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Articles 721 - 750 of 944
Full-Text Articles in Animal Sciences
In The News, Joe N. Caudell
Serologic Evidence Of Brucella And Pseudorabies In Mississippi Feral Swine, Sherman W. Jack, James C. Cumbee Jr., Kristina C. Godwin
Serologic Evidence Of Brucella And Pseudorabies In Mississippi Feral Swine, Sherman W. Jack, James C. Cumbee Jr., Kristina C. Godwin
Human–Wildlife Interactions
Feral swine (Sus scrofa) are an ever-increasing problem across the United States. Besides physical environmental damage that they cause, they may harbor and transmit a number of pathogens to humans, livestock, and other domestic animals. We sampled feral swine across the state of Mississippi for titers to several diseases. Antibodies against Brucella were found in 16 of 499 (3.2%) feral swine, and antibodies against pseudorabies (porcine herpes virus, type 1; Herpesveridae sp.) virus were identified in 37 of 499 (7.4%) feral swine from across the state of Mississippi. Evidence of classical swine fever, African swine fever, swine influenza, …
Chimpanzee (Pan Troglodytes) Responses To Visitors Using Chimpanzee-Friendly Behaviors, Daniella Bismanovsky
Chimpanzee (Pan Troglodytes) Responses To Visitors Using Chimpanzee-Friendly Behaviors, Daniella Bismanovsky
All Master's Theses
Many studies suggest that zoo visitors are a cause of stress among animals; among primates, visitor presence can lead to an increase in aggressive displays, time spent non-visible to the public, and a decrease in overall activity. This study tested the effectiveness of using species-specific behaviors among a group of captive chimpanzees. There were 2 conditions: a control, and an experimental condition in which visitors were asked to adopt a stooped posture or lean on the railing, and show a chimpanzee play face. The visitors stooped their posture, sat, and leaned on the railing significantly more in the experimental condition …
Predator-Prey: Interactions Between The Spiny Waterflea (Bythotrephes Longimanus) And Pumpkinseed Sunfish (Lepomis Gibbosus), Jaime F. Leduc
Predator-Prey: Interactions Between The Spiny Waterflea (Bythotrephes Longimanus) And Pumpkinseed Sunfish (Lepomis Gibbosus), Jaime F. Leduc
Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports - Open
Small pumpkinseed sunfish ( Lepomis gibbosus), were found to be capable of removing the spine of Bythotrephes longimanus, an invasive cladoceran. Because fish consumption may be important in the dispersal or control of Bythotrephes, aquarium feeding experiments were conducted to 1) establish if the spine removal behavior of the pumpkinseeds was locally unique; 2) quantify how frequently pumpkinseeds exhibit the behavior; 3) determine if pumpkinseed handle Bythotrephes more quickly than other species of fish; and 4) verify if Bythotrephes' resting eggs pass through the digestive systems of pumpkinseeds in viable condition. The experiments revealed that pumpkinseeds (45-70 mm TL) from …
Rehg Studies Monkeys To Better Understand Humans, Aldemaro Romero Jr.
Rehg Studies Monkeys To Better Understand Humans, Aldemaro Romero Jr.
Publications and Research
No abstract provided.
Schulz Investigates Threat Of Invasive Species, Aldemaro Romero Jr.
Schulz Investigates Threat Of Invasive Species, Aldemaro Romero Jr.
Publications and Research
No abstract provided.
