Health and Physical Education Commons^™

The Impact Of The Program For Athletic Coaches Education (Pace) Certification –Mivca Coaching Association, Heather L. Sawyer

Masters Theses

This study identified the level of awareness, and perceived usefulness of the Program for Athletic Coach (PACE) by the Michigan Interscholastic Volleyball Coaches Association (MIVCA) (n=296). The study further examined: (1) the extent MIVCA coaches are engaged in PACE; (2) the relative importance of content delivered; (3) the important content to improve coaching; and (4) what the MIVCA coaches believed their personal investment should be in a coaching education program.

The participants were asked to complete a survey that ranked the importance of the domains and standards found in the National Standards for Athletic Coaches (NSAC). Results indicate a relatively …

The Biomechical Analysis Of The Kinetics And Kinematics For Three Figure Skating Jumps, Laura Blazok

Masters Theses

The problem of this investigation was to describe the kinetics and kinematics of three figure skating jumps: axel, double toe loop, and double loop. Specifically, the researcher investigated impact force, kinetic energy, and selected kinematic variables of female skaters during the landing phase of the three figure skating jumps. Kinetic energy and impact force were calculated during three phases of landing: Initial, Mid, and Final. Each of these phases represented a third of the time spent in landing each of the jumps. The kinematic variables measured during the landing phase of the jumps were vertical velocity, horizontal velocity, shoulder rotation, …

A Biomedical Analysis Of The Walking Patterns Of Blind Individuals Who Consistently Veer, Beth Engler

Masters Theses

The problem of the study was to describe the gait patterns of congenitally blind adults who veer when attempting to walk in a straight path. Specifically, the investigation compared the walking patterns of blind subjects to the walking patterns of sighted subjects as described in the literature and compared the symmetry between the right and left sides of the body. Results indicated: (a) no significant difference among the three trials for pelvic rotation, foot position at foot plant, knee angle, shoulder rotation, vertical displacement of the center of gravity, ankle angle, thigh angle, foot displacement, left step length, and trunk …

The Safety And Efficacy Of Resistance Training For Chronic Heart Failure Patients, John B. Coleman

Masters Theses

The purpose of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of resistance training (RT) in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients. Two retrospective CHF patient groups were assessed pre and post 4-week participation at the Borgess Health and Fitness Center CHF Clinic. The first group participated only in monitored aerobic exercise (AG, N= 10), while the second group participated in monitored aerobic exercise along with the six experimental RT exercises (ARG, N= 10). The safety parameters measured during the aerobic and RT exercises were incidence of new onset arrhythmia and rate pressure products (RPP). The efficacy parameters measured were …

A Comparative Analysis Of Walking Patterns Between Genu Varum And Normal Subjects, Nerline Varda Maurisseau

Masters Theses

The problem was to compare angular and linear kinematics, ground reaction forces (GRF), temporal changes, and electromyography (EMG) of selected muscles while walking one gait cycle to a metronome set at 100 beats per minute (bpm) between genu varum and normal men, ages 20-25 years. Results indicated: (a) the Normal Group had a lower stride time than the Genu Varum Group, although the results were not significantly different; (b) the Normal Group showed greater range of motion in the ankle, knee, hip rotation, and tibial rotation angles-however, the results were not significantly different; (c) there was no significant difference in …

Temporal And Emg Relationships Among The Phases Of Vertical And Depth Jumps, Amanda Albright

Masters Theses

Plyometric exercises blend speed and strength training and are often used to help an athlete reach his or her ultimate power potential. Specifically, plyometric training is a technique that enhances neuromuscular excitability, which may in tum increase the ability to achieve a greater work output.

