Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Higher Education (3072)
- Educational Administration and Supervision (1642)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (1222)
- Higher Education Administration (1199)
- Arts and Humanities (1055)
-
- Teacher Education and Professional Development (1020)
- Curriculum and Instruction (648)
- Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research (580)
- Educational Leadership (488)
- History (422)
- Science and Mathematics Education (376)
- Business (369)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (339)
- Other Education (323)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (320)
- Library and Information Science (250)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (235)
- Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education (231)
- Communication (215)
- Higher Education and Teaching (197)
- Educational Psychology (196)
- Special Education and Teaching (191)
- Educational Methods (177)
- Psychology (177)
- Sociology (177)
- Engineering (172)
- Elementary and Middle and Secondary Education Administration (170)
- United States History (150)
- Life Sciences (149)
- Institution
-
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (1045)
- University of South Florida (660)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (397)
- Illinois Wesleyan University (332)
- Walden University (329)
-
- Western Kentucky University (295)
- University of Northern Iowa (234)
- Western Michigan University (223)
- Morehead State University (177)
- Fort Hays State University (161)
- Georgia Southern University (158)
- Edith Cowan University (149)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (121)
- East Tennessee State University (120)
- Southwestern Oklahoma State University (117)
- Grand Valley State University (114)
- Taylor University (110)
- Technological University Dublin (107)
- Utah State University (103)
- Rowan University (99)
- Old Dominion University (97)
- University of Central Florida (91)
- St. John Fisher University (90)
- Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER) (89)
- Brigham Young University (84)
- University of Nebraska at Omaha (82)
- The University of Southern Mississippi (68)
- Marshall University (65)
- Sacred Heart University (64)
- SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad (63)
- Keyword
-
- Education (313)
- Higher education (190)
- Awards and honors (189)
- School of medicine (189)
- College of arts and sciences (180)
-
- Western Kentucky University (146)
- Uab medicine (136)
- Newsletter (121)
- Leadership (117)
- Academics (112)
- UAB (104)
- Alumni (70)
- Assessment (70)
- Mathematics (66)
- College publications (65)
- Grand Valley State University--Periodicals (65)
- Universities & colleges--Michigan--Allendale (65)
- Students (64)
- Student publications (62)
- Class of 2012 (WKU) (61)
- Class of 2013 (WKU) (61)
- Class of 2014 (WKU) (61)
- History (61)
- Science and technology (61)
- Teaching (58)
- Newspaper (57)
- Research (56)
- Oneal comprehensive cancer center (53)
- Student newspaper (50)
- Learning (49)
- Publication
-
- Browse All News (920)
- Legislative Branch Publications (363)
- News and Events (Discontinued Series) (268)
- Dissertations (237)
- Theses and Dissertations (202)
-
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (176)
- Higher Learning Research Communications (172)
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (146)
- Academic Leadership: The Online Journal (2003-2012) (142)
- Executive Branch Publications (122)
- WKU Administration Documents (111)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (93)
- Faculty Senate Records (86)
- WMU President John Dunn (83)
- Australian Journal of Teacher Education (74)
- Nebraska Tractor Tests (70)
- UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones (64)
- Faculty Publications (59)
- Administrative Issues Journal (56)
- Research outputs 2011 (56)
- To Improve the Academy: A Journal of Educational Development (51)
- Doctoral Dissertations (47)
- All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023 (45)
- GreenMail (student newsletter through 2024) (45)
- Education Masters (43)
- College of Education and Human Sciences: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research (42)
- Understanding by Design: Complete Collection (42)
- Education Doctoral (39)
- Wayne State University Dissertations (39)
- John Wesley Powell Student Research Conference (38)
- Publication Type
Articles 8311 - 8340 of 8998
Full-Text Articles in Education
Does Quantitative Or Qualitative Data Lower Stigma Of Those Suffering From Schizophrenia?, Fred A. Washburn
Does Quantitative Or Qualitative Data Lower Stigma Of Those Suffering From Schizophrenia?, Fred A. Washburn
Masters Theses
This study examines social tolerance and support for legal coercion for people suffering from schizophrenia. Mental illness, defined as a biomedical illness, has decreased stigma and support for legal coercion for other mental illnesses but has the inverse relationship with schizophrenia (Phelan, Yang, Cruz-Rojas, 2006; Schnittker, 2008). This increase in stigma may be linked to scientific quantitative data that places the illness in control of the person. The study examines Eastern Illinois University students' (N=130) level of social tolerance and support for legal coercion for people suffering from schizophrenia after they have been exposed to qualitative data, quantitative data, or …
