Antitrust and Trade Regulation Commons^™

Odmówić Dostępu Czy Rozebrać Tory? Zakres Doktryny Essential Facilities W Prawie Ue, Mateusz Kaik

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

The purpose of this article is to determine the scope of the essential facilities doctrine for single firm conduct in the area of EU law. The analysis of this issue was carried out using the following methods: dogmatic, comparative and historical. Based on the economic foundations of competition law, a set of boundary conditions for imposing an obligation on the undertaking occupying dominant position to provide facilities in order to protect downstream competition was formulated. This was followed by a review of key decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States on the essential facilities doctrine, which concluded that …

Entire Issue Vol. 14 No. 3

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

Vol 14(3)

Vol. 15(1) - Cały Numer

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

Vol. 15(1)

The Death Of Amateurism: How A Vertical Restructuring Of The Ncaa Could Preserve Its Role As The Governing Body Of Collegiate Athletics, Miles M. Mcdonald

American University Business Law Review

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is struggling to survive as an organizational entity because of near-constant litigation over university and student-athlete rights. As we enter an era of “amateur” sports where student-athletes can earn unrestrained financial compensation for their efforts, the NCAA is struggling to convince stakeholders that it has a worthwhile plan for the everchanging landscape of collegiate athletics. The NCAA retained a purpose as a governing entity when its rules relating to financial inducements and transfer eligibility were enforceable. Now, stakeholders look to separate themselves from the NCAA. To maintain a purpose and survive as the governing …

Ip, At, And Aaas: What Intellectual Property Can Teach Antitrust About The War On Amazon Basics, Kristen Osenga

Law Faculty Publications

Amazon is magical. Search the online marketplace for pretty much anything you can imagine—not to mention all the things you never imagined; you will likely find what you were searching for and be able to have it delivered in two days or less. The magic is not just in Amazon’s vast array of innovative consumer products but also in its providing access to goods that are unavailable locally. An extreme example of Amazon’s ability to supply goods that were not locally available may be found in the pandemic lockdowns of 2020, when neighborhood stores were out of toilet paper and …

Ius Constituendum Pengaturan Ambang Batas Parlemen Berdasarkan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 116/Puu-Xxi/2023, Arsyianti Mega Nanda, Erland Ferdinansyah

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

Pemilu merupakan wujud pelaksanaan kedaulatan rakyat di Indonesia yang menganut sistem presidensial dan multipartai. Namun, banyaknya partai memicu instabilitas koalisi dan melemahkan dukungan terhadap presiden. Untuk mengatasi hal ini diterapkan ambang batas parlemen (Parliamentary Threshold). Putusan MK No. 116/PUU-XXI/2023 menyatakan ambang batas 4% konstitusional untuk Pemilu 2024, namun inkonstitusional untuk Pemilu selanjutnya. Putusan ini menegaskan perlunya ambang batas baru yang tidak hanya menyederhanakan sistem kepartaian, tetapi juga menjamin keadilan suara dan proporsionalitas sesuai prinsip kedaulatan rakyat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan kualitatif-deskriptif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui studi kepustakaan. Kerangka teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi teori …

Analisis Demokrasi Pada Pengisian Jabatan Gubernur Dan Wakil Gubernur Di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Akbar Ardya Putra, Rosita Candrakirana, Andina Elok Puri Maharani

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

The aim of this research is to analyze the implementation of democracy in the process of filling the governor and deputy governor positions in the Yogyakarta Special Region. This is regulated in the Special Areas Act No. 13/2012. The Act stipulates that the candidates for governor can only be the descendants of the Yogyakarta Sultanate and the candidates for deputy governor can be the descendants of the Duchy of Pakualaman. Following these provisions, there are differences between the special region of Yogyakarta and other regions using general elections to fill regional heads. The results of the study show that the …

Digital Constitutionalism: Resistensi Kebebasan Berpendapat Di Indonesia Dalam Hegemoni Algoritma Ruang Digital, Yuniar Prehatini, Linda Noviana Mita Devi

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

Era digital membawa transformasi dalam segala aspek kehidupan. Perkembangan teknologi menghadirkan perkembangan zaman pada sisi positif dan negatif dimana penggunaan ruang digital yang dapat diakses tanpa batasan wilayah. Kebebasan diartikan melalui teknologi dengan adanya akses ruang digital memberikan kemudahan akses kepada siapa pun. Melalui algoritma digital, segala hal baik dari aspek budaya, politik, maupun ekonomi dapat diketahui sehingga hal ini juga dapat menimbulkan keresahan apabila tidak diatur batasan akan keberadaannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian normatif yang fokus pada analisis terhadap norma, asas, doktrin, dan teori hukum yang berkaitan dengan perlindungan hak asasi manusia di ruang digital. Hasil penulisan ini menunjukkan …