The purpose of this study was to examine the temporal and EMG differences between two different jumping techniques: a vertical jump and depth jumps of varying heights. The study consisted of 20 female physical education majors grouped as skilled or unskilled. Temporal and EMG data were collected for (a) the duration of time spent in …

The Fair Play Project: Evaluation Of Ethical-Value Choices In An Educational Sportsmanship Program, C. Bruce Martin

Masters Theses

The erosion of ethical values of athletes and the rise of unsportsmanlike behaviors by our nation's athletic programs is at near epidemic levels. This study evaluated the four-year Fair Play Project intervention in its attempt to correct the problem of poor sportsmanship behaviors created by a lack of ethical reasoning. Beginning in the summer of 1996 as an initiative from athletic directors representing an interscholastic athletic conference in Southwest Michigan, the Fair Play Project had four goals: (I) Plan and implement an annual student leadership conference; (2) Create a school-based student Sportsmanship Task Force in order to improve the sportsmanship …

The Effects Of Supplemental Protein On Urea Nitrogen Excretion In Women 40-70 Years Old, Tammy D. Moran

Masters Theses

The problem of this study was to determine the effect of supplemental liquid protein in women 40-70 years of age over a 4-week period. Weeks 1 and 3 served as the control period. During this time, no particular diet regime was required, but protein drinks were prohibited. The treatment condition occurred during Weeks 2 and 4. During this time, subjects consumed two protein drinks each day for a period of 7 days. Twenty-four hour urine collections occurred at the end of each week. Urine was analyzed for the presence of urea nitrogen. The dependent variables were urinary urea nitrogen, self-perceived …

Effect Of Concentrated Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Gel On Moderate-Intensity Intermittent Exercise, Sarah M. Handlogten

Masters Theses

The researcher compared the effects of a carbohydrate-electrolyte (CE) gel and water ingested 5 min before and after 20 min of moderate-intensity running for I hour. Six dependent variables were measured: heart rate (HR), VO₂, blood glucose, respiratory exchange ratio (R), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and timed exercise performance. Independent variables were condition, trials (2), and sample time. On 4 days, subjects completed a 60-min training run at 65% of maximal oxygen consumption in 20-min bouts with 3-min rests between bouts. A timed 200-m sprint followed each run. Two trials were completed with each condition. Water was …

The Effect Of Caffeine On Reaction Time, Hand Steadiness, And Certain Physiological Variables, Amy K. Ryan

Masters Theses

The problem of this study was to analyze the effect of caffeine on heart rate, blood pressure, reaction time, and hand steadiness. Subjects (N = 20) were classified as high-caffeine users or low-caffeine users. Heart rate, blood pressure, reaction time, and hand steadiness were measured. Subjects then consumed 24 oz of coffee containing 345 mg of caffeine in a 5-min period. Dependent variables were measured again at 30, 60, and 90 min after caffeine administration. Significant differences were found among test time means for every dependent variable except hand steadiness. No difference was found between the high-caffeine-use group and the …

Effects Of The Prbar And Powerbar On Fat Metabolism, Chad F. Witt

Masters Theses

The purpose was to compare the effect of dietary supplementation using two different energy bars, the PRBar and the PowerBar, ingested 1 hour before exercise, on the exercise metabolism of endurance athletes. Four dependent variables were measured: respiratory exchange ratio (R), oxygen consumption (VO₂), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and blood glucose. Independent variables were bars (2), trials (2), and sample time. Sample times occurred at 5-min intervals for R, VO₂, and RPE. Blood glucose was sampled before exercise, at 15 min and 25 min during exercise, and after exercise. Subjects completed four 35-min training runs, …

The Effects Of Step Height, Cadence, And Choreography On Biochemical Factors In Step Aerobics, Stacie Moore

Masters Theses

The problem of the study was to determine the effect of step height, speed, and choreography on ground reaction forces, electromyography of the knee extensors, and center of gravity displacement in step aerobics. Two step heights, 6 and 8 in.; two speeds, 126 and 132 bpm; and three steps, basic step, tum step, and hop step, were studied for a single subject across 5 trials. The muscles studied included the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis. Results indicated: (a) significant difference existed between the cadences as well as between the step heights for the sagittal plane center of gravity; …

The Reliability Of Emg Normalization Procedures For Three Muscles Involved In Knee Extension, James John Sweet

