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Articles 121 - 131 of 131
Full-Text Articles in Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering
Novel Animal Model And In Vivo Imaging System To Study Inflammatory Response-Mediated Cancer Metastasis, Cheng-Yu Ko
Novel Animal Model And In Vivo Imaging System To Study Inflammatory Response-Mediated Cancer Metastasis, Cheng-Yu Ko
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Cancer metastasis is the leading cause of death in cancer patients. A vast majority of cancer-related mortality is attributed to this rather than the primary tumor itself, making the understanding of cancer metastasis critically important. Inflammatory responses have been implicated to play an important role in cancer metastasis. However, the investigation of the relationship between inflammation and cancer cell migration is limited by the lack of a reproducible cancer metastasis animal model. To fill the gap, we have recently developed an animal model. This model is composed of a two-step procedure. First, poly-L lactic acid (PLA) microspheres were implanted subcutaneously …
Mechanisms Of Biomaterial Mediated Fibrotic Responses And Strategies To Improve Tissue Reactions To Biomaterial Implants, Paul Todd Thevenot
Mechanisms Of Biomaterial Mediated Fibrotic Responses And Strategies To Improve Tissue Reactions To Biomaterial Implants, Paul Todd Thevenot
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Despite considerable advancements in biomaterial synthesis and modification techniques, most tissue engineering scaffolds elicit fibrotic reactions resulting in implant encapsulation, secluding cells and/or therapeutic agents within a thick collagenous matrix. Therefore, strategies to minimize these responses while improving the functionality of recruited/transplanted cells are required. This work set out to improve the host response to biomaterials and identify what cellular responses were attributed to biomaterial-mediated fibrosis. Two strategies were investigated involving two different targets. In the first approach, PLGA scaffolds were RFGD modified to bear -NH2 (amine), -COOH (carboxyl), and -OH (hydroxyl) groups altering surface wettability and charge properties. Surface …
Multi-Ligand Nanoparticles For Targeted Drug Delivery To The Injured Vascular Wall, Soujanya Kona
Multi-Ligand Nanoparticles For Targeted Drug Delivery To The Injured Vascular Wall, Soujanya Kona
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Pathological conditions like coronary artery disease, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral artery diseases as well as cardiovascular interventions used in the treatment of coronary artery diseases such as angioplasty and stenting, damage/injure the blood vessel wall, leading to inflamed or activated endothelial cells that have been implicated in events leading to thrombosis, inflammation, and restenosis. Oral administration of anti-coagulant and anti-inflammatory drugs causes systemic toxicity, bleeding, patient incompliance, and inadequate amounts of drugs at the injured area. Though drug-eluting stents have shown therapeutic benefits, complications such as in-stent restenosis and late thrombosis still remain and are a cause for …
Development Of Orchestrated Stem Cell-Based Regeneration (Oscer) -Strategies To Recruit And Differentiate Autologous Stem Cells For Tissue Regeneration, Ashwin Nair
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Stem cell therapy has shown great promise in curing diseases. However, clinical application of stem cell therapy is often hindered by the lack of reliable sources and convenient methods to recover stem cells. Our laboratory has recently discovered that adult stem cells can be actively recruited via inflammatory chemokines/growth factor. My research was aimed towards the development of a new technology - "Orchestrated Stem Cell-based Regeneration" or OSCeR - to induce stem cell-mediated tissue regeneration by blending stem cell therapy and tissue engineering technology. This work has led to a series of interesting findings as listed below. Shortly after implantation, …
Advances In Helical Stent Design And Fabrication: Studies Of Stent Thermal Treatment, Stent Mechanical Properties, And Stent Interactions With A Simulated Plaque-Laden Artery, Tre Raymond Welch
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Advancements in processing biomaterials have lead to the development of bioresorbable PLLA drug-loaded stents with different geometric configurations. To further advance the technology, systematic studies have been carried out. This dissertation consists of six specific aims: 1) To characterize the effects of thermal annealing on the mechanical characteristics of PLLA helical stent, 2) To characterize the mechanical characteristics of a PLLA double helix stent, 3) To characterize the physical and chemical properties of PLLA films impregnated with niacin and curcumin, 4) To characterize the mechanical interaction of expanded stent and vascular wall with both model simulation and experimental studies using …
Magnetic Drug Targeting: Development Of A Novel Drug Delivery System For Prostate Cancer Therapy, Maham Rahimi
Magnetic Drug Targeting: Development Of A Novel Drug Delivery System For Prostate Cancer Therapy, Maham Rahimi
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been attracting a great amount of attention because of their numerous applications including contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic targeted drug carriers, and hyperthermia treatments for cancer. However, complications, including aggregation of MNPs, have limited their use in drug delivery applications. To overcome these limitations, several methods have been developed to coat magnetic particles. One method includes coating them with polymers to produce polymer/MNPs for increasing the MNP dispersion and stability. This method also increases the efficiency of loading and releasing drugs to specific locations for the treatment of various diseases including prostate cancer. …
Development Of A Broadband Multi-Channel Nirs System For Quantifying Absolute Concentrations Of Hemoglobin Derivatives And Reduced Scattering Coefficients, Dheerendra Kashyap
Development Of A Broadband Multi-Channel Nirs System For Quantifying Absolute Concentrations Of Hemoglobin Derivatives And Reduced Scattering Coefficients, Dheerendra Kashyap