Prescribed Grazing On Pasturelands, Lynn E. Sollenberger, Carmen T. Agouridis, Eric S. Vanzant, Alan J. Franzluebbers, Lloyd B. Owens
Prescribed Grazing On Pasturelands, Lynn E. Sollenberger, Carmen T. Agouridis, Eric S. Vanzant, Alan J. Franzluebbers, Lloyd B. Owens
Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
Minimum Cost Of Transport In Asian Elephants: Do We Really Need A Bigger Elephant?, V. A. Langman, M. F. Rowe, T. J. Roberts, N. V. Langman, C. R. Taylor
Minimum Cost Of Transport In Asian Elephants: Do We Really Need A Bigger Elephant?, V. A. Langman, M. F. Rowe, T. J. Roberts, N. V. Langman, C. R. Taylor
Dartmouth Scholarship
Body mass is the primary determinant of an animal’s energy requirements. At their optimum walking speed, large animals have lower mass-specific energy requirements for locomotion than small ones. In animals ranging in size from 0.8 g (roach) to 260 kg (zebu steer), the minimum cost of transport (COTmin) decreases with increasing body size roughly as COTmin∝body mass (Mb)–0.316±0.023 (95% CI). Typically, the variation of COTmin with body mass is weaker at the intraspecific level as a result of physiological and geometric similarity within closely related species. The interspecific relationship estimates that …
The Effects Of Slow Release Urea On Nitrogen Metabolism In Cattle, Vaughn B. Holder
The Effects Of Slow Release Urea On Nitrogen Metabolism In Cattle, Vaughn B. Holder
Theses and Dissertations--Animal and Food Sciences
The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of slow release urea on N metabolism in cattle. The ruminal behavior of Optigen®II and the effect of basal diet on the in situ degradability of urea and Optigen®II were evaluated. The effect of slow release urea and its interaction with degradable intake protein (DIP) level in the diet on N retention and excretion was evaluated utilizing 8 Holstein steers in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment. In addition, the effect of slow release urea and DIP level on ruminal and systemic urea kinetics was evaluated using stable isotope …
The Influence Of Selenium Status On Immune Function And Antioxidant Status In The Horse, Mieke Brummer
The Influence Of Selenium Status On Immune Function And Antioxidant Status In The Horse, Mieke Brummer
Theses and Dissertations--Animal and Food Sciences
Selenium (Se) has received a lot of attention for its antioxidant and immune modulating properties. Yet, comparably few studies have focused on the horse. Therefore the objectives of this research were to evaluate the influences of Se status on immune function and antioxidant defense in horses. Twenty eight horses were allocated to one of 4 dietary Se treatments: low (LS), adequate (AS), high organic (SP) and high inorganic (SS). First, horses assigned to LS, SP and SS were depleted of Se and received a low Se diet (0.07 ppm Se) for 35 wk, while AS received an adequate Se diet …
Impacts Of Urbanisation On The Native Avifauna Of Perth, Western Australia, Robert A. Davis, Cheryl Gole, J Dale Roberts
Impacts Of Urbanisation On The Native Avifauna Of Perth, Western Australia, Robert A. Davis, Cheryl Gole, J Dale Roberts
Research outputs 2013
Urban development either eliminates, or severely fragments, native vegetation, and therefore alters the distribution and abundance of species that depend on it for habitat. We assessed the impact of urban development on bird communities at 121 sites in and around Perth, Western Australia. Based on data from community surveys, at least 83 % of 65 landbirds were found to be dependent, in some way, on the presence of native vegetation. For three groups of species defined by specific patterns of habitat use (bushland birds), there were sufficient data to show that species occurrences declined as the landscape changed from variegated …
Optimal Body Size With Respect To Maximal Speed For The Yellow-Spotted Monitor Lizard (Varanus Panoptes; Varanidae), Christofer J. Clemente, Philip C. Withers, Graham Thompson
Optimal Body Size With Respect To Maximal Speed For The Yellow-Spotted Monitor Lizard (Varanus Panoptes; Varanidae), Christofer J. Clemente, Philip C. Withers, Graham Thompson
Research outputs 2012
