Wood Science and Pulp, Paper Technology Commons^™

Plybonding And The Belbond Multi-Ply Former, Mary Jane Hart

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This study was used to evaluate the improved plybond strength of the paperboard produced by the BelBond Multi-ply former. Samples of the headbox and plies after the couch were tested for Canadian Standard Freeness and related to fines content. An increase in CSF after forming shows a fine loss and loss of fiber specific surface area. The plybond increase is attributed to consistency of stock during joining the plies, the twin wire function, and dewatering in both directions of the web. Further fiber balance studies and moisture content analysis upon joining of the plies would be recommended.

The Chemical Buildup In A Closed Water System Using Recycled Fiber Furnish, Stephen R. Tremont

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In recirculating whitewater in a closed water system, the solids will increase leading to operational problems such as corrosion, scale, reduced drainage rates, reduced wire life, increased temperatures, felt plugging, foam, and dirt. In dealing with these problems, whitewater samples from a conventional seven vat cylinder board machine were tested for chemical composition. The machine operates on a closed water loop and produces approximately 250 tons per day recycled boxboard. Tested anions included chloride, silica, phosphates, nitrates, sulfate, sulfide and tannin-lignin. Cations analyzed included calcium, barium, iron, aluminum and copper. Tests were conducted over an eighteen day machine running period …

A Study Of The Relative Effectivness Of Four Insolubilizing Agents In Starch-Latex And Protein-Latex Coatings, Steven D. Bennett

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The process of offset lithography requires several unique characteristics in paper. One of these is an ability in the sheet surface to accept water without deteriorating. Offset coatings commonly use starch and protein in their binder systems. These adhesives are inherently water sensitive. The characteristic of water resistance in coated grades can be obtained through the use of crosslinking agents. Among the more commonly used are unreaformaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde, and glyoxal. A more recent development involves the use of ammonium zirconium carbonate.

Through the years many studies have examined the effects of various insolubilizing agents in starch coatings. Most of these …

A Study Of Fiber Orientation In Machine Made Papers, Phillip W. Forsyth

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this thesis was to study fiber orientation in paper made on the pilot plant paper machine at Western Michigan University. The variables used in the study were fiber length and draw tensions. The shrinkage of the web was one dependent variable that was measured.

It was found that, on this paper machine, fiber orientation is independent of fiber length. Also, large draw tensions will increase the degree of orientation in the direction of the draw. And finally, increased draw tensions will result in an increase of MD elongation and CD shrinkage.

It is recommended here that further …

An Investigation Of The Effects Of Pressure, Packing And Nip Area On The Results Of The Igt Pick Test, Barbara S. Wilson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The object of this thesis was to determine whether the pick scatter found in the IGT pick test was a result of the different packings or the different pressures used in the paper industry. The results showed that these two factors are not the significant ones which cause the inconsistency so often found in industry. There are other factors, such as contact angle and sector velocity, which may play a far more important role in the forces prevailing in this test. It is recommended that further study be made on these factors, but also standardization of the packing is required …

The Effect Of Hydrocolloids In Control Of Water Retention In Coating Systems, Gordon C. Bentley Jr.

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to observe how three hydrocolloids (Kelgin Q series, Procoat 150, and Dow 650) function in their control of water retention in clay systems. The water retention values were measured on a modified Warren tester. It was found that the three hydrocolloids are viscosity modifiers. However, their control of water retention is not due to their effect on viscosity, but rather, to their good water holding capabilities. Therefore, viscosity is not the primary parameter in control of water retention when using these hydrocolloids.

The Optimum Process For Recycling One Time Carbon Snap Out Forms, Douglas E. Bender

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of my thesis was to determine the optimal process for recycling one-time carbon snap out forms. The emphasis of my project was placed on attempting to remove the ink present in these forms. In so doing, it was felt that the recovered ink-free fiber might be useful in an industrial application.

