fourth the size of an average softwood fiber.

Pulp and paper total mill effluents and alfalfa extract were exchanged for the glucose and the yeast extract in the growth medium to see if they could substitute for these materials. Kraft and NSSC total mill effluents were found to substitute for the glucose. The alfalfa extract was found to be a better and cheaper material than the yeast extract. Acetobacter …

No-Sulfur Semi-Chemical Pulping With Na2Co3 And Naoh, James P. Hanson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Na₂CO₃/NaOH cooking liquors were evaluated as possible pulping agents for the production of semichemical pulp for use in corrugating medium. Optimum ratios of Na₂CO₃/NaOH were found to be 2/1 to 4/1. Pulp produced with ratios within these figures were equal to tensile and concora and higher in yield when compared to NSSC pulp made at the same temperature, time and Na₂O/chip ratio. By increasing either the time or the Na₂O, higher tensile and concora tests were obtained but with a slight sacrifice in yield. Na₂CO_{3 …}

Linear Programming As A Technique For Least Cost Furnish Analysis, James B. Keeler

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This study was a limited laboratory scale investigation of whether or not linear programming was a viable technique for determining the least cost furnish blends. It is original in that it used actual laboratory developed data for input to determine the linear programming model, and the results were actually produced in the laboratory to see if constraints were met. The materials used were a bleached hardwood, a bleached softwood, tab cards, clay and TiO₂. It was found that requirements of linearity and averaging inherent in the linear programming caused results which were not as accurate as needed. However, …

Investigation Of The Static Mixer For Improved Heat Transfer To Black Liquors, Bruce J. Redmond

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this experiment was to determine an improved method by which evaporation of kraft black liquors to the 50 to 65% total solids level could be sufficiently performed in multiple effect evaporators. This would eliminate the need of the highly malordorous direct contact evaporators which are presently used. Heat transfer characteristics of the Kenics Static Mixer were examined to determine if its application in multiple effect evaporator tubes would possibly reduce viscous liquor film layers which now hinder heat transfer. A single pass heat exchange unit that allowed removal of the inner tube and its replacement by a …

Use Of Brazilian Clays For Coating Formulations, Rubens Pellegrini

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Foreword

The massive effort of the Brazilian Government to develop a stronger and more competitive industry has boosted the production of pulp and paper up to six times its level of 1969.

The increasing demand for coated papers has forced the industry to look for new domestic sources of clay and to try to use the internally available product. Besides the undesirable situation of dependency upon a source many thousands of miles way, the difference in cost is the most appealing factor of all.

Today the three largest pulp and paper producers in Brazil have their own mines to assure …

The Effect Of Filler Type And Level On Inframike And Moistron Moisture Measurement And Accuray Basis Weight Measurement, Robert G. Tomich

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The following report is a study on the effects of filler type and level on the Inframike, Moistron and Accuray Basis Weight. Specifically, the effects of clay talc and Ti0₂ were investigated at 5%, 10·%, and 15% addition levels.

The Inframike was affected linearly by all three filters. The Moistron was not affected by talc and clay, but it was affected in a non-uniform manner by Ti0₂. The Accuray was not affected by clay and it was affected linearly by talc and Ti0₂.

The Effect Of Three Different Surface Sizes On Coated Sheet Properties, Roy W. Kemppainen

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A literature search showed that although much work has been done on the mechanism of coating migration (1, 3, 5) and the influence of base sheet properties on migration (2, 8). No reports were found on the influence of different surface sizes on coating migration. The functions of a surface size in coating base stock is threefold. First, it is to resist excessive water penetration so that the sheet will retain sufficient strength for the coating operation. Second, the smoothness which it imparts is beneficial to further printing processes, especially in the case of offset. The third function of a …