Studies of locomotor performance often link variation in morphology with ecology. While maximum sprint speed is a commonly used performance variable, the absolute limits for this performance trait are not completely understood. Absolute maximal speed has often been shown to increase linearly with body size, but several comparative studies covering a large range of body sizes suggest that maximal speed does not increase indefinitely with body mass but rather reaches an optimum after which speed declines. Because of the comparative nature of these studies, it is difficult to determine whether this decrease is due to biomechanical constraints on maximal speed …
Impacts Of Urbanisation On The Native Avifauna Of Perth, Western Australia, Robert Davis, C Gole, Jd Roberts
Impacts Of Urbanisation On The Native Avifauna Of Perth, Western Australia, Robert Davis, C Gole, Jd Roberts
Research outputs 2012
Urban development either eliminates, or severely fragments, native vegetation, and therefore alters the distribution and abundance of species that depend on it for habitat. We assessed the impact of urban development on bird communities at 121 sites in and around Perth, Western Australia. Based on data from community surveys, at least 83 % of 65 landbirds were found to be dependent, in some way, on the presence of native vegetation. For three groups of species defined by specific patterns of habitat use (bushland birds), there were sufficient data to show that species occurrences declined as the landscape changed from variegated …
Comparison Of Epididymal And Ejaculated Sperm Collected From The Same Holstein Bulls, Michael A. Stout
Comparison Of Epididymal And Ejaculated Sperm Collected From The Same Holstein Bulls, Michael A. Stout
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Salvaging of epididymal sperm from injured or deceased animals allows for the propagation of favorable traits from endangered or genetically superior males. Techniques developed in domestic species can also serve as the foundation for the collection, cryopreservation and utilization of epididymal sperm in exotic breeds. The need to preserve and utilize epididymal sperm, in the most efficient manner, is of the utmost importance. In a series of experiments, ejaculated and epididymal sperm from the same four mature, fertile, Holstein bulls were collected, cryopreserved, cultured and used for in vitro fertilization. In Experiment I, epididymal sperm was found to have higher …
Brooding, Provisioning, And Compensatory Care In The Cooperatively Breeding Acorn Woodpecker, Walter D. Koenig, Eric L. Walters
Brooding, Provisioning, And Compensatory Care In The Cooperatively Breeding Acorn Woodpecker, Walter D. Koenig, Eric L. Walters
Biological Sciences Faculty Publications
We analyzed reproductive investment in parental care (brooding and the provisioning of nestlings) in the acorn woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus), a cooperatively breeding species in which both polygynandry and helping-at-the-nest are common. As predicted based on the strategies pursued by birds of different sex and status, breeders generally invested more in parental care than helpers, and breeder females invested more than breeder males. Contrary to expectations, however, the degree to which individuals reduced their effort with increasing group size (i.e., patterns of load lightening or compensatory care) did not match overall investment. Instead, as group size increased, there was …
Systematics Of Leptopelis (Anura: Arthroleptidae) From The Itombwe Plateau, Eastern Democratic Republic Of The Congo, Francisco Portillo
Systematics Of Leptopelis (Anura: Arthroleptidae) From The Itombwe Plateau, Eastern Democratic Republic Of The Congo, Francisco Portillo
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
Leptopelis, a genus of Central African treefrogs, includes 51 species that live in tropical forests and savannas. Currently, only two species of Leptopelis are known from the poorly explored Itombwe Plateau in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Itombwe is renowned among conservationists for its rich and endemic amphibian fauna, including: Xenopus itombwensis, Chrysobatrachus cupreonitens, Laurentophryne parkeri, Hyperolius leleupi and at least three species of Arthroleptis. Evolutionary relationships of Itombwe Leptopelis were examined by sequencing two mitochondrial genes (16S: 557 bp [base pairs], cyt b: 620 bp) and one nuclear gene (RAG1: 761 bp). Results recovered strong support for …
Revision Of Graecoanatolica (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) Species In Turkey, Ümi̇t Kebapçi, Seval Bahadir Koca, Mehmet Zeki̇ Yildirim
