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2013

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Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Constructing And Optimizing A Single Wafer Solar Cell Array In The Microfabrication Lab At California Polytechnic State University At San Luis Obispo, Rod Marstell Jul 2013

Constructing And Optimizing A Single Wafer Solar Cell Array In The Microfabrication Lab At California Polytechnic State University At San Luis Obispo, Rod Marstell

Master's Theses

CONSTRUCTING AND OPTIMIZING A SINGLE WAFER SOLAR CELL ARRAY IN THE MICROFABRICATION LAB AT CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY AT SAN LUIS OBISPO

Solar cells are more and more becoming a significant source of energy in the world today. They are used to power entire buildings as well as small devices and everything in between, and are utilized all around the world. Smaller solar devices, such as hearing aid battery chargers, cost a lot of money relative to the monetary wealth in third-world countries. For this purpose, a less expensive, more efficient solar cell array should be developed.

This study contains …


Acuta Enews July 2013 Vol. 42, No. 7 Jul 2013

Acuta Enews July 2013 Vol. 42, No. 7

ACUTA Newsletters

In this Issue...

1 Let's Talk about Data Security

2 ACUTA Reaches Out to Local Schools

2 Regulatory Webinar on Section 255

2 Welcome, Owen West

3 20 Universities Form SIP Steering Committee i

3ACUTA Discount for SIP Certification

4 Info Links

4 Annual Dues Reminder Mailed July 1

5 loyn/RCSvs. webRTC: Solving Directory Services

6 Do You ROCKZi?

6 Mark Your Calendar for Fall Seminar

7 Board Report

8 Welcome New Members

8 Check It Out


A Prototype Decision Support Tool For Ballast Water Risk Management Using A Combination Of Hydrodynamic Models And Agent-Based Modelling, Fleming T. Hansen, Jesper H. Andersen, Michael Potthof, Thomas Uhrenholdt, Hong D. Vo, Olof Lindén Jul 2013

A Prototype Decision Support Tool For Ballast Water Risk Management Using A Combination Of Hydrodynamic Models And Agent-Based Modelling, Fleming T. Hansen, Jesper H. Andersen, Michael Potthof, Thomas Uhrenholdt, Hong D. Vo, Olof Lindén

NSBWO

We report the development of a prototype Decision Support Tool (DST) for modelling the risks of spreading of non-indegenous invasive species via ballast water. The DST constitutes of two types of models: A 3D hydrodynamical model calculates the currents in the North Sea and Danish Straits, and an agent-based model estimates the dispersal of selected model organisms with the prevailing currents calculated by the 3D hydrodynamical model. The analysis is concluded by a post processing activity, where scenarios of dispersal are combined into an interim estimate of connectivity within the study area. The latter can be used as a tool …


Ferroelectric Batio3/Srtio3 Multilayered Thin Films For Room-Temperature Tunable Microwave Elements, Ming Liu, Chunrui Ma, Gregory Collins, Jian Liu, Chonglin Chen, Andy D. Alemayehu, Guru Subramanyam, Ying Ding, Jianghua Chen, Chao Dai, Yuan Lin, Melanie W. Cole Jul 2013

Ferroelectric Batio3/Srtio3 Multilayered Thin Films For Room-Temperature Tunable Microwave Elements, Ming Liu, Chunrui Ma, Gregory Collins, Jian Liu, Chonglin Chen, Andy D. Alemayehu, Guru Subramanyam, Ying Ding, Jianghua Chen, Chao Dai, Yuan Lin, Melanie W. Cole

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Ferroelectric BaTiO3/SrTiO3 with optimized c-axis-oriented multilayered thin films were epitaxially fabricated on (001) MgO substrates. The microstructural studies indicate that the in-plane interface relationships between the films as well as the substrate are determined to be (001)SrTiO3//(001)BaTiO3//(001)MgO and [100]SrTiO3//[100]BaTiO3//[100]MgO. The microwave (5 to 18 GHz) dielectric measurements reveal that the multilayered thin films have excellent dielectric properties with large dielectric constant, low dielectric loss, and high dielectric tunability, which suggests that the as-grown ferroelectric multilayered thin films can be developed for room-temperature tunable microwave elements and related device applications.


