Wood Science and Pulp, Paper Technology Commons^™

The Repulpability Of Coated Broke Containing Latexes And Its Effects On A Rosin-Alum Sizing System, Walter Cordell Iii

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

It is the purpose of this thesis to attempt to evaluate the repulpability of coated papers that contain latex as a binder, and also to evaluate the effects of an alum-rosin sizing system on the latex particles, as well as any bundles of fibers or fibers and coating.

It has been found that SBR latex will break up with the greatest difficulty, probably due to its added stability imparted by the carboxyl group attached to it. The PVAC and acrylic latexes break up much easier than the SBR under the same conditions, with the acrylic breaking up more readily than …

The Effects Of Polymer Molecular Weight On Colloidal Retention And The Bridging Mechanism, Joseph A. Bergeron

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A review of retention is presented. Included are discussions concerning retention mechanisms, variables which affect retention, variables affected by retention and various retention aids. A detailed experimental procedures involving the use of the dynamic retention/drainage jar is included along with several modifications of the apparatus.

The purpose of the experimental work was to study the effects of polymer molecular weight on retention and the bridging mechanism. Two cationic retention aids of low and high molecular weight along with two non-ionic "bridging agent" retention aids were employed. Various combinations of these chemicals were studied at different levels of addition and under …

The Influence Of Base Sheet Moisture On Size Press Pick-Up, Karen S. Ross

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

An investigation was conducted to determine the relationship, if any, between base moisture before the size press and actual size pick-up. While size press operation is subject to the effects of many variables, existing literature indicated that maximum pick-up would be realized at twenty percent moisture, while the acceptable on-machine moisture range is five to twelve percent before the size press.

A machine trial was conducted on the pilot fourdrinier at Western Michigan University, wherein the coat weight was monitored as a function of pre-size press moisture. This study revealed that higher coat weights would be realized at increased adhesive …

A Study Of Bentonite As An Additive For Starch Size Press Treatment, C. Ted Romer

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The size press has been examined in the past for its application for coating or pre-coating. Bentonite has been found to be a rheology modifier and also has been found to form a film on paper. Bentonite has been found to improve holdout and printing properties as well. In this study, bentonite was applied in small quantities on a pilot machine size press and the paper thus produced was examined for any improvements in coating, physical, and optical properties. Testing showed that bentonite had the greatest effect on porosity and pick strength, in that porosity decreased with increasing bentonite and …

The Use Of Dry Strength Additives To Improve Curling Resistance In A Sheet Of Paper, Stephen D. Olsen

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of the following report was to look at the possibility of using dry strength resins to help reduce curling tendencies in a sheet of paper.

The use of dry strength additives greatly increased the strength characteristics of a sheet of paper. The increase was so great it allowed: substituting softwood fibers with hardwood fibers and/or using a higher freeness and still retain the same strength characteristics. The results of these changes would give a sheet of paper reduced curling tendencies. The changes could also result in power reductions, material savings, and/or improved formation for producing the sheet of …

A Study Of Dual Polymer Retention Aids For The Retention On Titanium Dioxide Using The Dynamic Drainage Jar, Minidrinier, And Handsheets, David E. Null

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Two types of dual polymer retention aid systems, a low molecular weight, high charge density, cationic polyamine with a high molecular weight, low charge density, cationic polyacrylamide, and the same polyamine with a high molecular weight, highly charged anionic polyacrylamide, were studied using the Dynamic Drainage Jar, the Minidrinier, and handsheets. Both systems gave higher retention than could be achieved using any of the retention aids alone, however, formation was a problem. Contact time and shear were shown to be important variables. All three testing methods were useful, the Dynamic Drainage Jar having an advantage due to its flexibility.

The Effects Of Anthraquinone On Kraft Pulping, Allison K. Noble

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Popel chips were cooked in Kraft liquor modified by anthraquinone (AQ). Ten trials with varying levels of AQ, white liquor and cooking time were completed. It was found that the percent yield decreased by as much as 10 points as the level of AQ was increased. But the Kappa number decreased by only 2 points at the maximum AQ level; therefore, at a consistant Kappa number, the percent yield for the unmodified Kraft pulp would be greater than the modified pulp. Overall pulp strength increased significantly with the addition of 0.05% AQ, as was evidenced by the improvement of strength …

A Study Of The Effects Of Ionic Charge And Molecular Weight Of Polymers On Wet-Web Strength, Charles Kelso

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Improved machine speeds in the production of paper have increased the number of wet-end breaks due to wet-webs that are unable to withstand the increased stresses at increased rates of production. Lyne and Gallay layed the cornerstone on which most of today"s knowledge of wet-web strength is built. This research attempted to expand on this knowledge by determining whether chemicals could be employed to improve wet-web strength.