Student Perceptions Of A Special Admissions Program: The Boost Program, Jessica Elizabeth Rinkel
Student Perceptions Of A Special Admissions Program: The Boost Program, Jessica Elizabeth Rinkel
Masters Theses
This study was designed to understand the perception of a special admissions program, the BOOST Program, through the voices of students who successfully completed the program and continued their academic career at Eastern Illinois University or left the institution for various reasons after completing BOOST Program requirements. The researcher conducted one on one interviews with a selected sample of former BOOST students using qualitative, phenomenological methods (Johnson & Christensen, 2004; Lichtman, 2010) regarding their perceptions of BOOST Program components. Interviews were examined for significant statements, which led to thematic units, and in tum led to four major themes: support, personal …
Eulalee Anderson: Pioneer In International Student Programs At Eastern Illinois University, Bria Phillips
Eulalee Anderson: Pioneer In International Student Programs At Eastern Illinois University, Bria Phillips
Masters Theses
Eulalee Anderson, a higher education scholar and leader in the office of international students and scholars spent her days tending to the development and support of international students attending college in the United States, specifically at Eastern Illinois University. Born in Port Alegre, Brazil in 1919, she earned a bachelor's degree at the University of Oklahoma and three masters degrees at Eastern Illinois University. The majority of her professional career was at Eastern Illinois University where she first worked in Booth Library at the circulation desk and later joined what was then called the International Programs office as the international …
Perceptions Of Body Image: A Study Of College Women In Sororities And Not In Sororities, Amy L. Piekarski
Perceptions Of Body Image: A Study Of College Women In Sororities And Not In Sororities, Amy L. Piekarski
Masters Theses
College students, especially women, experience several extreme changes during their undergraduate years. These changes occur in areas of physical development, mental capacity, personality expression, and interpersonal relationship development. With these women leaving home and trying to find their place and fit in at their new institution, they seek out various groups of people and organizations to join. One group or organization that many college women engage in is sorority membership. To date, minimal research has been conducted to investigate whether membership in a sorority has a negative or positive effect on their self images. The purpose of the present study …
The Impact Of Remedial Coursework On Transfer Student Success, Cathy Lee Feely
The Impact Of Remedial Coursework On Transfer Student Success, Cathy Lee Feely
Masters Theses
This study focuses on the academic achievement and retention of community college transfer students. The research looks at how non-transferrable coursework effects transfer students' academic success based on grade point average. Gender, ethnicity, and type of community college attended are factors all considered in the study. The sample of students being studied are all undergraduate students a Midwestern four year comprehensive university that transferred from an Illinois community college. The research indicates that students who have completed non-transferrable courses at the community college have greater academic success based on grade point average at the university than those without non-transferrable courses. …
Moving Through Autonomy Toward Interdependence: The Relationship Between Chickering And Reisser's Third Vector And Stephen Covey's Seven Habits Of Highly Effective People, Christopher M. Pahl
Moving Through Autonomy Toward Interdependence: The Relationship Between Chickering And Reisser's Third Vector And Stephen Covey's Seven Habits Of Highly Effective People, Christopher M. Pahl
Masters Theses
This study assessed college student levels of autonomy as measured by The Iowa Developing Autonomy Inventory (Hood & Jackson, 1986), and their perception of their mastery of the seven habits of highly effective people as measured by the Covey Seven Habits Self Profile (Covey, ND) . The Iowa inventory consists of six subscales consisting of 15 items each; mobility, time management, money management, interdependence, emotional independence - Peers and emotional independence - Parents. The Seven Habits profile consists of nine three-item categories; emotional bank account, life balance, be proactive, begin with the end in mind, put first things first, think …
Evaluation Of College Counseling Websites Regarding Suicide Prevention/Depression Referral Services, Heather L. Zike
Evaluation Of College Counseling Websites Regarding Suicide Prevention/Depression Referral Services, Heather L. Zike
Masters Theses
The purpose of this study was to (1) determine if the 12 public colleges and universities within the state of Illinois contained information on their counseling websites in regards to topics of depression and suicide (2) examine if the websites contained self-evaluations for depression (3) determine if the website contains external links that are highly regarded informative links for depression and suicide among college students, (4) information for faculty/ staff to make referrals, and (5) information for family and loved ones to make referrals.