บทบรรณาธิการ, ประมวล สุธีจารุวัฒน Jul 2013

บทบรรณาธิการ, ประมวล สุธีจารุวัฒน

Journal of Transportation and Logistics (TRANSLOG)

No abstract provided.


การวิเคราะห์เชิงลึกอุตสาหกรรมอู่ต่อเรือซ่อมเรือที่เกี่ยวข้องกับอุตสาหกรรมเรือประมงไทย Jul 2013

การวิเคราะห์เชิงลึกอุตสาหกรรมอู่ต่อเรือซ่อมเรือที่เกี่ยวข้องกับอุตสาหกรรมเรือประมงไทย

Journal of Transportation and Logistics (TRANSLOG)

No abstract provided.


โครงการพัฒนาฐานข้อมูลเชิงลึกอุตสาหกรรมต่อเรือ, ประมวล สุธีจารุวัฒน, วันชัย มีชาติ, พิษณุ คนองชัยยศ, สุภารัตน์ ตันทนงศักดิ์กุล, วิษารัช สัญญาลักษณ์ฤาชัย Jul 2013

โครงการพัฒนาฐานข้อมูลเชิงลึกอุตสาหกรรมต่อเรือ, ประมวล สุธีจารุวัฒน, วันชัย มีชาติ, พิษณุ คนองชัยยศ, สุภารัตน์ ตันทนงศักดิ์กุล, วิษารัช สัญญาลักษณ์ฤาชัย

Journal of Transportation and Logistics (TRANSLOG)

No abstract provided.


โครงการพัฒนาฐานข้อมูลอุตสาหกรรมเชิงเปรียบเทียบเพื่อเพิ่มขีดความสามารถในการแข่งขันของอุตสาหกรรมไทยสาขาอุตสาหกรรมต่อเรือและซ่อมเรือ, ประมวล สุธีจารุวัฒน, สุมาลี สุขดานนท์, สุนันทา เจริญปัญญายิ่ง, สมศักดิ์ สุคนธมาน Jul 2013

โครงการพัฒนาฐานข้อมูลอุตสาหกรรมเชิงเปรียบเทียบเพื่อเพิ่มขีดความสามารถในการแข่งขันของอุตสาหกรรมไทยสาขาอุตสาหกรรมต่อเรือและซ่อมเรือ, ประมวล สุธีจารุวัฒน, สุมาลี สุขดานนท์, สุนันทา เจริญปัญญายิ่ง, สมศักดิ์ สุคนธมาน

Journal of Transportation and Logistics (TRANSLOG)

No abstract provided.


ภาวะอุสาหกรรมการต่อเรือไทย : ทิศทาง แนวโน้มและข้อเสนอเชิงนโยบาย Jul 2013

ภาวะอุสาหกรรมการต่อเรือไทย : ทิศทาง แนวโน้มและข้อเสนอเชิงนโยบาย

Journal of Transportation and Logistics (TRANSLOG)

No abstract provided.


โครงการพัฒนาศูนย์วิเคราะห์ข้อมูลเชิงลึกอุตสาหกรรมอู่ต่อเรือ, ประมวล สุธีจารุวัฒน, วันชัย มีชาติ, พิษณุ คนองชัยยศ, สุภารัตน์ ตันทนงศักดิ์กุล, วิษารัช สัญญาลักษณ์ฤาชัย Jul 2013

โครงการพัฒนาศูนย์วิเคราะห์ข้อมูลเชิงลึกอุตสาหกรรมอู่ต่อเรือ, ประมวล สุธีจารุวัฒน, วันชัย มีชาติ, พิษณุ คนองชัยยศ, สุภารัตน์ ตันทนงศักดิ์กุล, วิษารัช สัญญาลักษณ์ฤาชัย

Journal of Transportation and Logistics (TRANSLOG)

No abstract provided.


