Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (4927)
- Business Administration, Management, and Operations (4588)
- Finance and Financial Management (2812)
- Marketing (2372)
- Organizational Behavior and Theory (2053)
-
- Accounting (1898)
- Human Resources Management (1894)
- Education (1542)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (1419)
- Management Sciences and Quantitative Methods (1374)
- Arts and Humanities (1210)
- Operations and Supply Chain Management (1163)
- Economics (1110)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (1057)
- Engineering (1047)
- Entrepreneurial and Small Business Operations (1001)
- Technology and Innovation (1001)
- Management Information Systems (918)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (894)
- Psychology (872)
- Communication (871)
- Computer Sciences (801)
- Hospitality Administration and Management (732)
- Advertising and Promotion Management (664)
- Sociology (632)
- Sports Management (591)
- Nonprofit Administration and Management (583)
- Business and Corporate Communications (582)
- Business Analytics (544)
- Institution
-
- Walden University (2860)
- Air Force Institute of Technology (1095)
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (932)
- Chulalongkorn University (839)
- University for Business and Technology in Kosovo (674)
-
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (575)
- University of Mississippi (571)
- Singapore Management University (555)
- California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (533)
- Louisiana State University (515)
- World Maritime University (479)
- University of Malaya (477)
- Old Dominion University (469)
- Claremont Colleges (404)
- Lindenwood University (399)
- University of South Carolina (347)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (334)
- University of South Florida (322)
- California State University, San Bernardino (319)
- University of Central Florida (316)
- Utah State University (295)
- Western Michigan University (287)
- Edith Cowan University (286)
- New Jersey Institute of Technology (286)
- University of Texas at Arlington (284)
- University of Kentucky (264)
- American University in Cairo (239)
- University of New Hampshire (209)
- Munster Technological University (202)
- University of Northern Iowa (202)
- Keyword
-
- Leadership (680)
- Marketing (504)
- Management (396)
- Sustainability (305)
- Social sciences (299)
-
- Accounting (287)
- Entrepreneurship (262)
- Business (260)
- Innovation (217)
- Finance (213)
- Social media (186)
- Communication (179)
- Motivation (159)
- Small business (155)
- Job satisfaction (154)
- Nonprofit (154)
- Technology (152)
- Education (151)
- Retention (146)
- Performance (138)
- Small Business (132)
- Strategies (132)
- Strategy (131)
- Training (116)
- COVID-19 (112)
- Consumer behavior (112)
- Social Media (111)
- Turnover (111)
- Culture (110)
- Healthcare (109)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (2856)
- Theses and Dissertations (2719)
- Honors Theses (918)
- Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD) (839)
- Theses (804)
-
- Dissertations (644)
- UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones (574)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (556)
- Dissertations and Theses Collection (Open Access) (536)
- World Maritime University Dissertations (442)
- LSU Doctoral Dissertations (377)
- Graduate Theses and Dissertations (351)
- CMC Senior Theses (322)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (322)
- Student Works (2000-2009) (318)
- Master's Theses (315)
- Theses: Doctorates and Masters (210)
- Theses Digitization Project (203)
- Honors Theses and Capstones (200)
- Dissertations and Theses (176)
- Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects (169)
- Doctoral Dissertations (165)
- Theses and Dissertations in Business Administration (158)
- Archived Theses and Dissertations (156)
- Sport Management Undergraduate (155)
- Bachelors’ Theses (150)
- All Graduate Plan B and other Reports, Spring 1920 to Spring 2023 (149)
- Finance Undergraduate Honors Theses (148)
- Masters Theses (147)
- Senior Theses (147)
Articles 20731 - 20760 of 23943
Full-Text Articles in Business
Metro Acoustics Identity Manual, Melissa Meyer
Metro Acoustics Identity Manual, Melissa Meyer
Honors Capstones
Capstone submitted as a graduation requirement for the BSU Honors Program.