Revision Of Graecoanatolica (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) Species In Turkey, Ümi̇t Kebapçi, Seval Bahadir Koca, Mehmet Zeki̇ Yildirim
Turkish Journal of Zoology
Graecoanatolica Radoman, 1973 is a remarkable genus of Hydrobiidae, recognized with its disjunct distribution between Macedonia, Greece (Thessaly), and Turkey (Lakes Region). However, the current distribution of the genus is restricted to Turkey, as the 2 Balkan species have been declared extinct. In this study, a taxonomic revision of the Graecoanatolica species in Turkey is presented. Among 6 previously recognized species, G. conica Radoman, 1973 and G. brevis Radoman, 1973 from the provinces of Denizli and Burdur are determined to be extinct. G. anatolica (Schütt, 1965) comb. nov. is transferred to the genus and G. dinarica sp. nov. is described …
Sponge (Porifera) Species From The Mediterranean Coast Of Turkey (Levantine Sea, Eastern Mediterranean), With A Checklist Of Sponges From The Coasts Of Turkey, Alper Evcen, Meli̇h Ertan Çinar
Sponge (Porifera) Species From The Mediterranean Coast Of Turkey (Levantine Sea, Eastern Mediterranean), With A Checklist Of Sponges From The Coasts Of Turkey, Alper Evcen, Meli̇h Ertan Çinar
Turkish Journal of Zoology
The present study deals with sponge species collected along the Mediterranean coast of Turkey in 2005. A total of 29 species belonging to 19 families were encountered, of which Phorbas plumosus is a new record for the eastern Mediterranean, 8 species are new records for the marine fauna of Turkey (Clathrina clathrus, Spirastrella cunctatrix, Desmacella inornata, Phorbas plumosus, Hymerhabdia intermedia, Haliclona fulva, Petrosia vansoesti, and Ircinia dendroides), and 19 species are new records for the Levantine Sea (C. clathrus, Sycon raphanus, Erylus discophorus, Alectona millari, Cliona celata, Diplastrella bistellata, Mycale contareni, Mycale cf. rotalis, Mycale lingua, D. inornata, P. plumosus, …
Larval Parasitoids And Larval Diseases Of Malacosoma Neustria L. (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) Detected In Erzurum Province, Turkey, Hi̇kmet Özbek, Sali̇ha Çoruh
Larval Parasitoids And Larval Diseases Of Malacosoma Neustria L. (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) Detected In Erzurum Province, Turkey, Hi̇kmet Özbek, Sali̇ha Çoruh
Turkish Journal of Zoology
The larval parasitoids and larval diseases of Malacosoma neustria (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) in various host plants were investigated in Erzurum Province, Turkey, during 2004 and 2005. The larval parasitoids were reared in a laboratory, and a total of 29 parasitoid species were established in association with the larvae of M. neustria in the families Tachinidae (Diptera), Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, and Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Of the 6 tachinid parasitoids, Pales pavida (Meigen) was the most prevalent species and accounted for 25% of the tachinid records. Among the tachinids, there were 2 new records for the Turkish fauna: Exorista amoena Mesnil and Palesisa nudioculata …
First Record Of Eudiaptomus Gracilis (G.O. Sars, 1863) (Copepoda: Diaptomida) In The Inland Waters Of Turkey, Ahmet Bozkurt, Şenol Akin
First Record Of Eudiaptomus Gracilis (G.O. Sars, 1863) (Copepoda: Diaptomida) In The Inland Waters Of Turkey, Ahmet Bozkurt, Şenol Akin
Turkish Journal of Zoology
The Calanoid copepod Eudiaptomus gracilis (G.O. Sars, 1863) is recorded from Turkish inland waters for the first time. Males and females of Eudiaptomus gracilis were consistently found during 6 sampling periods in the Yeşilırmak River. The species was collected from the Yeşilırmak River and Suat Uğurlu and Hasan Uğurlu dam lakes in the Black Sea region and detailed descriptions of both sexes are given.
A New Water Mite Species (Hydrachnidia: Aturidae) From Turkey: Barbaxonella Taurusensis Sp. Nov., Yunus Ömer Boyaci, Pinar Gülle, Hakan Di̇di̇nen
A New Water Mite Species (Hydrachnidia: Aturidae) From Turkey: Barbaxonella Taurusensis Sp. Nov., Yunus Ömer Boyaci, Pinar Gülle, Hakan Di̇di̇nen
Turkish Journal of Zoology
Barbaxonella taurusensis n. sp. is described and a list of species of the water mite family Aturidae Thor, 1900 from Turkey is given. Barbaxonella taurusensis n. sp. is the second species of genus Barbaxonella Lundblad, 1954 recorded from Turkey.
