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Articles 61 - 90 of 131
Full-Text Articles in Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering
Rational Design And Synthesis Of Biodegradable Polyurethane Based Biomaterials, Cancan Xu
Rational Design And Synthesis Of Biodegradable Polyurethane Based Biomaterials, Cancan Xu
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Biodegradable polyurethanes have been applied in biomedical field since 1960s. In recent years, biodegradable polyurethanes have been widely investigated for tissue repair and regeneration because of their good mechanical properties, elasticity, biodegradability, biocompatibility and processability. Compared with some commonly used biodegradable polymers, such as poly(glycolide) (PGA), poly(lactide) (PLA), poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), the favorable aspects of biodegradable polyurethane are its mechanical, physicochemical and biological properties can be tailored by varying the three blocks in polyurethane backbone, diisocyanate, diol and chain extender. In this thesis, we focus on the development of different functional biodegradable polyurethanes to study their structure-property relationships …
Stimuli-Responsive Nanoparticles For Treatment Of Lung Cancer, Roshni Iyer
Stimuli-Responsive Nanoparticles For Treatment Of Lung Cancer, Roshni Iyer
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Despite extensive research and progress in anti-cancer therapeutics, an effective treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains elusive, resulting in poor 5-year patient survival rate. Towards this end, we have explored a therapeutic regimen to improve the effects of local concurrent chemo-radiation-therapy (CRT), by utilizing multifunctional stimuli-responsive nanoparticles (NPs) as drug carriers. We have also utilized lung cancer targeting strategies for site-specific drug delivery, mainly antibodies against the Ephrin-transmembrane receptor kinase (EphA2), that is over-expressed mainly on lung cancer cells, to promote the targeted delivery of drugs to only cancer cells, and eventually reduce the toxicity to healthy tissues. …
Development Of Particle Platforms For Delivery Of Angiogenic Reagents To Treat Peripheral Arterial Diseases, Duong Quang Le
Development Of Particle Platforms For Delivery Of Angiogenic Reagents To Treat Peripheral Arterial Diseases, Duong Quang Le
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a disease that one or several peripheral arteries are narrowed or blocked. PAD is an emerging disease that cost annually 10-20 billions of US dollars for health care in America. PAD patients suffer high risk of limb loss, amputations and mortalities. At 5 years, the amputation rate for PAD is 40%-70% while the 5-year survival rate is less than 30%. For PAD patients undergoing acute and critical limb ischemia, surgery bypass and endovascular balloon/stenting are applied as standard treatments. However, surgical bypass is subject to patients’ readiness of autologous veins and the depth of arteries …
Detection Of Molecular Biomarkers Involved In The Induction Of Emt, Migration And Invasion, And Drug Resistance In Breast Cancer Cells In 3d Confinement, Tamara Nicole Hill
Detection Of Molecular Biomarkers Involved In The Induction Of Emt, Migration And Invasion, And Drug Resistance In Breast Cancer Cells In 3d Confinement, Tamara Nicole Hill
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Standard-of-care regimes for cancer treatment have become more effective and sophisticated over the last decade due to research developments which facilitate specific targeting of treatments to certain cancers, and the ability to provide specialized care to cancer patients. However, cancer treatments overall still fall short of preventing spread of disease from the primary tumor to secondary sites where they settle and form new more aggressive tumors. It is this stage of disease progression which results in the majority of cancer deaths. The long-term goal of this research is to develop a system for the effective high throughput screening of chemotherapeutic …
Development Of Mussel Inspired Nanocomposite Adhesives For Biomedical Applications, Nikhil Pandey
Development Of Mussel Inspired Nanocomposite Adhesives For Biomedical Applications, Nikhil Pandey
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Popular bioadhesives, such as fibrin, cyanoacrylate and albumin–glutaraldehyde-based materials, have been applied for clinical applications in wound healing, drug delivery, and bone and soft tissue engineering; however, their performances are limited by weak adhesion strength and rapid degradation. The long-term goal of this research is to develop a strong tissue adhering nanocomposite for tissue interfacing and wound healing applications. We begin by developing a mussel-inspired, nanocomposite–based, biodegradable tissue adhesive by blending poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) or N-hydroxysuccinimide modified PLGA nanoparticles (PLGA-NHS) and polydopamine nanoparticles with mussel-inspired polymers. Adhesive strength measurement of the nanocomposites on porcine skin-muscle constructs revealed that the …