โครงการผลักดันการพัฒนาอุตสาหกรรมต่อเรือและซ่อมเรือแบบครบวงจร, วันชัย มีชาติ, สุมาลี สุขตานนท์, สุภัตรา โล่วัชระกุล, สมพงษ์ ศิริโสภณศิลป์, ประมวญ บุณยะปาน, เชิดพันธ์ วิทูราภรณ์, ศักดา ธนิตกุล, เอก ตั้งทรัพย์วัฒนา, สุนันทา เจริญปัญญายิ่ง Jul 2013

โครงการผลักดันการพัฒนาอุตสาหกรรมต่อเรือและซ่อมเรือแบบครบวงจร, วันชัย มีชาติ, สุมาลี สุขตานนท์, สุภัตรา โล่วัชระกุล, สมพงษ์ ศิริโสภณศิลป์, ประมวญ บุณยะปาน, เชิดพันธ์ วิทูราภรณ์, ศักดา ธนิตกุล, เอก ตั้งทรัพย์วัฒนา, สุนันทา เจริญปัญญายิ่ง

Journal of Transportation and Logistics (TRANSLOG)

No abstract provided.


Wind-Induced Torsion Vibration Of The Super High-Rise Building Of Shenzhen Energy Center, Feng Ruo-Qiang, Ye Jihong, Guirong Yan, Li Qing-Xiang, Yao Bin Jul 2013

Wind-Induced Torsion Vibration Of The Super High-Rise Building Of Shenzhen Energy Center, Feng Ruo-Qiang, Ye Jihong, Guirong Yan, Li Qing-Xiang, Yao Bin

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The Synchronous Multipoint Scanning System Technique in Wind Tunnel Tests and Random Vibration Theory Method Were Used to Analyze the Wind-Induced Torsion Vibration of Some Irregularly Shaped Super High-Rise Buildings in Downtowns. the Torsion Vibration Modes and the Spectra of Torsion Wind Load Were Studied, and the Proportions of Mean Wind Torsion, Inertia Torsion and the Mass Eccentricity Torsion Caused by Horizontal Inertia Forces Are Discussed. the Following Conclusions Can Be Drawn. First, the Third and Fourth Modes Have Torsion Vibration Shapes, and their Frequencies Are in the High-Energy Area of the Spectra of the Torsion Wind Load; the Third …


Navigating The Academic Job Search For Environmental Engineers: Guidance For Job Seekers And Mentors, David A. Ladner, Stephanie C. Bolyard, Defne Apul, Andrew J. Whelton Jul 2013

Navigating The Academic Job Search For Environmental Engineers: Guidance For Job Seekers And Mentors, David A. Ladner, Stephanie C. Bolyard, Defne Apul, Andrew J. Whelton

Publications

Students and postdoctoral associates interested in tenure-track environmental engineering positions have limited resources to aid them. The Student Services Committee (SSC) of the Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors (AEESP) organized a workshop to fill some of the need. Newly hired faculty and experienced search committee and department chairs shared information on how to create competitive applications. Students and postdoctoral associates were also provided with individualized feedback on their faculty application packages. Survey data were collected for all participants, and these data are presented in this paper along with tips shared during the workshop and information collected from the …


Analysis Of Internet Visitors On Educational Websites, Georgia Romig, Byungik Chang, Kenneth Leitch, Aaron Hunt Jul 2013

Analysis Of Internet Visitors On Educational Websites, Georgia Romig, Byungik Chang, Kenneth Leitch, Aaron Hunt

Civil Engineering Faculty Publications

This study examines usage patterns of educational websites that employ databases, wikis, and general resources for information sharing and dissemination. To gather data about website usage, a quantitative survey was sent out to students and to the users of an existing educational website. Additionally, participants provided data on learning preferences and practices. Findings from the survey show that users visit an education website for finding information and getting connected to a community. The survey results also show that while communicating information should remain a top priority, educational web sites will need to adapt to an increasing desire for interpersonal communication …


Sroiq Syntax Approximation By Using Nominal Schemas, Cong Wang, David Carral, Pascal Hitzler Jul 2013

Sroiq Syntax Approximation By Using Nominal Schemas, Cong Wang, David Carral, Pascal Hitzler

Computer Science and Engineering Faculty Publications

Nominal schemas is a recently introduced extension of description logics which makes it possible to express rules which generalize DL-safe ones. A tractable description logic, ELROVn, has been identified. This leads us to the question: can we improve approximate reasoning results by employing nominal schemas? In this paper, we investigate how to approximately cast SROIQ into ELROVn. Using a datalog-based tractable algorithm, a preliminary evaluation shows that our approach can indeed do approximate SROIQ-reasoning with a high recall.