Structure And Chemical Analysis Of The Metathoracic Scent Glands Of Carpocoris Fuscispinus (Boheman, 1851) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) From Turkey, Di̇lek Durak, Yusuf Kalender
Structure And Chemical Analysis Of The Metathoracic Scent Glands Of Carpocoris Fuscispinus (Boheman, 1851) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) From Turkey, Di̇lek Durak, Yusuf Kalender
Turkish Journal of Zoology
Metathoracic scent glands (MTGs) of Carpocoris fuscispinus (Boheman, 1851) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) were studied in adult females and males. Structures of the glands were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, and the volatile fraction was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. MTGs of C. fuscispinus have many features in common: a large, median reservoir and paired lateral glands opening laterally at each anterior margin forming evaporation areas composed of mushroom-like structures, which are diagnostic for species-level taxonomy. In the MTGs of C. fuscispinus, 24 and 21 compounds were detected in females and males, respectively. Most of the chemical compounds are qualitatively similar in …
A New Freshwater Amphipod Species, Gammarus Obruki Sp. Nov., From Turkey (Amphipoda: Gammaridae), Murat Özbek
A New Freshwater Amphipod Species, Gammarus Obruki Sp. Nov., From Turkey (Amphipoda: Gammaridae), Murat Özbek
Turkish Journal of Zoology
A new species of freshwater amphipod, Gammarus obruki sp. nov., collected from İnderesi Cave, Bartın Province, Turkey, is described and illustrated. The new species belongs to the Gammarus pulex group. The most discriminant characters of this species are the presence of prolonged extremities, a very long antenna 1 (up to 52 segmented flagellum), densely setose fifth peduncle and flagellar segments of antenna 2, and a fourth peduncle segment that has no long setae. A detailed morphological description and illustrations of the new species are provided and differences from related species are discussed.
Redescription Of Mesobuthus Vesiculatus (Pocock, 1899) (Scorpiones: Buthidae) Based On Specimens From Iran, Ayşegül Karataş, Muhammed Mouradi Gharkheloo
Redescription Of Mesobuthus Vesiculatus (Pocock, 1899) (Scorpiones: Buthidae) Based On Specimens From Iran, Ayşegül Karataş, Muhammed Mouradi Gharkheloo
Turkish Journal of Zoology
The scorpion Mesobuthus vesiculatus (Pocock, 1899) was briefly described from northwestern Iran based on only one male with a picture indicating the dorsal habitus of the holotype; the author pointed out that it has a large and globular telson with a short aculeus. This species, with very distinct morphological features, is now redescribed based on new specimens (3 males, 3 females) collected from West Azerbaijan and East Azerbaijan (Iran). Detailed figures and measurements are presented and the trichobotrial pattern and paraxial organ are illustrated for the first time. The morphological differences of M. vesiculatus from similar species M. caucasicus, M. …
Two New Mite Species Of The Genus Stigmaeus (Acari: Stigmaeidae) From Turkey, Güldem Dönel, Sali̇h Doğan, Sevgi̇ Sevsay, Durmuş Ali̇ Bal
Two New Mite Species Of The Genus Stigmaeus (Acari: Stigmaeidae) From Turkey, Güldem Dönel, Sali̇h Doğan, Sevgi̇ Sevsay, Durmuş Ali̇ Bal
Turkish Journal of Zoology
Two new mite species of the genus Stigmaeus from Turkey, S. tokatensis sp. nov. and S. amasyanus sp. nov., are described and illustrated based on females. A key to all known Turkish species of the genus is included.
A Checklist Of Turkish Rotifers, Mustafa Ruşen Ustaoğlu, Ahmet Altindağ, Murat Kaya, Nuray Akbulut, Ahmet Bozkurt, Di̇dem Özdemi̇r Mi̇s, Si̇bel Atasağun, Sevi̇l Erdoğan, Aysel Bekleyen, Serap Saler, Hacer Canan Okgerman
A Checklist Of Turkish Rotifers, Mustafa Ruşen Ustaoğlu, Ahmet Altindağ, Murat Kaya, Nuray Akbulut, Ahmet Bozkurt, Di̇dem Özdemi̇r Mi̇s, Si̇bel Atasağun, Sevi̇l Erdoğan, Aysel Bekleyen, Serap Saler, Hacer Canan Okgerman
Turkish Journal of Zoology
In a book chapter containing the first checklist and distribution of Turkish rotifers, published in 1999, were listed 167 taxa. The second checklist, published in 2004, reported 229 rotifer taxa in Turkey. During the 7 years since this checklist process, many studies have been carried out and we have prepared a new checklist of Turkish rotifers in the present study. In all, 341 rotifer taxa have been recorded to date.
