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Full-Text Articles in Animal Sciences
Patterns Of Drinking Water Use In Pork Production Facilities, Mike Brumm
Patterns Of Drinking Water Use In Pork Production Facilities, Mike Brumm
Nebraska Swine Reports
The amount of drinking water needed daily by the pig depends on numerous influences, including temperature, diet, stage of production and health. Within a 24-hour period under thermal-neutral conditions, grow-finish and gestating swine demonstrate a peak in water usage in late afternoon while lactating females consume water more consistently throughout the day. In times of heat stress, grow-finish pigs alter their water usage pattern with a peak between 8 to 9 a.m. and second peak around 5 to 8 p.m. Daily drinking water needs for pigs range from less than 0.5 gal/pig/day for newly weaned pigs to greater than 1.5 …
Regulation Of Pituitary Gene Expression In Lines Of Swine With Different Ovulation Rates, Benjamin Bass, Rebecca Cederberg, Ginger Mills, Brett R. White
Regulation Of Pituitary Gene Expression In Lines Of Swine With Different Ovulation Rates, Benjamin Bass, Rebecca Cederberg, Ginger Mills, Brett R. White
Nebraska Swine Reports
Litter size plays a major role in the economics of pork production. Even modest increases in average litter size can have considerable effects on overall profitability. Two major components of litter size – ovulation rate and embryonic survival – have been used in a selection index project ongoing for several generations at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln (UNL). Additionally, the Chinese Meishan breed is one of the most prolific breeds, producing four to five more pigs per litter than white crossbred females. We investigated the role of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor and gonadotropin subunit genes in determination of ovulation rate …
Impact Of Repeated Out-Of-Feed Events And Fineness Of Grind On Grow-Finish Performance, Mike Brumm, Sheryl Colgan
Impact Of Repeated Out-Of-Feed Events And Fineness Of Grind On Grow-Finish Performance, Mike Brumm, Sheryl Colgan
Nebraska Swine Reports
Out-of-feed events are a growing problem in nursery and grow-finish facilities due to issues associated with feed delivery to bulk bins and bridging of feed in bulk bins. Reports of bridging are increasing as producers continue to reduce the fineness of grind for complete diets in order to improve feed conversion. A study was conducted to examine the effect of repeated out-of-feed events and diet particle size on barrow performance in a wean-to-finish facility beginning six weeks after weaning. Corn-soybean meal based diets were either coarse (1,266 microns) or medium ground (1,019 microns) for the duration of the experiment. Within …
Effects Of Feeding Increased Levels Of Vitamin B12 To Weanling Pigs, Laura Albrecht, Robert Fischer, Phillip S. Miller
Effects Of Feeding Increased Levels Of Vitamin B12 To Weanling Pigs, Laura Albrecht, Robert Fischer, Phillip S. Miller
Nebraska Swine Reports
Increasing concentrations of vitamin B12 were fed to 144 weanling pigs (weaned 13-14 days) in two, five-week trials. Pigs were fed one of six diets: NC, negative control, basal diet without supplemented vitamin B12; or the basal diet with the inclusion of 100% (1X, 7.94 μg/lb), 200% (2X, 15.87 μg/lb), 400% (4X, 31.75 μg/lb), 800% (8X, 63.49 μg/lb), or 1,600% (16X, 126.98 μg/lb) of NRC requirements for the 11- to 22-lb pig. Each trial was divided into two phases: phase 1, day 0 - day 14 and phase 2, day 14 - day 35. Throughout phase 1, …
Effect Of Increasing Dietary Crude Protein Concentration On Growth Performance And Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Concentration In Barrows And Gilts, Robert Fischer, Phillip S. Miller
Effect Of Increasing Dietary Crude Protein Concentration On Growth Performance And Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Concentration In Barrows And Gilts, Robert Fischer, Phillip S. Miller
Nebraska Swine Reports