Towards An Efficient Algorithm To Reason Over Description Logics Extended With Nominal Schemas, David Carral, Cong Wang, Pascal Hitzler Jul 2013

Towards An Efficient Algorithm To Reason Over Description Logics Extended With Nominal Schemas, David Carral, Cong Wang, Pascal Hitzler

Computer Science and Engineering Faculty Publications

Extending description logics with so-called nominal schemas has been shown to be a major step towards integrating description logics with rules paradigms. However, establishing efficient algorithms for reasoning with nominal schemas has so far been a challenge. In this paper, we present an algorithm to reason with the description logic fragment ELROVn, a fragment that extends EL++ with nominal schemas. We also report on an implementation and experimental evaluation of the algorithm, which shows that our approach is indeed rather efficient.


Influence Of Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles On Mechanical Behavior Of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(Butylene Succinate) Blend, N Hongsriphan, T Burirat, P Niratsungnern, S Trongteng Jul 2013

Influence Of Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles On Mechanical Behavior Of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(Butylene Succinate) Blend, N Hongsriphan, T Burirat, P Niratsungnern, S Trongteng

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

PLA/PBS blends in various blend ratio (70:30, 50:50, and 30:70 wt%) containing calcium carbonate nanoparticles (nano-CaCO3) of 1 and 5 phr were prepared. Tensile tests with 3 strain rates and Izod impact test were carried out in order to investigate the influence of CaCO3 nanoparticles on mechanical behavior of nanocomposites under different deformation rates. Morphology and compatibility of nanocomposites were studied using SEM and DSC. It is found that PBS/PLA 50/50 wt% blends exhibited the highest percentage of elongation at break due to co-continuous phases as seen in SEM. CaCO3 nanoparticles were dispersed uniformly in polymer matrix although they showed …


Engineering Design Research: Successful Integration Of Education, Practice, And Study In The Cedar Group, Joshua D. Summers Jul 2013

Engineering Design Research: Successful Integration Of Education, Practice, And Study In The Cedar Group, Joshua D. Summers

All CEDAR Publications

Engineering design is a generally nascent area of research within the engineering disciplines, spanning only a few decades of critical investigation. Clemson University has been at the forefront of the development of this field and continues this with a living experiment in how to integrate education, practice, and research through the CEDAR group. This essay introduces the reader to design research and the areas of study within CEDAR. Following this, an analysis of the research trends exposes three pillars of CEDAR philosophy: helping others, seeking variety, and learning from others. The goal of this essay is to introduce the wider …


Dynamics And Dislodgment From Pore Constrictions Of A Trapped Nonwetting Droplet Stimulated By Seismic Waves, Wen Deng, M. Bayani Cardenas Jul 2013

Dynamics And Dislodgment From Pore Constrictions Of A Trapped Nonwetting Droplet Stimulated By Seismic Waves, Wen Deng, M. Bayani Cardenas

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Seismic waves affect fluid flow and transport processes in porous media. Therefore, quantitative understanding of the role of seismic waves in subsurface hydrodynamics is important for the development of practical applications and prediction of natural phenomena. We present a theoretical fluid dynamics model to describe how low-frequency elastic waves mobilize isolated droplets trapped in pores by capillary resistance. The ability of the theoretical model to predict the critical mobilization amplitudes (Ac) and the displacement dynamics of the nonwetting droplet are validated against computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Our theory has the advantage of rapid calculation of Ac …


Fe, Co And Ni Adatoms Adsorbed On Silicene: A Dft Study, Kent Gang '14, Siva Gangavarapu '14, Matthew Deng '14, Glenn W. "Max" Mcgee, Ron Hurlbut, Michael Lee Dao Kang, Sean Ng Peng Nam, Harman Johll, Tok Eng Soon Jul 2013