Analisis Klausula Choice Of Forum Dalam Kontrak Standar E-Commerce Di Indonesia: Kajian Berdasarkan Perspektif Perlindungan Konsumen, Sarping Saputra

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

This research discusses choice of forum clauses in standard contracts on the five largest e-commerce platforms in Indonesia, namely Shopee, Tokopedia, Lazada, Bukalapak, and Blibli. The clause stipulates the mechanism and location of dispute resolution that automatically binds consumers when using the platform. In practice, these clauses tend to burden consumers, especially regarding access to fair dispute resolution. This research focuses on the compatibility of the choice of forum clause with the principles of consumer protection regulated in the Consumer Protection Law (UUPK). The results reveal that most e-commerce platforms use exclusive forms of choice of forum clauses, such as …

Dekolonisasi Hukum Perdata Indonesia: Kritik Terhadap Warisan Kolonial Dan Implikasinya Terhadap Pembangunan Hukum Berkeadilan, R. Mustar Lofi

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

Hukum perdata Indonesia hingga kini masih berada di bawah bayang-bayang warisan kolonial, terutama melalui keberlakuan Burgerlijk Wetboek (BW) 1848 yang diwarisi dari Belanda. Meskipun berbagai peraturan baru telah diundangkan, fondasi utama hukum perdata belum sepenuhnya lepas dari struktur, nilai, dan cara pandang kolonial. Artikel ini mengkaji secara kritis bagaimana dominasi hukum kolonial masih berpengaruh dalam pembentukan dan penegakan hukum perdata di Indonesia, serta mengapa dekolonisasi menjadi penting dalam pembangunan sistem hukum yang berkeadilan. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan yuridis-normatif dan analisis interdisipliner dari perspektif sosiologis hukum dan filsafat hukum, tulisan ini menelusuri bagaimana warisan hukum kolonial menciptakan ketimpangan, terutama dalam hal akses …

Urgensi Optimalisasi Regulasi Ico Dan Regulatory Sandbox Di Indonesia: Studi Komparatif Malaysia, Singapura, Dan Uea, Arfan Yanayir Akbar Sabillilah

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

Regulasi aset kripto di Indonesia sedang mengalami transisi mendasar menyusul diberlakukannya Undang-Undang Pengembangan dan Penguatan Sektor Keuangan (UU P2SK), yang mengalihkan pengawasan dari Bappebti ke Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) dan Bank Indonesia. Meskipun demikian, kerangka kerja saat ini masih menyisakan celah yang signifikan, khususnya terkait mekanisme penggalangan dana publik seperti Initial Coin Offering (ICO), Initial Exchange Offering (IEO), dan Security Token Offering (STO), serta tidak adanya Regulatory Sandbox khusus untuk inovasi berbasis kripto. Celah-celah ini menciptakan ketidakpastian hukum, meningkatkan risiko penipuan, dan melemahkan perlindungan investor. Studi ini menggunakan metode yuridis-normatif dengan pendekatan hukum komparatif, menganalisis model regulasi di Malaysia, Singapura, …

Pengakuan Hak Masyarakat Adat Dalam Hukum Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam: Studi Perbandingan Indonesia–Australia, Farid Al Hadana, Sukarman Sukarman, Farhan Margono, Hamzah Hamzah

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

Meskipun terdapat pengakuan konstitusional di Indonesia dan Australia, hak-hak masyarakat adat dalam tata kelola sumber daya alam masih lemah perlindungannya, terutama karena kerangka kerja Indonesia yang terfragmentasi dan tersentralisasi gagal mewujudkan keadilan lingkungan. Makalah ini membandingkan rezim hukum Indonesia dan Australia terkait tata kelola lahan dan sumber daya masyarakat adat untuk mengidentifikasi bagaimana pengakuan dapat diubah menjadi hak yang dapat ditegakkan dan untuk merumuskan model reformasi yang berorientasi pada keadilan bagi Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan analisis hukum komparatif kualitatif, makalah ini menggabungkan observasi doktrinal terhadap yurisprudensi konstitusional, peraturan-undangan, dan yurisprudensi dengan pemeriksaan dokumen kebijakan dan konflik ilustratif yang melibatkan wilayah masyarakat …

Menguak Status Dan Legalitas Rupiah Digital Sebagai Legal Tender (Perspektif Teori Keadilan Bermartabat), Sylvia Setjoatmadja, Jeferson Kameo

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

Digital technology and modern telecommunications have been and will continue to be key factors in the emergence of various innovative products. One such innovative product is digital currency, specifically Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC). In Indonesia, advancements in digital technology and telecommunications have encouraged the government to issue a CBDC, which will be named Digital Rupiah. The initiative to issue Digital Rupiah also responds to global trends and the public's need for secure, efficient, and sustainable payment instruments.