The results of this experiment indicates that cationic polymers do improve wet-web strength at levels of addition of 160 lbs/ton of pulp and 1600 lbs/ton of pulp. This indicates that cationic polymers are …

The Effect Of Carbon Black On Tr Moisture Measurements And Beta Ray Basis Weight Measurements, William A. Beck

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Computer control of paper industry processes is becoming a very significant segment of the industry. Of major importance is on-line measurement and control of moisture and basis weight in the web, those two parameters affect practically every other sheet characteristics. Accurate closed loop control is essential to keeping the product within customer-demanded specifications.

Board mills in particular utilize large quantities of waste paper, with the rate of usage expected to increase from 20.5 percent in 1970 to 26 percent by 1985. The concentration of contaminants will increase at a similar rate. One such contaminant, carbon black, will reduce the effectiveness …

Influence Of Overdrying On Dimensional Stability And Certain Strength Properties Of Paper, Shun K. Ma

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In the past, the consequences of overdrying have been examined with the drying theory. This study was designed to look at the effects of overdrying on handsheets. Comparison of the dimensional change and strength properties was made between two sets of handsheets, one conditioned in the humidity room and the other overdried at 90°C for four hours. The handsheets used in this experiment were made from five types of furnishes: Hardwood Kraft, Softwood Kraft, Hardwood Kraft and Softwood Kraft combination, and two different percentages of TiO₂ added to Softwood Kraft. The dimensional stability was measured by the Neenah Expansimeter. …

A Comparison Of Unbleached Pulps From Cherry Heartwood And Sapwood, Craig Bethke

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of the project was to evaluate pulps made from cherry heartwood and sapwood.

The amount of heartwood a tree has is an individual trait of the tree rather than a function of geography or environment. Tree breeders can, through selection, reduce or increase the amount of heartwood if it is economically justifiable.

Three cherry logs with 50-50 heartwood to sapwood ratio were barked and chipped at S.D. Warren Company in Muskegon. The chips were separated, heartwood from sapwood, by the color difference.

The chips were cooked using 20% active alkali, 6 to 1 liquor ratio, for 1.5 hours …

Cooking Variables In Recycling Newsprint, Herbert W. Fergison Jr.

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this paper was to compare the effect of some cooking variables on the brightness of the final sheet and the yield per cook in recycling newsprint. The cooking variables examined were: the kind of cooking chemical, the amount of cooking chemical, and the cooking temperature. The cooking variables, that were held constant, were pressure, time, agitation, and consistency of the cooks. The newsprint was cooked in an apparatus similar to a hydrapulper. The brightness decreased with both increased temperature and increased percent addition of chemicals. The yield decreased with both, increased temperature and increased percent addition of …

Thermal Conductivity Measurements Of Wet Paper, Keith S. Kearcher

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The thermal conductivity of wet paper mats was studied as a function of moisture content and porosity. The conductivity measurements were conducted with a steady-state hot plate apparatus. Results show the relationship of conductivity and moisture content to be non-linear in an increasing fashion. Large variability in results obtained is largely attributed to experimental apparatus design and engineering. Solid cellulose conductivities were calculated using experimental results and the average value was found to be 0.317 ± 0.188 BTU/hr-ft-°F. Close correlation of data using different pulp furnishes indicate type of furnish is not a major variable in conductivity determinations.

The Use Of Direct Measurement To Evaluate Wet Press Draws And Their Effect On Paper Properties, Jeffrey A. Johnson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Previous laboratory investigations of the effects of paper machine draw tension on paper properties have been qualitative in nature. It is the object of this study to deal with quantitative values in examining the wet press area of the paper machine. Typically, by increasing draw tension machine direction tensile is improved, while elongation and cross direction tensile degrade. The establishment of known responses in paper properties to exact units in web tension would allow a control system to operate this draw area at optimum conditions. A cantilever beam force transducer was used to directly measure web tension at specific draw …

The Effects Of Temperature On Hot Melt Removal, Thomas J. Westerback

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This experiment attempted to reveal the role temperature plays on the removal of hot melt adhesive from corrugated medium.

Three repulping trials were conducted· on stock containing a previous applied EVA base hotmelt. The trials were conducted at the following temperatures: 160°F, 100°F and 40°F. The stock was then screened and centrifical cleaned at varying temperatures.