The Obama Education Files: Is There Hope To Stop The Neoliberal Agenda In Education?, Paul R. Carr, Brad Porfilio
The Obama Education Files: Is There Hope To Stop The Neoliberal Agenda In Education?, Paul R. Carr, Brad Porfilio
Journal of Inquiry and Action in Education
The contributors to this special issue of The Journal of Inquiry and Action provide insight into why the Obama administration’s educational policies manifest the dominance of neoliberal ideology over most elements of social life. The articles presented herein build on the work originally presented in The Phenomenon of Obama and the agenda for Education: Can hope audaciously trump neoliberalism? (Carr & Porfilio, 2011).
Explaining Obama: The Continuation Of Free Market Politics In Education And The Economy, David Hursh
Explaining Obama: The Continuation Of Free Market Politics In Education And The Economy, David Hursh
Journal of Inquiry and Action in Education
The contributors to this special issue of The Journal of Inquiry and Action provide insight into why the Obama administration’s educational policies manifest the dominance of neoliberal ideology over most elements of social life. The articles presented herein build on the work originally presented in The Phenomenon of Obama and the agenda for Education: Can hope audaciously trump neoliberalism? (Carr & Porfilio, 2011).
Orwellian Educational Change Under Obama: Crisis Discourse, Utopian Expectations, And Accountability Failures, Paul Thomas
Orwellian Educational Change Under Obama: Crisis Discourse, Utopian Expectations, And Accountability Failures, Paul Thomas
Journal of Inquiry and Action in Education
The contributors to this special issue of The Journal of Inquiry and Action provide insight into why the Obama administration’s educational policies manifest the dominance of neoliberal ideology over most elements of social life. The articles presented herein build on the work originally presented in The Phenomenon of Obama and the agenda for Education: Can hope audaciously trump neoliberalism? (Carr & Porfilio, 2011).
Motivations And Deterrents For Entering The Teaching Field In A Rural State, Dale Peitrzak, Jeri Engelking, Kristine M. Reed Ph.D., Susan Gapp, Sherrie Bosse
Motivations And Deterrents For Entering The Teaching Field In A Rural State, Dale Peitrzak, Jeri Engelking, Kristine M. Reed Ph.D., Susan Gapp, Sherrie Bosse
Journal of Inquiry and Action in Education
This article reports findings from a study of the motivations of college students to choose or not choose a career as a K-12 teacher. Five hundred-seventeen college students majoring in education and non-education programs enrolled in undergraduate courses were surveyed as to their motivations for choosing/not choosing a career in K-12. If they chose teaching as a career, they were also asked what might motivate others to enter the teaching profession or if they chose a non-teaching career, they were asked what things that if changed might increase their interest in becoming a teacher. Those choosing teaching as a career …
Using Peer Review To Promote Writing Development In Esl Classes, Dira Thokwane
Using Peer Review To Promote Writing Development In Esl Classes, Dira Thokwane
All Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects
The aim of this Alternate Plan Paper was to explore whether peer review promote writing development in ESL classes. Recent literature on peer review presented conflicting results in relation to its use in ESL writing classes. Some studies reported that peer review had positive effect on students' academic performance; others argued that peer review could not be trusted as teaching technique. However, most of the reviewed literature argued in favor of peer review. Carr (2008) stated that peer review is an important teaching strategy in which students read and make comments about their peers' written work. Carr (2008) also stated …
Effectiveness Of The Whytry Curriculum With Adults Participating In A Vocational Training Program, Erika Kern
Effectiveness Of The Whytry Curriculum With Adults Participating In A Vocational Training Program, Erika Kern
All Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects
The purpose of this research project is to evaluate the effectiveness of the WhyTry curriculum with adults participating in a vocational training program specifically to develop retail skills. WhyTry is an interactive, multisensory program used to motivate participants to change patterns of indifference by using analogies, videos, and music to stimulate and inspire them to succeed. The curriculum has elements of Solution Focused Brief Therapy, Social and Emotional Intelligence, and multi-sensory learning (WhyTry, 2011). My research question is as follows: Is the WhyTry curriculum effective in increasing self-esteem and self-efficacy with adults who are participating in a vocational training program? …
A Social And Emotional Learning Curriculm Recommendation For Nicollet Public School District, Christina R. Rosamond
A Social And Emotional Learning Curriculm Recommendation For Nicollet Public School District, Christina R. Rosamond
All Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects
The purpose of this literature review, curriculum evaluation and subsequent curriculum recommendation is to provide Nicollet Public School District with an overview of a social and emotional learning Program that meets the current needs of the school.