Masters Theses

Analyses of 3 knee extensors, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, and vastus lateralis, were conducted to examine the reliability of (a) maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) across trials (2), days (5), and joint angles (5); and (b) normalized EMG responses during dynamic knee extension at 2 submaximal work loads. Strength (cable tension) and integrated peak EMG (surface electrodes) were measured during the MVIC. Subjects (N = 44) performed 2 consecutive MVICs with 2 min rest between trials at 110°, 90°, 70°, 50°, and 30° of knee flexion, followed by 2 submaximal dynamic knee extension exercises. Intraclass correlation (R) values for the …

The Effect Of Unloading Body Weight During Aerobic Exercise On Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, And Perceived Exertion, Carolynn J. Bolander

Masters Theses

The problem of the study was to examine the blood pressure, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion of asymptomatic, active individuals during submaximal treadmill exercise while using an unloading system. Two levels of unloading, 20% unloaded body weight (UBW) and 40% UBW, were compared to 0% UBW. Treadmill speed was determined by the speed required to reach a steady state heart rate of 70% of maximum heart rate in an unloaded state. Twenty subjects, between the ages of 18 and 42 years, served as subjects. Subjects were grouped with respect to fitness level; walkers were those subjects who walked …

Comparative Analysis Of Walking Patterns With Flip-Flops Between American And Japanese Males, Ko Tada

Masters Theses

The problem was to compare the kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographical (EMG) aspects of walking gait while wearing flip-flops and barefoot between American and Japanese males, aged 20 to 25 years. Results indicated: (a) American stride lengths were greater than Japanese, although the results were not statistically significant; (b) Japanese ankle angle was smaller than Americans' for toe-off for barefoot, and foot strike for flip-flops; (c) the Japanese decreased the ankle angle from foot strike to toe-off, the Americans increased; (d) the Americans' foot angle was significantly different between barefoot and flip-flops; (e) the biceps femoris showed a significant difference in …

The Effect Of The Hapad Longitudinal Metatarsal Arch Pad On Ground Reaction Forces And Rear Foot Angle, William F. Rocker

Masters Theses

The effectiveness of the Hapad Longitudinal Metatarsal Arch Pad (HLMAP) to correct for pronation was investigated using 30 female volunteer student subjects. The investigation consisted of measuring ground reaction forces measured by a force plate and rear foot angle (RFA) measured by video digitization. The repeated measures design consisted of l grouping variable with 3 levels, supinators, mildpronators, and over pronators, and 2 research variables, 10 trials, and pad/no-pad. The results indicated (a) no significant difference for medial or lateral force, propulsive force, vertic al thrust, negative torque among groups, or between pad/no-pad; (b) a significant difference was found for …

An Emg Analysis Of Five Abdominal Exercises, Teresa E. Brady

Masters Theses

The problem of this study was to compare the basic crunch, Ab Roller Plus, EZ-Krunch, and Resist-A-Ball abdominal exercises. For the Resist-A-Ball, a beginner and advanced abdominal exercise were measured. Subjects performed 5 repetitions of each of the 5 exercises and the 4th repetition of each exercise was analyzed. The dependent variables were peak EMG and time to peak EMG of the rectus abdominis; time spent in the concentric, coupling, and eccentric phases; range of motion for the low back, hip, and trunk; and EMG activity of the vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, vastus medialis, and biceps brachii. The results indicated …

The Effect Of Step Height And Upper Body Involvement On Oxygen Consumption And Energy Expenditure During Step Aerobics, Heidi A. Riker

Masters Theses

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of step height and arm involvement on oxygen consumption (VO2), VO2 as a percentage of VO2max, and energy cost during step aerobics. VO2 and Respiratory Exchange Ratio were measured as 12 subjects completed 6 experimental conditions, which consisted of 3 step heights, 4, 6, and 8 in., and 2 arm conditions, with and without arms. Measured VO2 values were also analyzed as a percentage of maximal oxygen consumption to determine if subjects were within the ACSM recommended range of 50% to 85% of VO2max. ANOVAs revealed significant differences in each …

The Effects Of Specific Teacher Training Program Components On The Self-Assessment Skills Of Western Michigan University Physical Education Interns, Jerry G. Bergsma

Masters Theses

The effects of an undergraduate self-assessment training program on the accuracy of self-assessment during physical education intern teaching was the focus of this study. Fourteen subjects enrolled in Intern Teaching at Western Michigan University and a university in central Michigan were studied.