Fe, Co And Ni Adatoms Adsorbed On Silicene: A Dft Study, Kent Gang '14, Siva Gangavarapu '14, Matthew Deng '14, Glenn W. "Max" Mcgee, Ron Hurlbut, Michael Lee Dao Kang, Sean Ng Peng Nam, Harman Johll, Tok Eng Soon

Student Publications & Research

Two-dimensional materials have attracted much research attention given their intriguing properties. The latest member of this class of materials is silicene. In this work, we investigate the adsorption of Fe, Co and Ni adatoms on silicene using plane-wave density functional theory calculations within the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof parameterization of the generalized gradient approximation for the exchange-correlation potential. In particular, we calculate the binding energy, magnetization, and projected electronic configurations of these adatoms adsorbed at different sites on the silicene. Our calculations show that the hole site (i.e. in the centre of a hexagonal-like arrangement of Si atoms) is the most stable configuration …


Position-Adaptive Localization Of An Electro-Magnetic Source Using Static And Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks, Miguel D. Gates Jul 2013

Position-Adaptive Localization Of An Electro-Magnetic Source Using Static And Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks, Miguel D. Gates

Doctoral Dissertations

We present new results in detection and localization of a hidden emitter using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). While this type of problem has been explored extensively, this research combines multiple dynamics, such as mobility and adaptation, to extend the value beyond the typical search mission. Using Micro-Aerial Vehicles (MAVs), in conjunction with multiple static wireless sensor nodes, we create a hybrid sensor network capable of detection and localization of a hidden electro-magnetic (EM) emitter.

In order to localize the emitter, a Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) is used as an approximation of distance from the transmitter to the revolving receivers. …


A Computational Model Of Nanoparticle Transport And Delivery In Tumor Tissue, Vishwa Priya Podduturi Jul 2013

A Computational Model Of Nanoparticle Transport And Delivery In Tumor Tissue, Vishwa Priya Podduturi

Doctoral Dissertations

Determining the factors that influence the delivery of nanoparticles to tumors and understanding the relative importance of each of these factors is fundamental to optimize the drug delivery process. In this research, a model that combines random walk with the pressure driven flow of nanoparticles in a tumor vasculature is modeled. Nanoparticle movement in a cylindrical tube with dimensions similar to the tumor's blood capillary with a single pore is simulated. Nanoparticle velocities are calculated as a pressure driven flow over imposed to Brownian motion. During the study, the effect of red blood cells (RBC) is also studied by comparing …


Hysteresis In Experimental I–V Curves Of Electron Hop Funnels, Tyler Rowe, Marcus Pearlman, Jim Browning Jul 2013

Hysteresis In Experimental I–V Curves Of Electron Hop Funnels, Tyler Rowe, Marcus Pearlman, Jim Browning

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Electron hop funnels provide a method to integrate field emission arrays into microwave vacuum electron devices, to protect the arrays, and to provide a method to study the secondary electron characteristics of dielectrics. A hop funnel is a dielectric material with an electrode, known as the hop electrode, placed around the narrow end (exit) of the funnel to control the current transmitted through the device. Current is transmitted through the funnel via electron-hopping transport. This work investigates a hysteresis observed in the current–voltage characteristic of the device. The experimental results showing the observed hysteresis will be presented. This work will …


Interdisciplinary Undergraduate Student-Faculty Research: Bridging Information Systems And Strategic Management, Miguel Toimil, Namchul Shin, Alan Eisner Jul 2013

Interdisciplinary Undergraduate Student-Faculty Research: Bridging Information Systems And Strategic Management, Miguel Toimil, Namchul Shin, Alan Eisner

Cornerstone 3 Reports : Interdisciplinary Informatics

No abstract provided.


Dr. Zeljko Pantic Joins Upel | Utah State University Power Electronics Lab, Usu College Of Engineering Jul 2013

Dr. Zeljko Pantic Joins Upel | Utah State University Power Electronics Lab, Usu College Of Engineering

College of Engineering News

UPEL is proud to announce that Dr. Zeljko Pantic will be joining the ECE Faculty this fall at Utah State University.Dr. Pantic completed his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering at North Carolina State University, and will be working in the area of Wireless Power Transfer at UPEL. Dr. Pantic will also be teaching the Introduction to Power Electronics (ECE 5930) this fall.