Nanoparticles For Gene Therapy And Protein Delivery To Induce Angiogenesis As An Alternative Treatment For Peripheral Arterial Disease, Linda Christellia Noukeu
Nanoparticles For Gene Therapy And Protein Delivery To Induce Angiogenesis As An Alternative Treatment For Peripheral Arterial Disease, Linda Christellia Noukeu
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is defined as a slow, progressive disorder of the lower extremity arterial vessels characterized by chronic narrowing that often results in occlusion and is associated with loss of functional capacity. Although the PAD occurrence rate is increasing in the elderly population, outcomes with current treatment strategies are suboptimal. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop new technologies that overcome limitations of traditional modalities for PAD detection and therapy. In this research, nanoparticles have been developed and used as carriers for various therapeutic agents to treat PAD. In particular, via protein/gene delivery, we developed and formulated …
Investigation Of Functional Connectivity And Neurovascular Coupling In Different Vigilance / Breath-Hold States Of The Brain From Simultaneous Eeg-Fnirs Measurements, Olajide Babawale
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Functional connectivity and neurovascular coupling are important phenomena that occur in the brain. Functional connectivity is the study of functional brain networks and their characteristics. While neurovascular coupling is the relationship or link between neuronal activity and corresponding cerebral blood flow in the brain. Up until now, both functional connectivity and neurovascular coupling have not been studied in different vigilance states of the brain from wakeful rest state to sleep state, using simultaneous EEG-fNIRS measurements. Also, the neurovascular coupling in different states of breath-holding has not been studied using simultaneous EEG-fNIRS measurements Therefore, my doctoral research utilized a whole-head simultaneous …
Creep Response And Adhesion Dynamics Of Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells During Migration In Confined Environment, Ishan Kamal Khan
Creep Response And Adhesion Dynamics Of Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells During Migration In Confined Environment, Ishan Kamal Khan
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and malignant form of primary brain tumor. One of the major challenges facing the treatment of GBM tumors is the detachment and subsequent migration of peripheral cells. Migration of GBM cells take place in mechanically distinct confined microenvironment along the borders of white matter tracts. Studies using microfluidic devices mimicking the in-vivo microenvironment have shown that the migration characteristics are significantly altered with the change in kinematic state of the migrating cell. Several studies on different types of cells have consistently shown that a cancerous cell is more compliant than a normal cell …
Revealing Hemodynamic Response And Dynamic Changes In Functional Cortical Networks Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (Fnirs), Jianwei Cao
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Therapeutic interventions, such as physical therapy and non-invasive brain electrical stimulation can enhance the physical performance of persons with brain disorders. One often-used form of physical therapy named constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) improves motor control skills of children with cerebral palsy (CP) through forced intensive use of the affected extremity. A complementary method to physical rehabilitation methods for overcoming a deficit is to facilitate use of the affected brain areas by non-invasive brain electrical stimulation. One currently popular form of brain stimulation is transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which has been shown to enhance both motor and language performance in …
Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Coating Amorphous Silica Based Implants Enhancing Angiogenesis And Mitigating Toxic Oxidative Stress In Critical Size Bone Defects, Felipe Alves Monte
Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Coating Amorphous Silica Based Implants Enhancing Angiogenesis And Mitigating Toxic Oxidative Stress In Critical Size Bone Defects, Felipe Alves Monte
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