Freshman Student-Faculty Interactions And Gpa: Predictors Of Retention And Overall Satisfaction, Katelyn Romsa
Freshman Student-Faculty Interactions And Gpa: Predictors Of Retention And Overall Satisfaction, Katelyn Romsa
All Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects
This quantitative study explored questions developed to (a) help improve the quality of retention and satisfaction services at a comprehensive public university in the Midwest as well as to (b) contribute to the knowledge base by providing a broader application to similar institutions seeking to improve these services. Three theories served as a lens for this dissertation: Astin's Involvement Theory (Astin, 1975, 1984, 1985), Kuh's Engagement Theory (Kuh, Kinzie, Schuh, & Whitt, 2005; Kuh, Schuh, & Whitt, 1991; Kuh, Whitt, & Strage, 1989), and Tinto's Theory of Student Departure (Tinto, 1975, 1987, 1993). A logistic regression analysis determined that students' …
Teaching Breast Health To Adolescent Females In High School: Comparing Interactive Teaching With Traditional Didactic Methods, Jacqueline Anita Horton
Teaching Breast Health To Adolescent Females In High School: Comparing Interactive Teaching With Traditional Didactic Methods, Jacqueline Anita Horton
All ETDs from UAB
Breast Health Knowledge Breat Health Beliefs
An Examination Of The Relationship Between The Exposure To The Use Of Cash Incentives As A Part Of The A Plus Grant Program And Performance On The Advanced Placement Exam, Juanita Inman-Vann
An Examination Of The Relationship Between The Exposure To The Use Of Cash Incentives As A Part Of The A Plus Grant Program And Performance On The Advanced Placement Exam, Juanita Inman-Vann
All ETDs from UAB
This research examined the relationship between the use of cash incentives and performance of high school students on the Advanced Placement (AP) exam by gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Logistic regression was used with binary variables to determine predictor variables for success on the AP exam. This quantitative analysis found that while gender does not have a relationship to success, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and the use of cash incentives are related for certain groups. The use of cash incentives was the strongest predictor of success on the exam, which supports the theory of operant conditioning discussed in the literature. The …
Why Do Men Choose To Teach Early Childhood Education? A Study In Interpretive Interactionism, James Curtis Jordan
Why Do Men Choose To Teach Early Childhood Education? A Study In Interpretive Interactionism, James Curtis Jordan
All ETDs from UAB
WHY DO MEN CHOOSE TO TEACH EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION? A STUDY IN INTERPRETIVE INTERRACTIONISM JAMES CURTIS JORDAN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION ABSTRACT The area of early childhood education has been viewed by society as a traditional career choice which is appropriate for females; however men who make the career choice to teach at the early childhood level are often viewed with suspicion or curiosity at the very least. There was very little literature on the topic of males and early childhood to examine. Most of the studies involved males the entire elementary program were minimal. These studies addressed these negative aspects …
A Psychometric Analysis Of The Leader Resilience Profile©, Pamela E. Paustian
A Psychometric Analysis Of The Leader Resilience Profile©, Pamela E. Paustian
All ETDs from UAB
This study assesses the validity and reliability of the Leader Resilience Profile (LRP©), a quantitative survey instrument designed to measure the strength of multiple dimensions of resilience typically evident in leaders. Although content of the LRP© was initially tested for construct validity by a panel of experts, reliability and internal validity were not tested. The current research uses data gathered in a cross-sectional survey to analyze the individual instrument items and the instrument as a whole for internal consistency, validity, and reliability utilizing exploratory factor analysis. The study sample consisted of 327 LRP© surveys completed from January 2011 through August …
How Do Proponents And Opponents Of The United Nations Convention On The Rights Of The Child Explain Their Views Regarding Children's Participatory Rights? A Multiple Case Study, Marilee Manning Ransom