A Large Scale Integer Linear Program As A Decision Support Tool For Force Mix Selection, Craig A. Punches
A Large Scale Integer Linear Program As A Decision Support Tool For Force Mix Selection, Craig A. Punches
Theses and Dissertations
Recently, organizations have been modifying performance appraisal systems to collect data from multiple sources to guide the development of supervisors. Upward feedback programs focus on development rather than appraisal by supplementing traditional downward feedback with subordinate feedback. The upward feedback instrument developed in this study was designed to measure effective leadership behaviors utilizing an existing five-dimension leadership taxonomy and a new dimension that represents creating a fun workplace. The developed instrument and a proven commercial instrument utilizing the same theoretical framework were administered to samples of N = 391 and N = 417 respectively, and tested for reliability and validity. …
Interim Brigade Combat Team (Ibct) Munitions Distribution Study, Todd S. Bertulis
Interim Brigade Combat Team (Ibct) Munitions Distribution Study, Todd S. Bertulis
Theses and Dissertations
This research sought to describe an alternative way for calculating expected back order (EBO) for reparable inventory systems. The high costs associated with reparable items management, together with its importance for system's availability, make the assessment of back orders of great importance in supporting decisions of what-to-buy and where-to-locate those items. Starting at the point that existing models (METRIC, MOD-METRIC, and VARIMETRIC) rely on some assumptions that often cannot be met in real life, the proposed method (called P-METRIC), which is a mix of simulation and mathematical analytical model, relaxes assumptions about Demand, Time to Repair (TTR), and Ordering & …
A Life Cycle Cost Analysis Of The Proposed Replacement Of Pope Air Force Base's C-130e Fleet Using A Fleet Replacement Model, Lance R. French
A Life Cycle Cost Analysis Of The Proposed Replacement Of Pope Air Force Base's C-130e Fleet Using A Fleet Replacement Model, Lance R. French
Theses and Dissertations
The 43rd Airlift Wing at Pope AFB, NC, possesses 33 E-model C-130 aircraft. The airplanes range in age from 30-36 years old. Current plans call for replacing Pope's aging fleet of tactical airlifters with new C-130J model planes in FY11. There are two replacement alternatives proposed in this research. The first is to calls for replacing the C-130Es with C-130Js now. The second option is upgrade the C-130Es to C-130Xs and replace them in 10 years with the C-130J. The results indicate that the least cost solution is to upgrade Pope's fleet of C-130Es to C-130Xs now. However, after conducting …
An Exploratory Study Of The Air Force's Technical It Infrastructure Flexibility, Yashua W. Gustafson
An Exploratory Study Of The Air Force's Technical It Infrastructure Flexibility, Yashua W. Gustafson
Theses and Dissertations
Over the past decade, a considerable amount of attention has been given to federal legislation in making the federal government operate more efficiently and effectively by concentrating on Information Resource Management and Information Technology. In 1996, the Clinger-Cohen Act (CCA) was passed, creating the role of Chief Information Officer (CIO) in each agency of the Federal Government. This study assesses the impacts of the CCA on the USAF, with an emphasis on the Federal CIO Council Core Competencies. Given that this law and supporting policies have been in place for nearly six year, it would be valuable to assess USAF …
Career Anchors Of United States Air Force Information Systems Workers: A Turnover Predictor, Lee A. Wynne
Career Anchors Of United States Air Force Information Systems Workers: A Turnover Predictor, Lee A. Wynne
Theses and Dissertations
E-Learning Technology is being used to train and educate a myriad of personnel. Evidence shows, however, that completion rates among e-learners are lower than that of traditional learners. Motivational theory is applied to this problem to explain why e-learners initiate, sustain and terminate behavior. In particular, an integrative motivational model, that highlights distal and proximal processes, is introduced to identify and measure those factors most likely to influence e-learning completion rates. Findings offer recommendations that may be useful to e-learning instructors, administrators, and designers. Three research questions were used to investigate motivational theory and its relation to e-learning completion rates. …
The Effects Of Variability In Demand And Time Parameters For Multi-Item, Multi-Echelon, Multi-Indenture Reparable Inventory Systems, Roberto C. De Abreu
The Effects Of Variability In Demand And Time Parameters For Multi-Item, Multi-Echelon, Multi-Indenture Reparable Inventory Systems, Roberto C. De Abreu
Theses and Dissertations
The office of the Chief Information Officer is still new within public sector organizations. Further, the office of the CIO was hastily created by Federal laws that provide only broad direction for its implementation and practice while at the same time limiting each office's power and reach within Federal agencies. Presently, because of broadly defined scope and the newness of the office in the public sector, Federal CIOs now face many challenges and critical technologies in managing their agency's information resources. Private sector organizations have a valuable knowledge base from their CIO office implementation efforts and subsequent operations. This private …