A study was conducted to investigate the effects of increasing dietary protein intake on growth performance, carcass composition and serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentration in growing-finishing barrows and gilts. Seventy crossbred pigs (35 barrows and 35 gilts) with an initial body weight of 75.1 lb were used in a 26-day growth study. The pigs were allocated randomly to one of four dietary treatments. The diets were standard corn soybean meal diets, which were formulated to contain 10, 14, 18, or 22% crude protein by changing the ratio of corn to soybean meal in the diet. At the termination of …
Development Of A Ncr-42 Vitamin-Trace Mineral Mix, Laura R. Albrecht, Robert L. Fischer, Phillip S. Miller
Development Of A Ncr-42 Vitamin-Trace Mineral Mix, Laura R. Albrecht, Robert L. Fischer, Phillip S. Miller
Nebraska Swine Reports
A vitamin-trace mineral mix (NCR-42 VTMM) and a vitamin B-safety pak (biotin, choline, folacin, thiamin and vitamin B6) were formulated as possible common sources of nutrients for cooperative projects for the NCR-42 (North Central Regional) committee on swine nutrition. The adequacy of the NCR-42 VTMM and the vitamin B-safety pak were evaluated in a four-week growth trial with weanling pigs. The pigs (weaned 18-23d) were fed one of six diets: 1) NC, negative control, a common nursery diet with vitamins at minimum levels (VTMM OX); 2) treatment 1, a common nursery diet with VTMM vitamins at 100% of …
Rapid Methods To Predict Lean Quality Attributes In Pork, Chris R. Calkins, Tony W. Holthaus, Roger C. Johnson, Kent M. Eskridge, Eric P. Berg
Rapid Methods To Predict Lean Quality Attributes In Pork, Chris R. Calkins, Tony W. Holthaus, Roger C. Johnson, Kent M. Eskridge, Eric P. Berg
Nebraska Swine Reports
Meat quality has a significant impact on the value of pork. This research was conducted to determine if measures taken within the first 24 hours after harvest could be used to predict final meat quality in the domestic and export market. Measurements of loin pH, electrical impedance, and light reflectance were taken at the last rib 22 hours postmortem on 604 pigs in a commercial meat plant. One loin from each carcass was stored for 21 or 42 days to simulate domestic or export handling and shipping. At the conclusion of the storage time, pork color and loin purge were …
Teeth Clipping — Have You Tried To Quit?, Duane Reese, Barbara E. Straw
Teeth Clipping — Have You Tried To Quit?, Duane Reese, Barbara E. Straw
Nebraska Swine Reports
Results from several experiments were reviewed to collect information on the value of piglet “needle-teeth” clipping. The incidence of facial and udder lesions generally is increased when teeth are left intact. However, there is no evidence that these lesions affect piglet mortality or weaning weight. Thus, based on the conditions of these experiments, there is no strong justification for teeth clipping. Many producers have abandoned teeth clipping. Besides saving labor, they report having fewer poor doing piglets and joint infections that can result from teeth clipping. Some producers have tried to stop clipping, but because of greasy pig disease problems …
Shoulder Ulcers In Sows, Duane Reese, Barbara E. Straw, Jess M. Waddell
Shoulder Ulcers In Sows, Duane Reese, Barbara E. Straw, Jess M. Waddell
Nebraska Swine Reports
A literature review was conducted on shoulder ulcers in sows. Shoulder ulcers are caused by pressure that the shoulder blade exerts against tissues that overlie it. Those issues lose blood supply and die. Because the pressure is directed outward, tissue damage occurs before the ulcer is evident on the skin surface. Ulcer prevalence is highly variable; 0 to more than 20% of the sows in 218 herds evaluated had shoulder ulcers. Ulcers usually develop during late gestation and early lactation and many heal shortly after weaning. Numerous risk factors for developing shoulder ulcers have been identified. Inactivity and thin sow …
Nebraska Swine Report 2005, Duane Reese