How Do Proponents And Opponents Of The United Nations Convention On The Rights Of The Child Explain Their Views Regarding Children's Participatory Rights? A Multiple Case Study, Marilee Manning Ransom
All ETDs from UAB
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), an international human rights treaty, has been ratified by every State except the United States and Somalia. It contains enumerated rights, including five articles pertaining to children's participation rights such as the right to speech, privacy, association, and religion. Ratification of the CRC is controversial, particularly because religious and social conservatives deem the CRC potentially harmful to families. Major education groups are among the myriad of CRC supporters in the Untied States. Thus far, supporters have been unable to achieve ratification. The purpose of this multiple case study was …
Exploring Parental Involvement Strategies Utilized By Middle School Interdisciplinary Teams, Christopher Clayton Robbins
Exploring Parental Involvement Strategies Utilized By Middle School Interdisciplinary Teams, Christopher Clayton Robbins
All ETDs from UAB
Adolescents present a unique collection of characteristics and challenges for which middle school interdisciplinary teams were designed to address. Current research focuses on teacher-specific strategies which can be utilized in order to increase parental involvement. However, there is little literature addressing how an interdisciplinary team approach to involving parents alters the face of parent-teacher communication. The central research question for this study was, "What are the strategies utilized by interdisciplinary middle school teams to effectively involve the parents of their students in the educational process?" The researcher utilized a multiple-case study approach with three central Alabama middle school interdisciplinary teams: …
A Mixed Methods Inquiry Into The Relationship Between Belongingness And Achievement Of Middle School Transfer Students, Tamala Renee Maddox
A Mixed Methods Inquiry Into The Relationship Between Belongingness And Achievement Of Middle School Transfer Students, Tamala Renee Maddox
All ETDs from UAB
A MIXED METHODS INQUIRY INTO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BELONGINGNESS AND ACHIEVEMENT OF MIDDLE SCHOOL TRANSFER STUDENTS TAMALA R. MADDOX EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP ABSTRACT Student achievement is closely monitored and is believed to reflect how well a school is serving its student population therefore; it is incumbent upon schools to investigate a means of improving student achievement. As the number of students transferring to suburban school settings continues to increase, it has become increasingly important to determine how to assist these students in successfully transitioning into their new school environment. This study explored how sense of belonging affects achievement motiva-tion and academic …
Supporting Autonomy In Early Childhood: A Case Study Of Educators Offering Choice, Jann Montgomery
Supporting Autonomy In Early Childhood: A Case Study Of Educators Offering Choice, Jann Montgomery
All ETDs from UAB
The purpose of this study was to explore the behaviors of early childhood educators that support their students' autonomy. Researchers have shown that the most prevalent style of teaching is an autonomy-suppressive style that has been determined to undermine student functioning and achievement (Assor, Kaplan, & Roth, 2002; Reeve, 2009). Teachers are often unaware of the atmosphere they create in their classroom (DeVries & Zan, 1994) and this can result in learning environments that are coercive which has been found to impede children's autonomous thinking (Reeve, 2009). This study sought to explore autonomy-supportive teacher behaviors in the early childhood classroom. …
The Influence Of Teaming On The Academic Achievement Of Ninth Grade Students In A Comprehensive Suburban High School, Martin Nalls
The Influence Of Teaming On The Academic Achievement Of Ninth Grade Students In A Comprehensive Suburban High School, Martin Nalls
All ETDs from UAB
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine the impact ninth grade interdisciplinary teaming had on academic achievement of ninth grade students in English, reading and mathematics. As more schools adopt the interdisciplinary teaming approach with ninth grade students, this study sought to investigate the dynamics of interdisciplinary teaming and traditional non-teaming instruction in an effort to educate high school and district administrators who are attempting to compose an appropriate educational model that will contribute to the success of ninth grade students. This quantitative study's quasi-experimental design examined ninth grade student achievement in math, English, and reading for students …