Use Of Critical Chain Scheduling To Increase Aircraft Availability, Daniel D. Mattioda
Use Of Critical Chain Scheduling To Increase Aircraft Availability, Daniel D. Mattioda
Theses and Dissertations
This study addresses the operation and support cost differences between the TUAF C-130E & C-130B, and the USAF C-130J aircraft. The TUAF C-130s have been being used for more than 30 years and changing world situations give armed forces different roles, and Turkey participates in all peacekeeping missions that are assigned by NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and the United Nations. While performing these roles, the importance of air mobility and the importance of reliability became widely appreciated. Moreover, the coming retiring age of the existing C-130s in the TUAF forced the TUAF to look for ways to improve its …
Developing An Upward Feedback Instrument For Supervisor Development, Douglas C. Patton
Developing An Upward Feedback Instrument For Supervisor Development, Douglas C. Patton
Theses and Dissertations
With the United States military representing an ever-shrinking share of the electronics market, Diminishing Manufacturing Sources and Materiel Shortages (DMSMS) represents both a threat to mission capability as well as a large expenditure to maintain aging military weapon systems. As the primary manager of Federal Stock Classes 5961 and 5962, the Defense Supply Center, Columbus (DSCC) confronts the largest number of DMSMS cases. Their resolution of DMSMS cases affects nearly every fielded weapon system. This thesis sought to determine if the management strategy used by the DSCC could be improved. Based on the evaluation of the process, the researcher's recommendations …
An Optimization Of The Hub-And-Spoke Distribution Network In United States European Command, Joseph B. Skipper
An Optimization Of The Hub-And-Spoke Distribution Network In United States European Command, Joseph B. Skipper
Theses and Dissertations
The development of Expeditionary Aerospace Force (EAF) operations requires rethinking of many Air Force functions. A Logistics Transformation Team, comprising Air Force and KPMG Consulting Incorporation personnel, is leading much of this transformation work. The very first step of the transformation initiatives is demand planning, which is the process of translating the war fighter's needs into executable logistics support plans and schedules. One important area that the demand planning focuses on is engine maintenance. This sub-mission is assigned to the F101 Engine Pathfinder Team, which is responsible for increasing the availability of the F101 engine. As part of the F101 …
Forecasting Research & Development Program Budgets Using The Weibull Model, Thomas W. Brown
Forecasting Research & Development Program Budgets Using The Weibull Model, Thomas W. Brown
Theses and Dissertations
Norden (1970) uses the Rayleigh, which is a degenerative of the Weibull, to model manpower on research and development (R&D) programs. Several research efforts extend his work including Lee, Hogue, and Gallagher (1997) who build R&D program budgets based on Rayleigh expenditures. We demonstrate the theoretical limitations to the Rayleigh model and present the Weibull model, which mitigates those limitations. Using 102 completed R&D defense programs, we develop regression models to predict the requisite shape and scale parameters to forecast Weibull-based budgets. Using the remaining 26 completed R&D programs to validate the robustness of our regression models, we show that …
An Exploratory Analysis Of The Impacts Of Acquisition Reform Initiatives On Small Business Participation In The Aerospace Industry, Bruce J. Miller
An Exploratory Analysis Of The Impacts Of Acquisition Reform Initiatives On Small Business Participation In The Aerospace Industry, Bruce J. Miller
Theses and Dissertations
The United States Government is a major purchaser of goods and services within the nation and overseas. In addition to having the responsibility of acquiring goods and services for the direct benefit of the Government at a price, level of quality, timeliness and other terms and conditions that reflect the best value to the nation, the persons involved in procurement for the Government must also do so in way that reflects certain socio-economic goals set forth by the Congress. The Small Business Act (15 USC 637, Public Law 85-536 (1958) established the beginnings of a program to assist domestic small …
An Investigation Of Environmental Factors That Influence Knowledge Transfer In The Air Force, Darin A. Ladd
An Investigation Of Environmental Factors That Influence Knowledge Transfer In The Air Force, Darin A. Ladd
Theses and Dissertations
The Air Force presently spends more than $4.9 billion annually on information technology (IT). However, the IT infrastructure has been identified as inappropriate for supporting the Air Force mission. To improve this situation the Air Force has identified infrastructure flexibility as key to future success. To find the level of flexibility, this study measured the perception of Air Force communications, computer, and information career field members (33SX and 3COX2 career fields) on the level of IT infrastructure modularity (data modularity and application modularity) and integration (platform compatibility and network connectivity). This thesis looked at two constructs that indicate IT infrastructure …
A Generalized Decision Support System For The Contracting Career Field, Larry D. Mercier Jr.
A Generalized Decision Support System For The Contracting Career Field, Larry D. Mercier Jr.