Through experimentation in the laboratory it was found that flotation deinking did an adequate job removing ink. Furthermore, other methods considered such as solvent deinking and cyclone cleaners did not do an acceptable job removing ink. It can be concluded that flotation deinking will do an acceptable …

An Evaluation Of Ultra-Fine Ground Calcium Carbonates And A Precipitated Calcium Carbonate For Properties In Coated Paper, Gordon A. Erickson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This thesis is a study of four ultra-fine ground calcium carbonates and one precipitated calcium carbonate. These five carbonates were evaluated at five levels of carbonate in a coating formulation based on the weight of pigment. The evaluation of the performance of the five carbonates is concluded from brightness, opacity, Brookfield viscosity, K & N Index, gloss, and gloss development. As the level of carbonate increased, so did the brightness of the coated sheet for all of the carbonates. All carbonates at all five levels of addition show the same relevant opacity. Differences in viscosity for the carbonates are essentially …

The Effects Of Wet-Pressing Upon The Strength Properties Of Recycled Corrugated Shipping Containers, Ted E. Dornbos

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Tests verified the increases of strength characteristics with increasing solids content of the sheet. The rate of water removal from the sheet into the felt, involving hydraulic pressure, directly influences the compressibility of the felts and the sheet and appears to greatly determine the extent of crushing effects, which have the potential of occurring at any particular solids content region irregardless of loading.

Mention of water content interacting with the press load is suggested as an important parameter of efficient wet-pressing. Hence interest in profiles incorporating multiple wet-pressings utilizing one or two felts to increase the percent solids has an …

Silylation Of Carbohydrate Syrups, Mark Gorwitz

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

Carbohydrates are usually difficult to analyze in solutions. Gas chromatography provides a suitable means for analysis. However most carbohydrate compounds are not volatile enough for use by this method.

Suitable deriviatives are the aldol acetates and the silylated carbohydrates. Aldol acetates are difficult to prepare and require long time periods for their formation. Silylation is the most suitable means for preparing volatile deriviatives. However most silyl compounds are water sensitive.

This paper discusses silylating agents, their reaction mechanisms and a solution to the problem of water sensitivity.

Fiber Fractionation: The Use Of Fines To Improve Retention, Paul Glogowski

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The fractionation of pulp is not a new idea. As early as 1946, Hill and Coghill developed an apparatus to fractionate pulp into several portions (V.). At present, fractionation is being used in the secondary fiber industry. Long fibers are separated from short fibers and fines to produce linerboard and corrugating medium. The fines fraction has always been of interest to the paper making industry. Fines account for almost all of the BOD in paper mill effluent. This fraction is also important in formation of the sheet and in the sheet strength. Using the fines fraction of pulp for the …

The Separate Refining Of A Fractionated Recycled Pulp, Dana K. Marks

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This is a study of the effects of fractionation on total refining energy and final sheet strength. A selectifier screen was used to fractionate an.input recycled pulp into long and short fiber lengths. Each of the three pulps were refined in a PFI mill then the long and short fiber groups were recombined in the same proportion as they split and formed into handsheets. The handsheets made via fractionation were found to be no stronger, per unit energy into the refiners, than the handsheets of the unfractionated input fibers. Two interesting points, one, that each pulp consumed different energy amounts …

A Study Of Froth Flotation For Deinking Of Uv-Cured Inks, Prasit Pornpaitoonsakul

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Deinkability of UV-cured inks becomes increasingly important as more printers turn to this faster and easier printing method. Unfortunately, according to Ortner, Wood and Gartermann all known deinking process and formulations failed to deink these printing inks. Therefore it was the objective of this study to determine the feasibility of deinking paper printed with this new solventless ink. A critical review of the literature on flotation deinking was made. Zeta potential of the UV-cured ink was measured. The results were used to explain the effect of the kind and quantity of chemicals used in the flotation operation were investigated. It …

The Effect Of Sizing And Wet-Strength Agents On The Ease Of Ink Removal In Reclaiming Of Ink Printed Waste Paper, Ebere Onwuneme

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

The new call for conservation of resources inherent in ecological movement has put a spotlight on the recycling of materials. Not the least of these materials are paper and paperboard on which some 58 million tons were used in the United States in the year 1969. About 40 million tons of this was discarded which resulted in a severe trash removal problem. Paper accounts for 35% of the total solid waste collected and disposed of in most municipalities.