Nebraska Swine Report 2005, Duane Reese
Nebraska Swine Reports
Health: PRRSV Negative Herds: A Survival Analysis. Production Management: Shoulder Ulcers in Sows; Out-of-Feed Events in Grow-Finish Pigs: Causes and Consequences ; Teeth Clipping — Have You Tried to Quit? Nutrition: Research Proposal Summary: Effects of Nutrition During Gilt Development on Sow Lifetime; Productivity of Two Prolific Maternal Lines ; Effect of Increasing Dietary Crude Protein Concentration on Growth Performance and Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Concentration in Barrows and Gilts ; Development of a NCR-42 Vitamin-Trace Mineral Mix Genetics: Incidence and Inheritance of Splayleg in Nebraska Litter Size Selection Lines Business Management: How Big is “Big Enough” to Make a …
Heating Systems For Wean-To-Finish Facilities, Mike Brumm, Sheryl Colgan, Richard R. Stowell
Heating Systems For Wean-To-Finish Facilities, Mike Brumm, Sheryl Colgan, Richard R. Stowell
Nebraska Swine Reports
Research was conducted to assess the effects of the type of zone heater and floor mat used in a wean-to-finish facility on pig performance and operating cost. Gas-fired brooder heaters were compared to 250W heat lamps and farm-cut wood sheathing was compared to commercial (unheated) rubber floor mats for a 21-day post-weaning period. There was no effect of heating system or mat type on pig performance, either during the 21- day period immediately post-weaning or to slaughter. Black globe temperatures near the pig zone were slightly higher for the propane-fired heaters compared to the heat lamps, most likely due to …
Out-Of-Feed Events In Grow-Finish Pigs: Causes And Consequences, Mike Brumm, Brian Richert, Jeremy Marchant-Forde, Ruth Marchant-Forde
Out-Of-Feed Events In Grow-Finish Pigs: Causes And Consequences, Mike Brumm, Brian Richert, Jeremy Marchant-Forde, Ruth Marchant-Forde
Nebraska Swine Reports
In theory, bulk bins and automated feed delivery systems assure an uninterrupted flow of feed to the feeder in swine grow-finish facilities. In practice, growing-finishing pigs have varying disruptions in feed availability, some of which may have serious consequences. While every swine grow-finish facility has occasional disruptions due to mechanical failures in the feed delivery system, there are additional disruptions due to human errors associated with keeping feed in the bulk bin and feed bridging associated with feed removal from the bin. Out-of-feed events are a known cause of ulcers in pigs and are suspected of being associated with increased …
Does Insulin And Leucine Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis?, Brad Creamer, Jason Scheffler, Steven J. Jones
Does Insulin And Leucine Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis?, Brad Creamer, Jason Scheffler, Steven J. Jones
Nebraska Swine Reports
Improvement of protein synthesis in muscle will greatly enhance the production of lean pork. This improvement can be traced to changes at the cellular level. The object of this study was to identify the effects of insulin and the branched chain amino acid, leucine on the extent and rate that messenger RNA (mRNA) is translated into protein. Porcine satellite cells were isolated from a 30 lb pig and cultured. The cultured cells were treated with varying levels of insulin and leucine. Increasing levels of insulin and leucine caused an increase in ribosomes, the organelles responsible for synthesis, only after leucine …
Explanation Of Statistics Used In This Report
Explanation Of Statistics Used In This Report
Nebraska Swine Reports
Pigs treated alike vary in performance due to their different genetic makeup and to environmental effect we cannot completely control. When a group of pigs is randomly allotted to treatments it is nearly impossible to get an “equal” group of pigs on each treatment. The natural variability among pigs and the number of pigs per treatment determine the expected variation among treatment groups due to random sampling.