However, the plan to issue Digital Rupiah is not without challenges, particularly regarding the clarity of its legal status as a lawful …

Anticompetitive Directors, Lane Miles, Mark A. Lemley, Rory Van Loo

Faculty Scholarship

Antitrust scholars have virtually ignored the question of who controls corporations by sitting on their boards of directors. We show that the problem of who sits on boards of directors is considerably greater than previously believed. Drawing on a new dataset spanning both public and private companies across multiple industries, we find evidence that individual board members sit simultaneously on boards of competitors throughout the economy, despite such “interlocking directorates” being illegal under antitrust law. Many of these individuals are senior directors at private equity, venture capital, and other firms investing in the competing firms on whose boards they sit. …

Saving Camelot? Nil And The Future Of Amateurism, William W. Berry Iii

BYU Law Review

This Article explores the future of intercollegiate athletics with a diminished (and perhaps even disappearing) amateurism model. Specifically, the Article argues that athletic conferences are in the best position to “save Camelot”—to preserve the aspects of college sports that make them beloved and distinctive—while at the same time realistically accounting for an evolving economic and legal landscape.

In Part I, the Article describes the economics of the NCAA’s current amateurism model. Part II explores the recent changes to the NCAA’s amateurism model in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Alston v. NCAA and the widespread adoption of state name, …

Table Of Contents

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

Table of contents

Time For Summaries, Time For New Challenges, Grzegorz Materna

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

From the lead editor

The Impact Of Competition Law On The Digital Markets Act – On The Interrelationship Between Regulations And Future Prospects, Iga Małobęcka-Szwast

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

Competition law, or rather the experience of its application in digital markets by the European Commission, national competition authorities (NCAs) and courts (in particular the Court of Justice of the European Union), has had a key influence on shaping the content of the Digital Markets Act (DMA). The article shows the complex relationship between competition law and the DMA, and discusses examples of decisions of the Commission and national competition authorities that have had an impact on the shaping of the catalogue of obligations imposed on gatekeepers under the DMA. The role of national competition authorities in ensuring the effectiveness …

The Impact Of Poland’S Membership In The European Union On The Privilege Of Entrepreneurs Against Self-Incrimination In Proceedings Concerning Anticompetitive Practices Conducted By The Polish Competition Authority, Anna Mlostoń-Olszewska

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

In 2024, Poland celebrates the twentieth anniversary of its membership in the European Union. This milestone presents a good opportunity to examine the development of Polish competition law, including whether and how the procedures applied in Polish competition protection proceedings have been influenced by EU competition law. Although, according to the principle of procedural autonomy, Member States have the ability to shape their procedural rules independently, it appears that over the past twenty years, EU law has had an impact on national procedures, particularly through legal solutions adopted in Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003, and later in Directive (EU) No …

European Origins Of The Polish Leniency Programme, Marcin Kulesza

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

The article presents a review of the Anglo-European origins of the Polish leniency programme, introduced into national antitrust legislation in 2004 in close connection with Poland’s accession to the EU. It presents the history and general shape of the US programme as well as the history of the EU programme, as well as the implementation of leniency into the 2000 Competition and Consumer Protection Act in force on 01/05/2024, the date of Poland’s accession to the EU.

European Soft Law Instruments For Sustainability Agreements – Presentation Of Procedural Issues, Critical Analysis And Recommendations For The President Of The Occp, Agata Zawłocka-Turno

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

The article focuses on the procedural aspects of soft law tools employed by competition authorities in Europe, in order to help businesses advance sustainable development. In response to global challenges, such as the climate crisis, some authorities have introduced guidelines and informal guidance to enable companies to undertake pro-environmental collaboration, without breaching competition laws. Examples include guidelines from the European Commission, as well as those from the UK, Dutch, and French competition authorities. The article examines how effective these tools are, their impact on legal certainty for businesses, and explores how a similar approach could be implemented by the Polish …

Legal Professional Privilege In Proceedings Before The Polish Competition Authority Over The 20 Years Of Poland’S Membership In The Eu, Anna Gulińska, Paweł Fortuna