The advances in bone tissue engineering search for a biomaterial that could efficiently and gradually replace the bone while the new tissue grows through the implanted structure. However, due to limitations mainly related to mechanical properties and challenges, such as the balance between tissue regeneration and material degradation, the coating of well-known inert materials still has been used in orthopedics and dental clinical practices. Bone defects are commonly related to deleterious oxidative stress induced by low oxygen levels and inflammation. Toxic oxidative stress can impair damaged tissue healing due to inhibiting new blood vessels and new bone formation. The interaction …
Metabolic, Hemodynamic And Electrophysiological Effects Of Transcranial Photobiomodulation (Tpbm) On The Human Brain, Xinlong Wang
Metabolic, Hemodynamic And Electrophysiological Effects Of Transcranial Photobiomodulation (Tpbm) On The Human Brain, Xinlong Wang
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Photobiomodulation (PBM) refers to the use of red-to-near-infrared light to stimulate cellular functions for physiological or clinical benefits. Transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) is a noninvasive form of cerebral photobiomodulation that has been observed with various improvements in human cognitive functions. The mechanism of tPBM is assumed to rely on photon absorption by cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), the terminal enzyme in the mitochondrial respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen for energy metabolism. However, few studies have objectively investigated hemodynamic, metabolic and electrophysiological response of the human brain to tPBM. To address this gap, my dissertation research has focused on objective …
Understanding Key Genetic Mutations And Molecular Alterations On Increasing Migration, Viability, Drug Resistance Of Malignant Brain Tumor In Confinement, Loan Thuy Bui
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
There are more than 120 types of primary brain and central nervous system tumors that affect people of all ages. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), for example, is the most frequent type of brain cancers and also among the deadliest of all cancers due to its high invasiveness and resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. Recently, most genetic mutations of malignant brain tumors have been well characterized, but the focus on migrating cancers that directly cause invasion is still in its infancy. We have learned from the literature that most glioma cells infiltrate surrounding brain tissue via by the confined tracks, and fascinated …
Naturally-Derived Extracellular Matrix Materials For Meniscus Repair And Regeneration, Jinglei Wu
Naturally-Derived Extracellular Matrix Materials For Meniscus Repair And Regeneration, Jinglei Wu
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Human meniscus plays critical roles in a knee joint by transmitting weight-bearing force, absorbing shock, and stabilizing the knee joint capsule. Meniscal injuries are mainly caused by sports-related activities and age-related degeneration, which significantly reduce the life quality of patients. The injured meniscus has a very limited self-healing capability due to its poorly vascularized nature, specifically in the inner area. Surgical interventions are required to treat the injured meniscus, but the current treatments are not satisfactory because the post-surgery complications are frequently observed. Therefore, tissue regeneration approaches are developed to repair and functionally restore injured menisci. In this thesis, we …
Techniques To Improve Ultrasound-Switchable Fluorescence Imaging, Jayanth Kandukuri
Techniques To Improve Ultrasound-Switchable Fluorescence Imaging, Jayanth Kandukuri
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Novel approaches to the improvement of ultrasound-switchable fluorescence (USF) imaging—a relatively new imaging modality that combines ultrasound and optical imaging techniques—have been proposed for early cancer detection. In USF, a high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) beam is used to induce temperature rise within its acoustic focal region due to which a thermo-sensitive USF contrast agent undergoes a switch in its state by increasing the output of fluorescence photons. By using an increase in fluorescence, one can isolate and quantify the fluorescence properties within the ultrasonic focal area. Therefore, USF is able to provide fluorescence contrast while maintaining ultrasound resolution in tissue. …
A Liver-Kidney Biosubsystem, Brian J. Budnik
A Liver-Kidney Biosubsystem, Brian J. Budnik
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Each year many patients die waiting for a transplant organ to become available. Increasing the available number of transplant organs would save lives. The donor pool could be expanded if organs which are considered to be of uncertain viability could be utilized for transplantation. Currently, when there is any doubt about the viability of the organ, it is discarded. This occurs because there has been no way to confirm its viability other than to transplant it and risk the life of the recipient. Thus, many organs that are in fact good are wasted. Some might not be fully viable but …