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been widely applied to investigate hemoglobin oxygenations of muscles, brain and breast tumors. Steady state reflectance techniques developed previously have been restricted to determination of relative concentrations. To overcome these limitations, this dissertation describes the development, validation and applications of broadband, steady-state, optical spectroscopic systems and algorithms to quantify absolute concentrations of hemoglobin derivatives and reduced light scattering coefficients using (1) thin optical probes with small (100 μm - 1 mm) source-detector separations and (2) a large separation (< 4 cm) probe.. A recently developed mathematical model by Zonios and Dimou for reflectance at small source-detector separations was used to develop techniques to quantify chromophore concentrations and light scattering coefficients (Chap. 2). Blood-intralipid phantom models were used to determine empirical coefficients to model reflectance spectra. This technique was further applied to quantify hemodynamic changes during formalin- induced pain behaviors in rats (Chap. 3). To overcome limitations in penetration depth and investigated tissue volume, another approach to quantify concentrations of chromophores in tissues at large source-detector separations was also developed. This novel approach uses the process of second differential spectroscopy to quantify concentrations of deoxygenated hemoglobin with respect to the tissue water content. Based on such quantification, an adaptation of the ant colony optimization algorithm was utilized to quantify absolute concentrations of other constituent tissue chromophores. The developed techniques were validated with the reflectance measurements from blood-intralipid phantoms and further applied to monitoring of ex vivo human prostate lesions and of rat brain tumor growth in vivo (Chap. 4). In the second stage of my doctoral development, a multi-channel, broadband, steady-state, NIRS imaging system was developed to determine spatial distributions of hemoglobin concentrations and reduced light scattering coefficients. The imager was calibrated with laboratory phantoms to eliminate deterministic instrumentation bias of CCD-spectrometers, optical fibers, and multiplexer channels. Calibration procedures also include determinations of the source strength and boundary coefficients in order to obtain accurate image reconstructions. A multi-wavelength, spectrally constrained reconstruction algorithm was developed to obtain tomographic maps of hemoglobin derivative concentrations and reduced scattering coefficients, using laboratory tissue phantoms. The developed imaging system and reconstruction algorithms were validated with both static and dynamic multi-tube phantoms.
Resolution And Localization In Single Molecule Microscopy, Sripad Ram
Resolution And Localization In Single Molecule Microscopy, Sripad Ram
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Rayleigh's criterion is extensively used in optical microscopy to determine the resolution of microscopes. Despite its widespread use, it is well known that this criterion is based on heuristic notions and can be surpassed in a regular optical microscope. The inadequacy of Rayleigh's criterion has necessitated a reassessment of the resolution limits of optical microscopes. The thesis proposes a new resolution criterion that overcomes the limitations of Rayleigh's criterion. The new result predicts that there is no resolution limit, but that the resolvability depends on the number of detected photons. Analytical tools are introduced to estimate the distance from microscopy …
Tissue And Vascular Oxygenation Dynamics Determined By Optical Approaches And Mri, Mengna Xia
Tissue And Vascular Oxygenation Dynamics Determined By Optical Approaches And Mri, Mengna Xia
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Tumor oxygenation is a crucial factor to determine the efficiency of non-surgery therapy, such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Therefore, various approaches have been applied to tumor in order to improve the tumor oxygen level. Breathing oxygenrich gas with normobaric or hyperbaric pressure has been demonstrated to overcome hypoxia, but with marginal success. Therefore, the outcome would be improved greatly, if the responsive tumors were identified a priori. Two non-invasive techniques were applied to monitor tumor oxygenation dynamics simultaneously when rats were exposed to hyperoxic gas intervention. 19F MRI provides tumor tissue oxygen tension (pO2) images, while Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) …
Novel Intraocular Drug Delivery System For The Prevention Of Posterior Capsule Opacification, Brett Thomes
Novel Intraocular Drug Delivery System For The Prevention Of Posterior Capsule Opacification, Brett Thomes
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is a major complication associated with the implantation of intraocular lens (IOLs). Evidence suggests that PCO formation is caused by abnormal lens epithelial cell (LEC) migration/proliferation. We hypothesize that pharmacologic agents must target inflammatory cells in addition to LECs to inhibit PCO formation. To successfully target both inflammatory cells and LECs, a novel intraocular drug delivery system (DDS) was developed for implantation in the lens capsular bag. Such a system permits direct delivery of anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative drugs in the lens capsule for extended periods of time resulting in reduced PCO formation. A lubricious polyurethane coating …
Investigation Of Breast Tumor Hemodynamics By Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Applications To Cancer Therapy Monitoring, Jae Gwan Kim
Investigation Of Breast Tumor Hemodynamics By Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Applications To Cancer Therapy Monitoring, Jae Gwan Kim
Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive
Hyperoxic gas interventions using carbogen (95% O2 and 5% CO2) or oxygen has been tried to increase the tumor oxygenation since it will enhance the therapeutic effects on the tumors. Others in the laboratory had previously applied near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to monitor the changes in tumor blood oxygenation during hyperoxic gas intervention and found that oxyhemoglobin concentration changes (D[HbO2]) during gas intervention can be fitted by a two-exponential equation containing two time constants. Based on the model, they formed a hypothesis that changes in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration result from well perfused and poorly perfused regions of an animal tumor …