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Articles 451 - 458 of 458

Full-Text Articles in Education

Social Facilitation Of Young Children's Dynamic Balance Performance.Pdf, Mary Jo Maccracken, Robert E. Stadulis May 1985

Social Facilitation Of Young Children's Dynamic Balance Performance.Pdf, Mary Jo Maccracken, Robert E. Stadulis

Dr. Mary J. MacCracken

Dynamic balance performance of young children (ages 4, 6, and 8) was assessed in
three social situations: alone (only with tester present); coaction (one other child performing
at the same time); and spectators (five other observer children present). Within each age
and gender, children (N = 120) were classified as of higher or lower comparative skill.
Each balance task performed (walking forward and backward on a line, a narrow beam
or a wide beam) was classified as representing easier or more difficult tasks for each
child individually. Findings (p < .05) indicated that the facilitation effects of social
situations strengthened …

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Measurement Of Color Preference In Goldfish Using A Negative Reinforcement Y-Maze Avoidance Procedure, Dominic Zerbolio Jan 1980

Measurement Of Color Preference In Goldfish Using A Negative Reinforcement Y-Maze Avoidance Procedure, Dominic Zerbolio

UMSL Emeritus

Using a Y-maze procedure involving shock reinforcement, goldfish were forced to choose between a red or a green cued arm of the maze. Although the 18 animals tested showed, as a group, an average green preference, equal numbers of animals showed individual green (6), red (6), and no-color (6) preferences. Differences between conclusions based on group means against individual performances are noted. In goldfish, at least, the shock-reinforced Y-maze procedure may represent a very useful technique for further color preference assessment.

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Instrumentally Based Conditioned Avoidance Response Acquisition In Goldfish In A Simultaneous Presentation Task, Dominic Zerbolio, L L. Wickstra Apr 1979

Instrumentally Based Conditioned Avoidance Response Acquisition In Goldfish In A Simultaneous Presentation Task, Dominic Zerbolio, L L. Wickstra

UMSL Emeritus

Goldfish, run in a Y-maze, with the simultaneous presentation of a cue associated with shock and a second cue associated with safety (no US), acquired a decided preference for the safe cue. These data are interpreted as representing a clear demonstration of stimulus-specific conditioned avoidance. Because earlier research has been challenged by unusual control performances, this instrumental learning conclusion is hesitantly drawn.

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Passive Avoidance In Goldfish: Lack Of Evidence For Stimulus Specificity, Dominic Zerbolio, L L. Wickstra Jun 1978

Passive Avoidance In Goldfish: Lack Of Evidence For Stimulus Specificity, Dominic Zerbolio, L L. Wickstra

UMSL Emeritus

Goldfish, acquiring a passive avoidance response, showed substantially fewer responses in trial intervals than did their yoked controls. A passive procedure, where US reinforcement occurred immediately upon response, produced superior avoidance acquisition to a punishment procedure, where, if response occurred at any time during the trial interval, US reinforcement was administered at the end of the interval. This finding is consistent with the traditional delay of reinforcement gradient. Although goldfish acquired the passive avoidance response, it appeared to be situationally generalized and not stimulus specific, as indicated by a lack of differences between animals trained with a CS and those …

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Goldfish Avoidance Acquisition: Is The Process Classical, Instrumental, Or A Phototaxis?, Dominic Zerbolio, L L. Wickstra Apr 1978

Goldfish Avoidance Acquisition: Is The Process Classical, Instrumental, Or A Phototaxis?, Dominic Zerbolio, L L. Wickstra

UMSL Emeritus

Various active-avoidance procedures and controls were run using goldfish in a shuttlebox where the CS, when used, was a sudden onset of illumination. In terms of increasing “avoid- ance” performance over days of training, CS-only, response-contingent US-only, and time- lapse groups showed significant “learning,” whereas explicitly unpaired CS and US pseudo- conditioning controls and US only (where US omission is not response contingent) did not show performance increases. The use of the pseudoconditioning procedure as a learning control for this animal seems questionable. Additionally, both classically and instrumentally trained groups showed high and comparable acquisition rates, confirming earlier findings. A …

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Does Elimination Of A Negative Phototaxis Eliminate Car Acquisition In Goldfish?, Dominic Zerbolio, L L. Wickstra Apr 1978

Does Elimination Of A Negative Phototaxis Eliminate Car Acquisition In Goldfish?, Dominic Zerbolio, L L. Wickstra

UMSL Emeritus

Eleven groups run under classical, instrumental, pseudoconditioning, CS-only, US-only, and time-lapse procedures, with the ITI illuminated and a color change CS, showed that true classically trained animals do not increase CAR performance with training, whereas instru- mentally trained goldfish do. This is consistent with a phototaxic interpretation suggested in earlier work. Additionally, the finding that CS-only and time-lapse controls show high “acquisi- tion” rates, whereas pseudoconditioning controls do not, not only questions the use of the pseudoconditioning procedure as the sole learning control in this situation, but also questions a learning interpretation itself. Conclusions of what and how, or even …

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Spatially Located Visual Cs Effects In Conditioned Shuttlebox Avoidance In Goldfish: A Phototactic Explanation, Dominic Zerbolio Oct 1976

Spatially Located Visual Cs Effects In Conditioned Shuttlebox Avoidance In Goldfish: A Phototactic Explanation, Dominic Zerbolio

UMSL Emeritus

Earlier work found that goldfish (Carassius auratus) acquire a conditioned avoidance shuttle response (CASR) differentially as a function of CS location (same, opposite, or both tank ends) when the CS is a sudden onset of illumination, and hypothesized that subjects acquire an aversion to the light. The present study finds no evidence for a conditioned aversion, but shows initial negative phototactic effects in the onset illumination situation which occurs without acquisition. Additionally, when the localized CS is a color change rather than an illumination change, the differential effects between same and both do not occur, and the very low CASR …

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Why Isn't The Gerbil Moving Anymore? Discussing Death In The Classroom., Gerald P. Koocher Jan 1975

Why Isn't The Gerbil Moving Anymore? Discussing Death In The Classroom., Gerald P. Koocher

Gerald P Koocher

No abstract provided.

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