Incidence And Inheritance Of Splayleg In Nebraska Litter Size Selection Lines, Justin W. Holl, Rodger K. Johnson
Incidence And Inheritance Of Splayleg In Nebraska Litter Size Selection Lines, Justin W. Holl, Rodger K. Johnson
Nebraska Swine Reports
Incidence of abnormalities at birth is low in most populations, but accounts for a significant proportion of preweaning deaths. Splayleg pigs (SL) is the most common defect in newborn pigs and a high percentage of SL pigs die before weaning. In research at other institutions, SL incidence was associated with the Landrace breed and with large litters; however, a genetic association with litter size was not demonstrated. The University of Nebraska selection lines originated from a Landrace-Large White composite population and have been selected for 22 generations for increased litter size. These lines provided an excellent resource for the objectives …
Research Proposal Summary: Effects Of Nutrition During Gilt Development On Sow Lifetime Productivity Of Two Prolific Maternal Lines, Rodger K. Johnson, Phillip S. Miller
Research Proposal Summary: Effects Of Nutrition During Gilt Development On Sow Lifetime Productivity Of Two Prolific Maternal Lines, Rodger K. Johnson, Phillip S. Miller
Nebraska Swine Reports
A four-parity study is proposed to examine the effects of nutritional manipulation during gilt development on subsequent sow performance. Gilts will be selected from two genetic lines that are highly prolific, but differ in rate and composition of growth. During the development period (45 to 250 lb), gilts will be provided either; i) ad libitum access to feed, or ii) ad libitum access to feed until 120 days of age (180 lb) and 75% of ad libitum feed intake thereafter (until first post-pubertal estrus). Sow and litter performance criteria will be examined. In addition, the economics of sow productivity and …
Prrsv Negative Herds: A Survival Analysis, Locke Karriker, Ruby Destajo
Prrsv Negative Herds: A Survival Analysis, Locke Karriker, Ruby Destajo
Nebraska Swine Reports
Despite a significant body of research, interventions for PRRSV infection remain elusive. Traditional approaches to managing the risk of diseases have not been successful in many cases of PRRSV infection. While elimination of the virus from farms is possible, it is not without cost and re-infection is common. This survey sought to quantify the expected duration of PRRSV negative status on farms that were repopulated with PRRSV negative animals or had undergone a PRRSV elimination program. Results of 96 cases reveals a range of <1 to 312+ weeks duration of negative status. A survival analysis of 84 farms revealed a probability of surviving with negative status for two full years of 58.3% with a standard error of 11.5%. The probability of survival through 4 years was 42% with a standard error of 16%. A greater percentage of farms that were reinfected shared resources such as equipment, personnel, and/or vehicles with known positive farms. Positive farms also had a relatively shorter average distance to known positive farms than those remaining negative. The results of this study indicate that PRRSV-negative farms are not very likely to remain negative for a long duration given current technologies. Longer survival of negative status appears to be associated with greater distance from known positive farms and stricter biosecurity. Sharing of equipment and other resources as well as a closer distance to other farms should be considered risk factors that can lessen the probability of farms maintaining negative status.
How Big Is “Big Enough” To Make A Living In Pork Production?, Allen Prosch
How Big Is “Big Enough” To Make A Living In Pork Production?, Allen Prosch
Nebraska Swine Reports
The size of pork production units in Nebraska increased dramatically from 1989 to 2002. In 1989, producers who marketed less than 1,000 hogs per year held 61% of Nebraska’s hog inventory. By 2002, only 23% of Nebraska’s hogs were held by those producers. Many decisions affect the size of a swine production unit. Basic to any decisions on size is whether the enterprise is profitable and can provide a reasonable living to those owning and working in the unit. Data from the Nebraska Swine Enterprise and Records Analysis program suggests that Nebraska farrow-to-finish producers needed to increase the size of …
2004 Nebraska Swine Report
Nebraska Swine Reports
Contents
Nutrition
Body Composition, Protein Deposition, and Efficiency of Lysine Utilization of Growing Pigs Fed Crystalline or Protein-Bound Lysine
Dietary Antimicrobials in a Wean-to-Finish Facility
Update on Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Litter Size in Swine
Effects of Sow Dietary Glutamine Supplementation on Sow and Litter Performance, Subsequent Weanling Pig Performance, and Intestinal Development after an Immune Challenge
Energy and Nitrogen Utilization of Corn Rootworm Protected Corn (Event MON 863) and Similar Non-Transgenic Corn in Young Pigs