The Deinking And Bleaching Of Pulp Produced From Household Wastes, R. Bruce Nelson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

One of the problems that Americans have had to continually deal with is what to do with household and municipal wastes. The National Center for Resource Recovery in New Orleans has partially solved this problem by recycling usable materials from the garbage. At the present time, they are recycling iron, glass, aluminum, and other non-ferrous metals. They are also separating out approximately 350 tons per day of paper fiber. This study was designed to try and clean up that fiber, so that it could be sold as usable fiber.

A "garage" pulp was synthesized in the recycling plant at Western …

The Effects Of Basis Weight And Beater Deposited Latex On Fold Endurance, Mark G. Smith

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of a beater deposited latex on the relationship of basis weight versus fold endurance. An exhaustive survey of past and current literature regarding nearly all aspects of fold endurance as related to basis weight was completed. Two areas of fold endurance were investigated. These were basis weight versus fold endurance for virgin handsheets and basis weight versus fold endurance for sheets containing various levels of beater deposited latex.

The virgin handsheet work served to corroborate past work by others in this area. Fold endurance appeared to become less dependent on basis weight …

The Effects Of Increased Recycled Fiber On Tensile And Burst, Ronald P. Rohrbach

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this study was to determine the effect secondary fiber has on the burst and tensile of the paper sheet. There are many different physical aspects to burst and tensile and these aspects are discussed in some detail. Previous work has been performed in similar areas. The data and conclusions from that work was extremely helpful to this study. The literature search revealed several theories of the relationship between burst and tensile. The theory which this study investigates is the Carson linear relationship model.

The handsheets which were produced had varying amounts of secondary fiber. They also contained …

The Effects Of Using A Closed Water System In Deinking Of Newspaper, Kerry L. Watson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In studying the effects of deinking newspaper using recycled water, I found that the degree of dissolved solids was extremely important. It was discovered that using fresh distilled water to deink with resulted in a 5% drop in brightness. A 25% drop would result if water having 6.5 grams/liter of dissolved solids was used to deink with. A higher amount of dissolved solids can be tolerated in the washing water then could be tolerated in the cooking liquor. The cooking liquor seems to be extremely sensitive to dissolved solids content of the water.

The Effects Of Carbon Particle Size On Deinking, Brian D. Smith

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Different carbons deink to different brightness values. Deinking paper printed with inks composed of constant vehicles and different carbon pigments yielded a brightness range of 13.5 points.

General trends indicate that deinkability improves as carbon particle size increases and as structure level decreases. These trends are not conclusive, however, and significant variations from these trends were detected. It . appears that the product of carbon particle size and structure level is more closely related to the final brightness than either particle size or structure level alone.

Deinking Of Xerographic Wastepaper, Dennis D. Zink

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This study was made to determine a method that would deink xerographic wastepaper effectively. The study was done in two parts, the first being a preliminary feasibility study of the deinking methods found in a literature search. The second part involved a further study of the temperature variable of the most feasible method found in the first part. The results indicated that the flotation method would deink xerographic wastepaper very effectively. Temperatures between 130^oF and 190^oF were used during the pretreatment stage of the flotation method but no significant change was found in deinkability.

An Evaluation Of The Igt-Heliotest Printability Tester, B. W. Shreiner

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the IGT-Heliotest Printability Tester. The recommendation to evaluate this test was based on the results of a correlation study of six different printability tests. The IGT-Heliotest was the only test of the six that conformed to the theoretical model developed during this study.¹

As a result of this study, the IGT-Heliotest will be purchased by Kellogg's; with the expectation of significantly improving Quality Assurance's acceptance program for gravure carton board.

"Controlled Overdrying: Effects On Some Physical Properties Of Fine Paper", John T. Collins

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of certain drying variables on some physical strength properties when these variables were controlled to bring about overdrying conditions. The variables under study were contact time on the dryer can (% moisture) and different percentage hardwood-softwood compositions. From the study it was discovered that overdrying actually increases tensile values but mullen and tear values did indeed decrease.

The object of the following report was to see if there was a decrease, if any, in certain physical properties and to what degree. If overdrying a sheet actually decreases the physical properties …

The Effects Of Recycling On Fiber Characteristics, Michael B. Bekes

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Recent trends in recycling indicate that future use will increase. This increase will bring a demand for the secondary fiber. Many technical questions have to be answered before recycling becomes an economical process. One of these questions is how the recycling process affects fiber characteristics. This thesis will deal specifically with this question.