Multi-Modality Magnetic Resonance Imaging In Typical And Atypical Developmental Human Brain, Minhui Ouyang
Multi-Modality Magnetic Resonance Imaging In Typical And Atypical Developmental Human Brain, Minhui Ouyang
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Human brain development is structurally and functionally a nonlinear process and even with the tremendous advancements in the field of neuroimaging based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) several significant questions remain un-answered. Although brain change and adaption are part of a lifelong process, the earliest phases of maturation, especially from birth to early childhood, are perhaps the most dramatic and important. During this early developmental period, the structural and functional organization of the brain are continuously shaped by a combination of synaptogenesis, dendritic arborization, myelination and synaptic pruning. The current research aims to use more recently developed MRI techniques of …
Functional Studies Of The Human Telomerase Holoenzyme, Mohammed E. Sayed
Functional Studies Of The Human Telomerase Holoenzyme, Mohammed E. Sayed
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Telomeres are the DNA structures that cap the ends of linear chromosomes. In humans, telomeres are composed of the hexameric repeats TTAGGG. The reverse transcriptase, telomerase maintains the telomeres by adding the TTAGGG repeats to the chromosomes during cell division. In the absence of telomerase, telomere length limits the self-renewal capabilities of cells. Telomerase is expressed in approximately 90% of all human cancers, making it an almost universal therapeutic target as well as an important player in the progression from healthy to cancerous cell. The biophysical studies discussed in this thesis focus on expanding the understanding of the function and …
Intuitive Human Robot Interfaces For Upper Limb Prosthetics, Oguz Yetkin
Intuitive Human Robot Interfaces For Upper Limb Prosthetics, Oguz Yetkin
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Modern robotic prosthetic devices for upper limb amputees promise to alleviate an important disability, but are underutilized due to the inability to properly control them. Specifically, the devices afford more degrees of freedom (DOFs) than are con- trollable by easily decoded biological signals. These devices, such as the DEKA arm, can have as many as 18 DOFs, although six is a more typical number (control of each finger plus thumb rotation). Unfortunately, the use of these devices remains limited by the ability of users to simultaneously control more than one degree of freedom at a time with commercially deployed technology. …
Centimeter-Deep Tissue Fluorescence Microscopic Imaging, Bingbing Cheng
Centimeter-Deep Tissue Fluorescence Microscopic Imaging, Bingbing Cheng
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Fluorescence microscopic imaging in centimeter-deep tissue has been highly sought-after for many years because much interesting in vivo micro-information—such as microcirculation, tumor angiogenesis, and cancer metastasis—may deeply locate in tissue. However, it is very challenging because of strong tissue light scattering. This includes: how to confine the fluorescence emission into a small volume to achieve high spatial resolution; how to increase fluorescence emission efficiency to compensate the signal attenuation caused by small emission volume and tissue scattering/absorption; and how to reduce background fluorescence noise and exclusively differentiate signal photons from background photons to increase signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and sensitivity. Ultrasonic …
Nanosturctured Biomaterials For Tissue Regeneration And Repair, Primana Punnakitikashem
Nanosturctured Biomaterials For Tissue Regeneration And Repair, Primana Punnakitikashem
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Nanostructured materials have been explored in biomedical field especially in tissue engineering over a past decade. This type of material can be processed into biomaterial scaffolds; revealed many advantages to be used in human living system such as restoring, healing, replacing and improving the function of interested tissues or organs. In this work, nanostructured materials were synthesized as a nanofibrous scaffold or nanoparticles, which were characterized and tested for their biofunctions in the regeneration of blood vessels, lung and skin tissues. Firstly, biodegradable polyurethane nanofibrous scaffolds with dipyramole were electrospun to create a vascular graft, and results demonstrated that this …