The groups were compared on accuracy of self-assessment in selected teacher behaviors, teacher feedback rates, and student behaviors. Subjects were video-taped during intern teaching sessions and asked to complete the Self-Assessment Form (Hawkins & Wiegand, 1989). Estimates of percent time spent engaged in selected behaviors and feedback rates were compared to actual times and rates collected from the …

Validation Of The Original And Modified Ymca Cycle Ergometer Tests, Joel V. Blakeman

Masters Theses

The problem of the study was to determine if a 3-point estimation procedure for the YMCA cycle ergometer submaximal test (YMOD) provided a more valid predictor of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) than the recommended 2-point estimation YMCA procedure for male and female college students ages 18 to 25 years. Apparently healthy subjects (n = 21 females; n = 25 males) completed the ACSM maximal cycle ergometer test, the YMCA test, and the YMOD test. The reliability estimates of modified YMCA max scores, R = .39, was higher than the reliability estimate from the YMCA, R = -.80. ANOVA results …

A Comparison Of The Physical Activity, Body Composition And Self-Esteem Levels Of 5th And 6th Grade Students In Southwest Michigan, Rebevva C. Coady

Masters Theses

The problem of this study was to compare the physical activity levels, body fat percentage and self-esteem levels for children 1 O to 12 years of age. Subjects were 5th and 6th grade students who attended Schoolcraft or Lawton Middleschools in Southwest Michigan. The instruments used for this study consisted of the Lohman 2-site skinfold test, the Harter "What I am Like" self-esteem questionnaire, and a physical activity checklist. Subjects were grouped according to body fat percentage and physical activity level. Significant differences were found for males body fat groups for 4 of the 6 subscales of self-esteem: (1) . …

A Validation Of Target Heartrate Formulas Used In Swimming, Tasha Kay Litwinski

Masters Theses

The purpose of this study was to explore whether procedures used to establish target heart rates (THRs) for running are applicable to front crawl swimming. Eight male and 22 female fitness swimmers from Western Michigan University participated in this study. Their exercise durations under three experimental conditions were compared. The conditions were: (a) Condition 1, a treadmill run at an intensity equal to a THR of 85% of heart rate reserve (HRR); (b) Condition 2, a front crawl swim at an intensity equal to 85% of HRR; and (c) Condition 3, a front crawl swim at an intensity equal to …

An Emg Comparison Of Muscle Recruitment Associated With The Wide Grip Pull-Up And The Lat Pull-Down Exercise, Marla S. Bauermeister

Masters Theses

The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the prime mover muscles used in the wide grip pull-up and lat pull-down exercises. Ten Western Michigan University students performed the 2 exercises, using a resistance equal to their body weight for 3 sets of 3 repetitions, with 2 min rest between sets. The 2nd repetition of each set was analyzed for each exercise. Research variables included phases (concentric, coupling, and eccentric), exercises, trials, and muscles. The dependent variables were relative time to peak recruitment, peak recruitment, and phase time. Findings revealed that the concentric and eccentric phases were slower …

The Effects Of Chromium Picolinate Supplementation On Body Fat, Lean Body Mass, And Respiratory Exchange Ratio, Matthew K. Beaty

Masters Theses

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects, on college-age males, of ingesting chromium picolinate over a 6-week period when administered as a supplement to their diet. Fifty males, ages 18 to 25 years, had their respiratory exchange ratio (R), body fat percentage, and lean body mass measured prior to and following a 6-week supplementation period. Subjects were randomly placed into a chromium, placebo, or control group. All subjects were instructed to maintain daily activities. Analysis of variance revealed no significant differences in R values, body fat percentage, or lean body mass among the chromium, placebo, or control …