The Effect Of Pigments In The Flotation De-Inking Of Newsprint, Harold M. Cody

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This study was performed to determine the effect of the addition of pigments in the flotation de-inking of newsprint. It has been proposed that pigments aid in the flotation and removal of ink. Two pigments were investigated: talc and diatomaceous earth.

The addition of talc caused the brightness of the sheets to drop because the talc became heavily concentrated with ink. The addition of diatomaceous earth to the cell had no effect upon the flotation and removal of the ink. Therefore the addition of pigments to improve ink flotation and removal cannot be justified.

Variables Affecting The Drainage Test, Jeffrey S. Honour

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Certain variables affecting the Canadian Standard Freeness Test were investigated. Variables investigated included the zeta potential, pH, chemical type, and concentration. Chemicals used were NaCl, CaCl, AlCl , and SnCl, 5H₂O on the acid side. Chemicals used on the alkaline side included KCl, K₂S₄ and K₂HPO_4.. pH values were 4.5, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5, 8.5, and 9.5. Concentrations used were 1 x 10^-3M, 3 x 10^-3M, 5 x 10^-3M, 7 x 10^-3M, 9 x 10^-3M, 1.1 X 10^-2M, 1.3 x …

An Evaluation Of Permanence Using Wet And Dry Accelerated Aging, Patricia M. Kern

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Evaluation of a series of paper samples aged using wet and dry accelerated methods showed that there is a definite difference between the two methods.

Electrometric pH and folding endurance provided the best indication of the deterioaration of the paper properties upon aging.

The Effect Of Auxiliary Dispersants On The Dispersion And Properties Of Coating Made With Domestic Clays, Carroll A. Brandt

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Polymeric organic dispersants are now being used to replace all or part of the inorganic dispersants currently is use for pigmented coatings. They are generally recommended for hard-to-disperse or for special applications where unusual coating requirements must be obtained.

This study showed the effect of some of these auxiliary dispersants when used with tetrasodium pyrephosphate (TSPP) to disperse domestic clay.

The results of this study showed that the most effective type of dispersants for this application are the acrylic-based polymers. The lignosulfate derivative and styrene maleic anhydride did not look as good as the acrylic-based polymers. When used in coatings …

Three Stage Bleaching Of Recycled Fibers Containing 30% Groundwood, Ronald J. Buck

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A three stage bleaching sequence for a mixture of recycled chemical and groundwood fibers was investigated for maximum brightness increase. The three stages consisted of a reducing or color stripping stage, an oxidizing stage, and last a mild alkaline extraction. The variables in this thesis and pH conditions in each stage and bleaching agent concentrations of each stage. At more alkaline pH's and higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide there was the greatest increase in brightness. The was no observed effect of altering the concentration of the reducing agent.

The Effects Of Various Adhesives And Adhesive Levels On The Scattering Coefficient Of Pigmented Coatings: An Attempt To Predict Scattering Coefficients, Andrew R. Knoll

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The object of this study was to determine the effect of various levels of different adhesives on the scattering coefficients of a coating. Once the relationship of the adhesive effect on the scattering coefficient was determined an equation was to be developed to predict the optical properties of the coated sheet. This study shows that there is an increase in scattering coefficient from 5 to 10pph adhesive and after 10pph a steady decrease in the scattering coefficient as more adhesive is added. The increase is theorized to be due to flocculation of fines within the coating and the decrease due …

Development Of A Testing Procedure For Gloss Ink Holdout, Steven M. Cunningham

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

There is currently no standard acceptable method used to evaluate gloss ink holdout. Four methods are investigated to evaluate holdout. Heat seat ink is used to reduce absorption effects. The K&N ink smear test and the Vanceometer absorption tester are both discounted as inappropriate tests since they look at absorption alone and have widely varied results. The IGT printability tester is an improvement because it involves another major influence to holdout, printing pressure, but does not hold the ink film thickness constant. The Vandercook Proof Press procedure is judged the most valuable since it takes into account printing pressure and …