Mapping Of Prefrontal Hemodynamic Responses To Noxious Stimulation And Chronic Pain Related Resting-State Functional Networks Assessed By Fnirs, Amarnath Yennu
Mapping Of Prefrontal Hemodynamic Responses To Noxious Stimulation And Chronic Pain Related Resting-State Functional Networks Assessed By Fnirs, Amarnath Yennu
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Neural representations of chronic pain are complex and are least understood. Numerous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have revealed structural and functional abnormalities in several cortical and sub-cortical regions in subjects with chronic low-back pain (CLBP). A more recent MRI study has reported that structural and functional brain abnormalities in pain-treated patients with CLBP are reversible, demonstrating that an appropriate treatment of chronic pain can restore normal brain functions for the patients. Due to high cost, non-portability, and other restrictions of MRI, the development of a complementary brain imaging tool is therefore crucial in order to improve the understanding of …
An Actomyosin Driven, Pressure Based Adhesion Model Of Confined Glioblastoma Multiforme Cell Migration, Jamie Wright
An Actomyosin Driven, Pressure Based Adhesion Model Of Confined Glioblastoma Multiforme Cell Migration, Jamie Wright
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and common form of glial tumors arising in the support cells of the brain. Cell migration plays a critical role in undermining the surgical resection of tumors. Peripheral cells freely detach and invade the surrounding tissue, preferentially collecting and migrating within confined, mechanically distinct environments such as along the borders of white matter tracts and vasculature. These tracks have been mimicked experimentally using small, rectangular PDMS micro-channels. GBM cells will readily enter and migrate through these micro-channels in the absence of any chemoattractant, even without specific cell-substrate adhesion (integrins) if channel dimensions decrease …
Computer Vision Algorithm Development And Biomedical Applications, Vasant Kearney
Computer Vision Algorithm Development And Biomedical Applications, Vasant Kearney
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Supervising Professor: Liping Tang and Weihua Mao This study focuses on the development and analysis of novel computer vision algorithms for biomedical applications. Chapter 2 focuses on developing a 2D Canny edge-based DIR algorithm to register in vivo white light images taken at various time points. Using a mouse model, the accuracy of the canny edge-based DIR algorithm was tested using evaluation metrics, a ground truth synthetic scenario, and fluorescent gamma analysis. The results indicate that the Canny edge-based DIR algorithm performs better than all other algorithms. Chapter 3 focuses on the development of a novel longitudinal fluorescent signal tracking …
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Of Cerebrovascular Reactivity Using Gas Inhalation Challenges, Harshan Ravi
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Of Cerebrovascular Reactivity Using Gas Inhalation Challenges, Harshan Ravi
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) is a measure of dilation capacity of cerebral vasculature. It is an important biomarker for the vascular functionality and integrity, and may have clinical indications in stroke, atherosclerosis, Moyamoya disease, multiple sclerosis, brain tumor, and other neurological disorders. The most commonly used approach to measure CVR is by applying a physiological maneuver to alter the arterial carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration (e.g. inhaling a small amount of CO2 which is a potent vasodilator), while continuously acquiring BOLD MR images. However, the current method suffers from several limitations related to specificity, sensitivity, and physiological modeling of the measured signal. …
Non-Invasive Biomedical Imaging And Radiobiology Investigations In Pre-Clinical Prostate Tumor Models, Derek A. White
Non-Invasive Biomedical Imaging And Radiobiology Investigations In Pre-Clinical Prostate Tumor Models, Derek A. White
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Oxygen deficiency (hypoxia) in prostate tumors can hinder the biological effectiveness of radiotherapy. Therefore the ability to assess tumor hypoxia non-invasively in vivo in man could significantly improve therapy outcome. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is increasingly applied in clinical evaluation of prostate cancer. Therefore, an oxygen sensitive technique would be very attractive and the utility of oxygen-enhanced MRI (OE-MRI) has shown promise for predicting tumor growth delay in syngeneic rat prostate tumors following radiotherapy. In this dissertation, the overall goal was to investigate a potential imaging biomarker for predicting tumor response to image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT). First, I used in vivo …