A Comparative Analysis Of The Vertical And Plyometric Style Depth Jump Using Electromyography (Emg), Robert M. Conatser

Masters Theses

The purpose of this investigation was to compare temporal data during the phases of jumping. Eight NCAA, Di vision I football players completed four jumps: three depth jumps from heights of 0.15 m, 0.30 m, and 0.46 m, and a standing vertical jump. Subjects were grouped according to height jumped. The dependent variables were phase time, amortization time, and time to peak EMG. Surface EMG synchronized with high speed video was used to analyze the response of six muscles used in the jumping movement. Findings indicated that subjects who consistently jumped higher spent more time in each phase of the …

The Effect Of External Heat And Humidity On Levels Of Perceived Exertion While Performing A Submaximal Bicycle Test, Erika E. Hanselman

Masters Theses

The effect of changes in environmental conditions on perception of the intensity of exercise using the Borg scale for rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was the focus of this study. Subjects (n= 10) recruited opportunistically from graduate classes in the Health, Physical Education and Recreation Department performed the test in a climate control chamber located in the Exercise Physiology lab at Western Michigan University. The submaximal test followed the protocol established by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM, 1991).

Each subject performed each of the four conditions three times. Conditions were assigned in random order to each subject. Perceived …

The Use Of Selected Anthropometric Measures In The Prediction Of A One-Repetition Maximum For The Bench Press Weight-Lifting Exercise, Gerald L. Thomas

Masters Theses

The purpose of this study was to determine if selected anthropometric measures would accurately predict a one-repetition maximum (1RM) for the bench press. Sixty-two college students, 29 males and 33 females, were measured on six selected anthropometric variables and the criterion measure, a 1RM for the bench press. The independent variables were upper arm circumference, chest circumference, wrist circumference, lean body mass, and a 10-repetitions maximum (10RM). Pearson product moment correlations and multiple regression analyses were calculated for all subjects and for each gender. Regression equations involving a number of different combinations of variables were explored. The results indicated the …

The Effect Of The Active Ankle Brace On Ground Reaction Forces, Andrew D. Howell

Masters Theses

The problem of this study was to determine the effect an ankle brace worn for stability had on ground reaction forces. Ground reaction forces present when performing a step down from a height of 8.0 in. while wearing an Active Ankle Brace were compared to the ground reaction forces when not wearing the brace. Subjects (N=50) were randomly assigned to a testing condition. A metronome set at a rate of 100 bpm controlled the walking cadence of the subjects. Subjects were told to walk with a normal gait pattern, at the required cadence, and to use a heel strike landing. …

The Effect Of Step Height On Energy Cost Using A Stairmaster 4000pt, Bruce Patnoudes

Masters Theses

The study determined if energy cost or heart rate was affected by Stairmaster 4000PT users stepping at lower than the prescribed 8.0 in. recommended by the manufacturer. Eight women participated in the study. Subjects exercised on the Stairmaster 4000PT using three different step heights; 4.0 in., 6.0 in., and 8.0 in. The condition order was randomized to minimize bias. Subjects stepped with a metronome to regulate step height.

The findings indicated that a lower than recommended step height did not affect energy cost or heart rate.

It was concluded that users may step at any of the three step heights …

Biomechanical Analysis Of The Volleyball Overhand Floater Serve, Jian Lu

Masters Theses

The purpose of this study was to investigate biomechanical factors associated with successful overhand floater serves. Specifically, the study investigated the kinematics of the server at ball-hand contact. Six subjects performed floater serves for this investigation. Subjects served three trials under each of the following conditions: (a) short and long serves and (b) three ball-valve positions at ball-hand contact. Threedimensional cinematographic methods were used to obtain the data. Descriptive statistics were utilized to compare floater and nonfloater serves with respect to distance and ball-valve position. The results showed that (a) more long serves were classified as floater compared to short …