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

The article presents how EU and Polish rules on the protection of the confidentiality of communications between a qualified lawyer and a client (legal professional privilege, LLP) have evolved over the 20 years of Poland’s membership in the European Union. In addition, the article attempts to critically assess current Polish legal provisions, as amended in 2023, particularly in light of EU case law. A generally positive assessment of introducing the self-standing rules on LPP into the Polish competition law system is supplemented by critical remarks aimed at developing an interpretation of these legal provisions, which fully takes into account EU …

(R)Ewolucja Stosowania Prawa Konkurencji Ue Do Sportu W Najnowszym Orzecznictwie Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej, Wojciech Lewandowski

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

The Court of Justice of the European Union delivered three judgments on 21/12/2023 modifying the functioning of the European model of sport. In the judgments of: the European Super League ( C-333/21), the Royal Antwerp Football Club (C-680/21), and the International Skating Union (C-124/21 P), EU’s most important judicial institution undertook a comprehensive and orderly interpretation of Articles 101, 102 and 106 of the TFEU, applying these provisions to the activities of sports federations in relation to the organization of professional sports competitions in Europe. The purpose of this text is to analyze the most relevant elements concerning the modification …

Changes In The Fining Policy In Antitrust Cases In The Light Of The Guidelines Of The Polish Competition Authority Published Between 2008–2024 – Selected Issues, Sabina Famirska

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

The article covers selected issues concerning changes in the policy of imposing fines for restrictive practices over the last several years. In the following parts of the article, the author presents the legal framework constituting the basis for the publication of soft-law guidelines by the Polish Competition Authority (the President of UOKiK), explaining the method of imposing financial penalties, and discusses the content of relevant documents published between 2008 and 2024. Presented in more detail are the most recent changes in the mechanism of imposing fines, resulting from the implementation of the ECN+ Directive, which allowed the imposition of fines …

The Impact Of The Judgment In Case C-211/22 Super Bock On The Assessment Of Vertical Pricing Agreements, Krzysztof Kanton

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

The article discusses the impact of the judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the Super Bock case (C-211/22) on the assessment of vertical pricing agreements under EU competition law. The judgment underscores the need to apply an economic approach when assessing whether an agreement, which provides for the setting of fixed or minimum resale prices, constitutes a restriction of competition ‘by object’. In this judgment, the CJEU rejects the previous formalistic approach – present in the practice of the EC and NCAs – which automatically qualified RPMs as anti-competitive, without analyzing its economic and …

Autonomiczna Wymiana Informacji Jako Ograniczenie Konkurencji Ze Względu Na Cel Glosa Do Wyroku Trybunału Sprawiedliwości W Sprawie Instytucji Kredytowych W Portugali (C-298/22), Kamil Dobosz

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

The commented case pertains to the exchange of information that took place over many years, by basically all significant credit institutions in Portugal. Unlike other instances of the exchange of information, the latter had a standalone character in this case, as it did not serve or facilitate another, main anticompetitive behavior, which would amount to a concerted practice or agreement. The key to this case was to establish whether a mere exchange of information may amount to unlawfulness. While for the sake of a restriction ‘by effect’, an in-depth effects- -oriented analysis thereof appears obvious, the Court of Justice had …

Report From The 3rd National Copyright Conference In Honour Of Professor Elżbieta Traple, Kraków, 20 September 2024, Paweł Podrecki

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

Krakow, 20 September 2024

Entire Issue Vol. 13 No. 4

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

Vol 13(4)

To Surmount Paramount Decrees By Degrees, Harry Kazenoff

Catholic University Law Review

The United States Supreme Court in United States v. Paramount and the subsequent Paramount Decrees in 1948 were the federal government’s original attempt to address the consolidation and concentration of the movie production, distribution, and exhibition markets. The government reversed its decision in 2020 because of both changes in the film industry and a change in the legal application of antitrust law. There are two schools of antitrust law thought: structuralism and the consumer welfare standard. The former is concerned with market concentration and supports the Paramount Decrees, and the latter is concerned with prices for consumers and is skeptical …

The Private Cause Of Action Under Maine's Unfair Trade Practices Act, Steven A. Shaw

Maine Law Review

In 1970 the Maine Legislature passed the Unfair Trade Practices Act (UTPA) which declared unlawful any "unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of any trade or commerce . . . ." UTPA-type statutes, now common to all states, offer several advantages. The statutes provide for a statutory award of attorneys' fees, create a private cause of action which is simple in comparison to analogous common law claims, and offer a flexible concept of unlawful conduct which many courts have shown a willingness to interpret broadly and sympathetically. Although Maine's UTPA was originally …