Development Of Atlas-Guided Diffuse Optical Tomography To Investigate Age-Dependent Human Cognitive Functions Under Risk Decision Making, Lin Li
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
To better understand the age effect on neural correlates under risk decision-making stimulations, studies using advanced neuroimaging with a sufficient statistical power are desired. Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) of human brain functions is an emerging non-invasive neuroimaging technology. Compared to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), DOT is more cost-effective, more portable, and easier to conduct studies targeting on different age groups. However, current DOT is limited by its low spatial resolution and depth accuracy. It is thus imperative to develop a technique that can improve imaging quality of DOT and be used to investigate age-dependent human brain functions under risk decision …
An Investigation Of The Effect Of Obstructive Sleep Apnea On Cerebral Hemodynamics In Relation With Systemic Hemodynamics, Raichel Mary Alex
An Investigation Of The Effect Of Obstructive Sleep Apnea On Cerebral Hemodynamics In Relation With Systemic Hemodynamics, Raichel Mary Alex
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a major sleep disorder affecting approximately 18 million adults in the US. Recent studies have observed cognitive impairments and brain structural changes in OSA subjects where these deficits were related to peripheral hypoxia and sleep fragmentation. Nonetheless, underlying cerebral hemodynamics and cerebral oxygenation might play an important role in the development of these impairments. Hence, in this study it is hypothesized that 1) OSA induces significant variations in cerebral hemodynamics, and 2) level of variations in cerebral hemodynamics can be related to the changes in systemic hemodynamics. To test these hypotheses, 8 hours of nocturnal …
Peripheral Nerve Injuries: Pleiotrophin-Mediated Regeneration Across Long-Gap Injuries And Investigations Into Amputation Neuroma Pain, Benjamin Johnston
Peripheral Nerve Injuries: Pleiotrophin-Mediated Regeneration Across Long-Gap Injuries And Investigations Into Amputation Neuroma Pain, Benjamin Johnston
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Peripheral nerve injuries can be a chronic clinical challenge for patients. Long recovery periods, functional deficits, and neuropathic pain all complicate healing. Although peripheral nerves are able to regenerate, most gap nerve injuries are repaired by autograft, which induces a secondary injury and provides suboptimal recovery of function. This work provides insights into the use of Pleiotrophin (PTN) to bridge long-gap injures and assess the functional recovery of the common peroneal nerve (CPN) injury model. In addition to regeneration strategies, a painful neuroma-blocking conduit was developed to help patients with amputation neuromas. Lastly, this work addresses the unusual phenomenon of …
Methodological Advances And Application Of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy To Guide Cortical Stimulation For Physical Recovery In Patients With Brain Injury, Bilal Khan
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Non-invasive cortical stimulation used in conjunction with physical therapy can enhance the motor performance of persons with brain injury. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive cortical stimulation technique that modulates cortical activation by delivering weak current through a pair of anodal-cathodal (excitation-suppression) electrodes, placed on the scalp over the targeted cortical centers. Recently, application of tDCS over the sensorimotor cortex of stroke patients in conjunction with physical therapy has been shown to induce beneficial plasticity in the injured brain resulting in improved motor performance. However, in all currently reported tDCS-based interventions the locations of electrode pairs used to …
Polymeric Nano/ Microparticles For Management Of Pulmonary Diseases, Jyothi Unnikrishna Menon
Polymeric Nano/ Microparticles For Management Of Pulmonary Diseases, Jyothi Unnikrishna Menon
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Drug delivery via pulmonary route has emerged as an attractive area of study in the past two decades. This method of administration has multiple advantages for both systemic and local drug delivery due to the availability of a large surface area for drug absorption and higher solute permeability in the lung. Most importantly, inhalational drug delivery provides direct accessibility to the lung via a noninvasive route of administration. Recent literature has shown a surge in the use of nano/micro particles for a wide range of pulmonary applications ranging from targeted and controlled drug delivery to drug screening and tissue regeneration. …