Additional Records Of Gerromorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) And Redescription Of Rhagovelia Nigricans Nigricans (Burmeister, 1835) From Anatolia (Turkey), Ahmet Dursun
Turkish Journal of Zoology
In this study, 1210 adult specimens of the infraorder Gerromorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) were collected from 47 different localities in eastern Anatolia, the Black Sea region, Kelkit Valley, and Hatay from 2006 to 2010, and the unpublished materials studied were collected from different parts of Turkey by Seidenstücker, Wellschmied, Demel, and Heinzl, and deposited in the Zoologische Staatssammlung München. In this study, 6 genera of 4 families and 15 species were recorded. Of those, 13 were new records for the research areas. Furthermore, Gerris lacustris (Linnaeus, 1758), Gerris thoracicus Schummel, 1832, Gerris asper (Fieber, 1860), and Gerris caucasicus Kanyukova, 1982 were …
Thysanoptera Fauna Of The Aegean Region, Turkey, In The Spring, İrfan Tunç, Şeri̇fe Ünal Bahşi̇, Hüseyi̇n Göçmen
Thysanoptera Fauna Of The Aegean Region, Turkey, In The Spring, İrfan Tunç, Şeri̇fe Ünal Bahşi̇, Hüseyi̇n Göçmen
Turkish Journal of Zoology
The Thysanoptera fauna of the Aegean region of Turkey was studied in the spring of 1993 and 1995. The surveys were conducted in the following provinces: Afyonkarahisar, Aydın, Denizli, İzmir, Manisa, Muğla, and Uşak. A total of 2899 specimens from 405 samples were examined. The study revealed 82 Thysanoptera species, which included new records for the region and Turkey. One genus, Prosopothrips Uzel, and 3 species, Oxythrips halidayi Bagnall, Prosopothrips nigriceps Bagnall, and Rubiothrips validus (Karny), are new records for Turkish fauna. The most common and abundant species (represented with the number of samples-specimens) were Thrips meridionalis (Priesner) (102-481), Thrips …
Scale Insect (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) Species On Pine Trees Of Turkey, Selma Ülgentürk, Nevzat Evren, Bi̇kem Ayhan, Özlem Dostbi̇l, Oktay Dursun, Hasan Sungur Ci̇velek
Scale Insect (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) Species On Pine Trees Of Turkey, Selma Ülgentürk, Nevzat Evren, Bi̇kem Ayhan, Özlem Dostbi̇l, Oktay Dursun, Hasan Sungur Ci̇velek
Turkish Journal of Zoology
Coccoidea species on pine trees (Pinus brutia, P. halepensis, and P. pinea) were collected from natural pine forests, mainly in the Aegean, Mediterranean, and some neighboring (Central Anatolian, Marmara) regions of Turkey in 2008-2011. A total of 14 species were determined from Coccidae (2 species), Diaspididae (8 species) Marchalinidae (1 species), Matsucoccidae (1 species), Monophlebidae (1 species), and Pseudococcidae (1 species), and 2 of them (Gomezmenoraspis pinicola Leonardi and Poaspis intermedia Goux) are new records for Turkish fauna. While the most common pests were respectively Leucaspis pusilla Löw, Marchalina hellenica Gennadius, Matsucoccus josephi (Bodenheimer and Harpaz), G. pinicola, and Palaeococcus …
Assessment Of Chromium Toxicity In Cyprinus Carpio Through Hematological And Biochemical Blood Markers, Tayybah Shaheen, Tanveer Akhtar
Assessment Of Chromium Toxicity In Cyprinus Carpio Through Hematological And Biochemical Blood Markers, Tayybah Shaheen, Tanveer Akhtar
Turkish Journal of Zoology
Static renewal exposure of various sublethal concentrations of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] produced a deleterious effect on some hematological and biochemical parameters of Cyprinus carpio with the increase in concentration of metal. C. carpio breeders (W = 500 ± 9.5 g; L = 25.60 ± 2.6 cm) were randomly divided into the control group (n = 33) and treated group (n = 198), with 11 breeders/tank (8.84 m3). The groups were distributed into tanks containing 1 of 7 sublethal concentrations of Cr(VI) (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 mg/L), with 3 replicates per concentration for 6 months. Monthly Cr(VI) …