Handsheets were made before and after each stage, and visually inspected for hot melt content. Trial 2A gave a final sheet with virtually no hot melt content.

Further lab work was conducted. At 160 ° the hot melt was found to tear into pieces. …

Zeta Potential And Its Affects On The Washing Stages Of Newsprint Deinking, Stephen J. Shelton

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The use of zeta potential as a parameter in the washing stages of newsprint deinking is discussed. Previous research provided the temperature, time, and consistencies used in the hydropulper and washing stages. The research carried out tried to determine whether or not zeta potential can be used as a way of increasing the effectiveness of the washing stages. The research carried out tried to determine whether or not zeta potential can be used as a way of increasing the effectiveness of the washing stages. By varying the zeta potential with chemical additives it was found that very little correlation could …

A Study Of The Water Retention Of Latex Bound Pigmented Coating Colors, Patrick T. Gibney

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of three types of commercially used hydrocolloid; CMC 7M, CMC 7L, HEC 250M and KELGIN MV on water retention and on coated paper properties. It was found that the concentration of hydrocolloid was an important factor in water retention values. Carboxyl groups were theorized to be another factor in water retention. Hydrocolloids were found to lower opacity, brightness and gloss over the blank coating. Increasing hydrocolloid levels decreased the openness of the coating. When increasing the amount of hydrocolloid the IGT pick decreased. KELGIN MV gave the highest water retention …

The Kenics Static Mixer As A Consistency Sensor, Bruce P. Marling

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Ever since the inception of paper machines in the industry, the problem of consistency has troubled production efforts. Present sensors are sensitive to flow rate, temperature, additives and freeness as well as consistency. In spite of claims made by various manufacturers, there is still not an instrument on the market guaranteed to maintain calibration for identical uses from mill to mill. From the open type to closed type, sampling or continuous measurement type, each has its problems. A Kenics Static Mixer was evaluated in the Western Michigan University pilot plant for possible use as a consistency sensor. Research on the …

The Effect Of Secondary Fiber Furnish On The Tensile Energy Absorption Capacity Of Paper Under Repeated Extension Cycles, James Patton

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The object of this study was to determine what effect does recycling paper have on the tensile energy absorption (TEA) of that paper. The TEA of the sheet was split into two components, the elastic and the plastic. The sum of the two components gives the composite TEA.

The TEA's were measured at three different numbers of extension-cycles. It was found that a greater number of extension cycles resulted in greater TEA's for both elastic and plastic regions.

It was discovered that elastic TEA does not decrease with the first or second degree of recycling. Plastic TEA suffers its greatest …

Surfactants As An Aid In The Kraft Pulping Of Hardwood, Bradley A. Veld

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Surfactants were used in the pulping of Kraft hardwood chips in an attempt to decrease cooking time while attaining ·the same Kappa Number. It was found that surfactants could not be used to decrease cooking time, but anthraquinone and nonylphenol could be used to increase both yield and bond strength.Dimethylamides and quaternary ammonium salt surfactants were found to be detrimental to the pulping of hardwood resulting in hard uncooked chips

An Evaluation Of The Asphalt Dispersion Units Effects At The Mead Corporation’S Otsego Paperboard Mill, Mark O. Harrison

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

An evaluation is presented as to the process effects of the asphalt dispersion unit at the Mead Corporation's Otsego Paperboard Mill. The parameters investigated were: steam consumption, refining load, production rate, temperature of process, machine cleanliness and sheet properties such as appearance, caliper, moisture, stiffness, and mullen plybonds. The procedures used are presented and the results are included as daily averages in tables and graphs. The asphalt dispersion units effects were determined by comparison of data taken when the unit was operating as opposed to when the unit was shutdown and by passed.

It was found that there was a …

Temperature Dependence Of The Retention Of Organic Fines Using A Cationic Retention Aid, Danny R. Mcrae

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Stock of 50:50 bleached Kraft softwood and hardwood run through the Valley beater at 350 CSF with high fines content (25-30% fines from softwood and hardwood fractions run through a Wiley mill) was prepared and tested for fines fractionation, fines retention, and system surface charge at 10, 25, 40, and 55°C using a Dow Chemical cationic polymer of 1,000,000 molecular weight: SEPARAN CP-7. The Britt Dynamic Drainage Jar was used for fines fractionation and retention data and Halabisky's Colloid Titration Technique for surface charge data. Cationic polymer loadings were taken at 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 pounds of polymer per ton …

The Effects Of Deinking Offset Printed Newsprint With Acetone And Perchloroethylene, Steven D. Schultz

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The possibility of deinking newsprint with organic solvents, acetone and perchlorethylene, were examined by varying solvent mixtures, temperature of extractions, number of extractions, and consistency of extractions. Promising results were obtained in finding optimum conditions for the variables above. Yields obtained were over 94%. Solvents were recovered by distillation.