Effect of Increasing Dietary Crude Protein Concentration on Growth Performance and Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Concentration
Genetics
Different Biological Responses of Pigs of Two …
Update On Omega-3 Fatty Acids And Litter Size In Swine, Duane Reese
Update On Omega-3 Fatty Acids And Litter Size In Swine, Duane Reese
Nebraska Swine Reports
A literature review was conducted to examine the role that dietary omega- 3 fatty acids may have in improving litter size in swine. Omega-3 fatty acids are not normally present to any great extent in practical swine diets, but they are increasingly believed to be important in human and pet health. In all but one of the studies reviewed the number of pigs born alive improved (0.2 to 0.7 pigs litter) when sows were provided diets that contained more omega-3 fatty acids. In all the studies that reported litter size at weaning, positive responses were observed (0.3 to 1.3 pigs/litter) …
Dietary Antimicrobials In A Wean-To-Finish Facility, Mike Brumm
Dietary Antimicrobials In A Wean-To-Finish Facility, Mike Brumm
Nebraska Swine Reports
The routine use of growth-promoting antimicrobial feed additives is under increasing pressure worldwide. In response to this pressure, it is important that producers and their advisors understand under what circumstances these additives are likely to be effective or ineffective, allowing for improved decisions regarding their use. An experiment was conducted to examine the routine use of antimicrobial feed additives in a wean-to-finish facility. The weaned pigs used in this experiment were purchased from a source where grow-finish pigs were positive for PRRSV, circovirus-2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and had a previous history of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) related problems. Experimental treatments were …
Livestock Friendly Counties Statute Enacted, J. David Aiken
Livestock Friendly Counties Statute Enacted, J. David Aiken
Nebraska Swine Reports
LB754, adopted in 2003, (1) allows the Nebraska Department of Agriculture to designate counties as livestock friendly and (2) changes procedures for county livestock zoning permits. Counties must upon request specify what an applicant must do in order to obtain a livestock zoning permit. Counties must provide written statements regarding why a livestock zoning permit is granted or denied. Applicants can upon request be informed of whether they will receive a county zoning permit before applying to the Nebraska Department of Environmental Control for a livestock waste control facility permit. LB754 is the latest (but not the final) chapter in …
Nebraska Supreme Court Rules City Can Regulate Animal Feeding Operation, J. David Aiken
Nebraska Supreme Court Rules City Can Regulate Animal Feeding Operation, J. David Aiken
Nebraska Swine Reports
Nebraska statutes authorize second class cities and villages to adopt regulations protecting municipal water supplies from pollution within 15 miles of their community borders. Livestock facility regulations implemented by the second class city of Alma that were stricter than those of the Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality were upheld by the Nebraska Supreme Court. However, similar municipal regulations may be vulnerable to future legal attacks.
Energy And Nitrogen Utilization Of Corn Rootworm Protected Corn (Event Mon 863) And Similar Non-Transgenic Corn In Young Pigs, Robert L. Fischer, Phillip S. Miller
Energy And Nitrogen Utilization Of Corn Rootworm Protected Corn (Event Mon 863) And Similar Non-Transgenic Corn In Young Pigs, Robert L. Fischer, Phillip S. Miller
Nebraska Swine Reports
This experiment was conducted to compare the nutritional value, measured by digestible and metabolizable energy, and nitrogen digestibility in young pigs fed either corn rootworm protected test corn (event MON 863, RX740CRW) or a genetically similar non-transgenic control corn (RX740). The experiment used 12 barrows with an initial body weight of 74.5 lb. The pigs were housed individually in stainless steel metabolism crates and were randomly allotted to one of two corn treatments, either corn rootworm protected corn or non-transgenic control corn. Diets were formulated to contain 97.5% of test or control corn and 2.5% minerals and vitamins. The duration …
Major Genes Affect Reproduction And Early Growth, Rodger K. Johnson, J. W. Holl
Major Genes Affect Reproduction And Early Growth, Rodger K. Johnson, J. W. Holl
Nebraska Swine Reports
The Nebraska Index Line is reproductively superior to its contemporary control, producing approximately four pigs more per litter. However, the genes or quantitative trait loci (QTL) that cause these differences are unknown. A previous study with an F2 resource population created by crossing the NE Index and Control lines identified one QTL affecting ovulation rate, one QTL affecting number of fully formed fetuses, one QTL affecting number of pigs born alive, two QTL affecting number of stillborn pigs, five QTL affecting nipple number, and six QTL affecting age at puberty. However, individual birth weight and weaning weight had not been …