How Do Principals Retain Teachers In Urban Secondary Schools In Central Alabama: A Grounded Theory Study, Evelyn L. Nettles
How Do Principals Retain Teachers In Urban Secondary Schools In Central Alabama: A Grounded Theory Study, Evelyn L. Nettles
All ETDs from UAB
This qualitative grounded theory study explored how principals' retain teachers in urban schools. The retention of teachers in urban school is a critical part of the process to improve academic achievement. Only minimal research appears to be directed toward the principal's role in recruiting, training, or supporting urban teachers. Principals under-stand retaining a stable teaching staff is vital to student achievement. Urban schools are plagued with challenges that make the retention of highly qualified effective teachers a major concern. As urban school districts seek to retain its best teachers the achievement gap for the students attending these schools continues to …
A Qualitative Multiple Case Study Exploring The Factors Influencing Middle Class African American Parental Choice In Education In Central Alabama, Paula G. Boyd
All ETDs from UAB
One key issue facing urban schools is the mass exodus of middle class African American families to peripheral areas of the city center. Current research specific to Central Alabama documents how the creation of small school districts have affected both the out-migration of African Americans and the resegregation of urban schools; however, the analysis does not consider why middle class African American residents choose to live in a certain municipality. This qualitative study attempts to address the "why" aspect by exploring the perceptions of middle class African American parents in Central Alabama in regard to the educational choices they make. …
The Marriage Proposal In The Nineteenth-Century British Novel, Kimberly Ann Broughton
The Marriage Proposal In The Nineteenth-Century British Novel, Kimberly Ann Broughton
All ETDs from UAB
The proposal scene, as utilized by Jane Austen, Charlotte Brontë, and Charles Dickens, is a volatile and instrumental moment in the course of the marriage plot. Entering the marriage conversation through the narrow window of the proposal scene provides a new understanding of the nineteenth-century British author's working commentary on marriage. In the nineteenth-century British novel, the marriage proposal becomes a finite moment that the author uses to encapsulate a couple's central challenge and/or crystallize one of the novel's prevailing tensions. Total bliss and contentment rarely appear in the proposal scene; in fact, more often than not, the proposal uncovers …
The Traveling Bartender, Sara Christine Campbell
The Traveling Bartender, Sara Christine Campbell
All ETDs from UAB
The Traveling Bartender is the first third of a longer, novel-length work exploring the challenges of relationships between real people in fantastical settings. The characters are faced with real life challenges in the relationships between spouses, partners, family, and friends.
Conference Program [2011], Georgia International Conference On Information Literacy
Conference Program [2011], Georgia International Conference On Information Literacy
Georgia International Conference on Information Literacy
N/A
Trust Or Consequences: The Relationship Between Faculty Trust And Faculty Learning Communities In Higher Education, Gaye R. Wilson
Trust Or Consequences: The Relationship Between Faculty Trust And Faculty Learning Communities In Higher Education, Gaye R. Wilson
All ETDs from UAB
The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between FLC membership and faculty trust in higher education colleagues and faculty trust in higher education administration in public and private universities in the United States. This quantitative study examines trust in colleagues and trust in administration in higher education, two factors of faculty trust that Hoy, Tschannen-Moran and others have shown to contribute to the relationship of teacher trust in administration and colleagues, collaboration, and to positive student outcomes in K-12 public schools. Grounded in trust theory as conceptualized by Castelfranchi and Falcone (2010) and using Hoy and Miskel's (2008) …