The Effects Of Molecular Weight Of Cationic Retention Aids And Turbulence On The Retention Of Organic Fines, Dirk Swinehart

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The retention of organic fines is of major importance to the paper industry. Fines have been found to increase Mullen and tensile strengths. Increased retention, though my adversely affect drainage. Fines also adversely affect the environment when not retained in the sheet. They increase the turbidity of receiving waters and otherwise affect the bottom fauna because of settling. In receiving waters, they are a BOD problem as well as a source of color.

The dynamic drainage jar was used to test the retention of fines involving only colloidal forces. Three degrees of turbulence were used, 500 rpm, 1000 rpm, and …

Measuring The Water Retention Of Coating Colors, Randy Musgrave

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The water holding properties of coating colors are important for both finished sheet properties and proper runnability on the coater. A test cell was constructed which is capable of measuring water retention of coating slips and predicting water hold out of base papers. The study showed that enzyme conversion time of starch was inversely related to viscosity and water retention. Also the level of sizing was determined to have the greatest influence on water hold out of base stocks.

How Lignin, Hemicellulose, And Cellulose Affect The Properties Of Oxygen Versus Kraft Pulps, Jeff C. Pobanz

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A batch of chips was subjected to an oxygen pulping and a kraft pulping system. The resulting pulp was tested in its unbleached condition. It was then bleached, tested again. Handsheets were tested using the Pulmac zero span tensile tester and other standard physical tests. The pulps were tested using the Pulmac permeability tester. This procedure gave the opportunity to look at how the differences between the individual fibers and their components affect the differences in the strength between oxygen and kraft pulp handsheets.

The oxygen pulp was severely degraded than was the kraft pulp. This led to shorter, weaker …

The Techniques Of Thin Layer Chromatography And The Study Of Carbohydrates Using Thin Layer Chromatography, Dennis J. Hippchen

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Refined Kraft pulp is found to contain D (+), Mannose, D (+) Xylose, and Glucose; and not to contain Galactose. Silia gel plates and Kieselguhr plates were used for the separation. Sodium hydroxide was the carrier solvent and the plates conditioned for thirty minutes.

The Kamag Vario-KS-Chamber is found to be a good effective laboratory tool. There are many areas where this technique can be used.

A detailed historical background is given for a basic background in thin layer chromatography, along with a complete experimental procedure of the use of the Vario-KS-Chamber.

The Effects Of Temperature On Retention, Michael D. Holt

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this thesis was to study the effects of temperature and concentration of retention aids on retention. This had been a debatable issue between northern and southern paper mills because of their temperature differences.

The retention studies were performed with the dynamic drainage jar and the pilot paper machine at Western Michigan University with good agreement in both cases.

It was found that increasing temperature when using different retention aids had a considerable effect on first-pass retention. The effect of temperature on retention was found to depend on the ionic charge of the retention aid. The cationic polymer …

The Effects Of Variable Double Disk Refining Action On Sheet And Fiber Properties, Gary Flohr

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this project was to evaluate several operating variables of the newly installed Western Michigan University Jones DD 3000 refiner. The operating variables were refiner load in amperes, throughput rate in gallons per minute, and disk speed in revolutions per minute.

On the fiber level, Canadian Standard Freeness was most dependent upon the load and somewhat less dependent upon the tonnage rate and speed. The tonnages used were 4.8, 9.6, and 14.4 T/D. At 9.6 T/D, the refiner used the least HPD/T per 100 ml C.S.F. drop throughout the 300-500 ml C.S.F. range. At 4.8 and 9.6 T/D, …

Comparative Study Of Flotation And Sidehill Washing Stages In Deinking Coated Magazine Stock, Joseph M. Korepta

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This is a study comparing the effectiveness of removing ink particles, consumption of water, and the retention of coating and/or filler pigments in deinked pulp between the flotation washing method and the counter-current sidehill washing method. Coated magazine waste paper was deinked using 5.3% Sodium Hydroxide at 190°F. The washing stage of both methods was carried out at a .9% consistency and a temperature of 30°C. The results of the study indicate that the flotation method of washing deinked pulp removed the majority of ink particles but did not remove the coating and filler pigments. The …