Different Biological Responses Of Pigs Of Two Genetic Populations To Prrsv Challenge Suggests Underlying Genetic Variation In Susceptibility/Resistance To Prrsv, Derek B. Petry, Justin W. Holl, John Weber, Rodger K. Johnson, Alan R. Doster, Fernando Osario
Different Biological Responses Of Pigs Of Two Genetic Populations To Prrsv Challenge Suggests Underlying Genetic Variation In Susceptibility/Resistance To Prrsv, Derek B. Petry, Justin W. Holl, John Weber, Rodger K. Johnson, Alan R. Doster, Fernando Osario
Nebraska Swine Reports
The objective was to determine whether genetic variation in susceptibility to Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome virus (PRRSV) exists. One hundred pigs from each of two distinctly different populations (NE Index Line, I, and Duroc-Hampshire cross pigs, DH) were challenged with PRRSV at 26 days old. A littermate to each challenged pig was included in the experiment without PRRSV challenge to serve as a control. Body weight and temperature were recorded and blood samples were drawn from all pigs on the day of challenge and 4, 7 and 14 days post-challenge. All pigs were sacrificed and a necropsy was performed …
Property Valuation May Be Reduced By Proximity To Livestock Operation, J. David Aiken
Property Valuation May Be Reduced By Proximity To Livestock Operation, J. David Aiken
Nebraska Swine Reports
Livestock odors must be taken into account when counties determine the fair market value of rural residences for property tax purposes. Livestock odors may reduce property values and property valuation. Such reductions may lead to legal nuisance liability claims against livestock producers who are not protected by the Nebraska Right to Farm Act, and may also become a factor in livestock facility zoning decisions.
Where Can I Build Or Expand A Livestock Operation? A Case Study Of Cuming County, Nebraska, Christopher G. Henry, Jeff Arnold
Where Can I Build Or Expand A Livestock Operation? A Case Study Of Cuming County, Nebraska, Christopher G. Henry, Jeff Arnold
Nebraska Swine Reports
The impacts that setback distances of 1/4, 3/8, 1/2, 3/4, and 1 mile would have on the land area available to the livestock industry for expansion in Cuming County, Neb. were estimated using a geographic information system and the current county zoning requirements. These setbacks seem to be typical of distances cited in many county zoning regulations. Setback distances greater than 3/8 of a mile appear to be very exclusive to expansion of the livestock industry in Cuming County. Reciprocal setbacks that apply to new housing construction do not appear to be restrictive. It is expected that other Nebraska counties …
Body Composition, Protein Deposition, And Efficiency Of Lysine Utilization Of Growing Pigs Fed Crystalline Or Protein-Bound Lysine, Janeth J. Colina, Phillip S. Miller, Robert L. Fischer, Ruth M. Diedrichsen
Body Composition, Protein Deposition, And Efficiency Of Lysine Utilization Of Growing Pigs Fed Crystalline Or Protein-Bound Lysine, Janeth J. Colina, Phillip S. Miller, Robert L. Fischer, Ruth M. Diedrichsen
Nebraska Swine Reports
Two 4-week experiments were conducted to determine body composition and lysine utilization for protein deposition (PD) in barrows and gilts. Thirty-two growing pigs (16 barrows and 16 gilts; average initial body weight of 40.4 lb) were used in each experiment. Pigs were randomly allotted to one of seven dietary treatments. Four pigs (two barrows and two gilts) were killed at the start and the remaining pigs were killed at the end of the experiments to determine body composition. There were two replications per treatment in each experiment for a total of four replications. Dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet …
Role Of The Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (Gnrh) Receptor In Determination Of Ovulation Rate Between Lines Of Swine, Benjamin E. Bass, Ginger A. Mills, Brett R. White
Role Of The Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (Gnrh) Receptor In Determination Of Ovulation Rate Between Lines Of Swine, Benjamin E. Bass, Ginger A. Mills, Brett R. White
Nebraska Swine Reports
Litter size plays a major role in the economics of swine production. Even modest increases in average litter size can have considerable effects on overall profitability. Two major components of litter size, 1) ovulation rate, and 2) embryonic survival, have been used in a selection index project ongoing for several generations at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL). To better understand the mechanisms of one component, ovulation rate, we are investigating the role of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor in determination of this important trait. Although other factors may influence determination of ovulation rate, this receptor has an established physiological importance …