High Precision Dynamic Alignment And Gap Control For Optical Near-Field Nanolithography, Xiaolei Wen, Luis M. Traverso, Pornsak Srisungsitthisunti, Xianfan Xu, Euclid E. Moon Jul 2013

High Precision Dynamic Alignment And Gap Control For Optical Near-Field Nanolithography, Xiaolei Wen, Luis M. Traverso, Pornsak Srisungsitthisunti, Xianfan Xu, Euclid E. Moon

Birck and NCN Publications

The authors demonstrate the use of interferometric-spatial-phase-imaging (ISPI) to control a gap distance of the order of nanometers for parallel optical near-field nanolithography. In optical near-field nanolithography, the distance between the optical mask and the substrate needs to be controlled within tens of nanometers or less. The ISPI technique creates interference fringes from checkerboard gratings fabricated on the optical mask, which are used to determine the gap distance between the mask and the substrate surfaces. The sensitive of this gapping technique can reach 0.15 nm. With the use of ISPI and a dynamic feedback control system, the authors can precisely …


Aviation Weather And Decision Making: A Human Factors Perspective, Beth Blickensderfer, Jessica Cruit, Michael Vincent Jul 2013

Aviation Weather And Decision Making: A Human Factors Perspective, Beth Blickensderfer, Jessica Cruit, Michael Vincent

Aviation Weather Training Research

  • A History of Decision Making Research
  • Pilot Decision Making
  • Future Research Directions


A Sociotechnical Systems-Based Process To Facilitate The Development Of A Change Intervention Deployment Plan, Jorge Luis Nadal Jul 2013

A Sociotechnical Systems-Based Process To Facilitate The Development Of A Change Intervention Deployment Plan, Jorge Luis Nadal

EMSE Doctoral Projects

The purpose of this project was to formulate a process to facilitate the development of an effective change intervention deployment plan. The premise is that without a proper deployment plan, the successful implementation of a change intervention in an organization will be slow and require multiple revisions. This research utilized a Sociotechnical Systems (STS) approach to analyze the implementation of a major change intervention.

This research was in part prompted by a request by management of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) for the researcher to examine why it has taken so long to successfully implement this large-scale change …


Chitosan Derivative-Based Hemostat: Irritation, Hypersensitivity And Absorbability Study, B Thavornyutikarn, W Kosorn, P Surattanawanich, U Wongparami, W Janvikul Jul 2013

Chitosan Derivative-Based Hemostat: Irritation, Hypersensitivity And Absorbability Study, B Thavornyutikarn, W Kosorn, P Surattanawanich, U Wongparami, W Janvikul

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of a carboxymethylchitosan-based hemostatic prototype for internal use, in terms of irritation, hypersensitivity and absorbability. Skin irritation and delayed-type hypersensitivity tests of the prototype in humans (n=30) were assessed by a patch test method. The human skin sites were graded and photographed after patch removal at each time point using a 4-point (0-3+) grading scale of increasing irritation related to ISO 10993-10:2002(E) and a 6-point grading scale of increasing allergy related to International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG). The results demonstrated that the chitosan derivative-based hemostat did not cause skin …


Horizontal Pressures In Cylindrical Metal Silos And Comparison With Different International Standards, José W. B. Do Nascimiento, José P. Lopes Neto, Michael D. Montross Jul 2013

Horizontal Pressures In Cylindrical Metal Silos And Comparison With Different International Standards, José W. B. Do Nascimiento, José P. Lopes Neto, Michael D. Montross

Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications

The focus of this research was to evaluate the horizontal pressures on a cylindrical metal silo of corrugated walls and flat bottom with 1.82m diameter and 5.4m high, and to compare the values with those obtained theoretically by the ISO 11697, EP 433 and AS 3774 standards. The silo was symmetrically filled and constant speed with wheat cv. soft red for two different height/diameter ratios (H/D) and was unloaded through three orifices with a diameter of 71.6mm, one concentric and two eccentrics. Horizontal pressures were measured on the walls of the silo at three positions using hydraulic type pressure cells. …