Theses and Dissertations
This research effort develops a generalized decision support system (DSS) to assist contracting career field managers in making recruiting and retention decisions. The DSS focuses on the skill level inventories of the contracting enlisted force. The interest in this research was identified by contracting career field managers due to the recent negative trends in recruitment and retention and the lack of analytical tools available. To accomplish this objective manpower models were developed using a combination of techniques gathered through interviews with Army and Air Force analysts and a literature review focusing on manpower modeling. The models developed in this study …
Predictability And Family Support: Effects On Air Force Organizational Outcomes, John R. Underhill
Predictability And Family Support: Effects On Air Force Organizational Outcomes, John R. Underhill
Theses and Dissertations
This research examined the effects of deployment predictability and family support on Air Force personnel's intent to leave the Air Force using measures of work interference with family, family interference with work, job and life satisfaction, and affective organizational commitment. Based upon current theory found in the literature, a model was developed linking these variables. A web-based survey was sent out via email and obtained 1,234 responses (25.5%) from Air Force personnel regarding their perceptions of aforementioned variables. Using Structural Equation Modeling, support was found via several indirect paths that predictability has a negative effect on airmen's intent to quit. …
Six Years After Its Passage, What Has Been The Impact Of The Clinger-Cohen Act On The U.S. Air Force, Edward H. Drollette
Six Years After Its Passage, What Has Been The Impact Of The Clinger-Cohen Act On The U.S. Air Force, Edward H. Drollette
Theses and Dissertations
Information systems are often inundated with thousands of attack alerts to distinguish novice hacker probes from genuine threats. Pattern classification can help filter relatively benign attacks from alerts generated by anomaly detectors, limited the numbers of alerts to requiring attention. This research investigates the feasibility of using pattern classification algorithms on network packed header information to classify network attacks. Both liner discrimination and radial basis function algorithms are trained using flood and scan attacks. The classifiers are then tested with unknown floods and scans to determine how well they categorize previously unseen attacks.
Improving Performance Analysis Of The Distribution Segment Of The Air Force Logistics Pipeline, Heinz H. Huester
Improving Performance Analysis Of The Distribution Segment Of The Air Force Logistics Pipeline, Heinz H. Huester
Theses and Dissertations
The Army of the future will need to be able to quickly respond to a full spectrum of conflict-from stability and support operations to major theater wars. Today, military leaders have limited options when reacting to the wide range of current threats existing in our world. The nation needs ground combat units that can deploy very rapidly to stabilize a hostile area while possessing combat capabilities able to terminate a threat if necessary. The Army's answer to this requirement is the Interim Brigade Combat Team (IBCT). This study employs an Arena 5.0 discrete-event simulation model to explore the capabilities of …
Offsets In International Weapons Acquisitions: The Turkish Experience, Ahmet Ilbas
Offsets In International Weapons Acquisitions: The Turkish Experience, Ahmet Ilbas
Theses and Dissertations
Agile Combat Support is focused on providing fast, flexible, responsive, and reliable support as the foundation of all Air Force operations. Combined with the current Air Force focus on ensuring Time Definite Delivery (TDD) and reducing Customer Wait Time (CWT), this new mind-set will place ever-increasing emphasis on supply chain performance as a determining factor in overall campaign effectiveness of future conflicts. An improved methodology for the systematic performance analysis of the distribution segment of the logistics pipeline may aid AFMC transportation personnel (AFMC/LSO) in the quick identification of system bottlenecks, identification of root causes of performance shortfalls, and the …
Comparative Analysis Of Leasing Versus Buying General Purpose Vehicles (Sedan) In The Korean Air Force, Jung J. Kim
Comparative Analysis Of Leasing Versus Buying General Purpose Vehicles (Sedan) In The Korean Air Force, Jung J. Kim
Theses and Dissertations
Elmendorf Air Force Base (AFB) is one of the two key ERS airfields for the Pacific Theater. The condition of en route airfields has recently come to the attention of the DoD and the GAO. Delays at these airfields may cause personnel and equipment to arrive late in theater. Fuel systems at Elmendorf AFB are currently being improved, but the GAO questions whether these improvements will help the throughput. As well as being an en route airfield, Elmendorf is also an important Interim Brigade Combat Team (IBCT) APOE for Fort Richardson. The IBCT is designed to operate in small-scale contingency …
Development Of A Method For Assessing The Organizational, Cultural, And Political Considerations Affecting The Insertion Of Siloms Into The Mod, Samir Mustafa
Theses and Dissertations
United States Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) has a minimal number of aircraft at its disposal. As a result, the aircraft are considered high demand, low-density (small number in Air Force inventory) weapon systems. Any chance to increase aircraft availability would greatly enhance the capability of AFSOC. Isochronal maintenance (ISO) conducted once every 365 days (per AFI for C-130 aircraft) provides the best opportunity to increase aircraft availability by improving the scheduling of tasks and accurately estimating the inspection duration. Scheduled maintenance portrays the characteristics of projects, therefore, this theses proposed that Critical Chain (CC) scheduling, a project management …
Process Mapping A Diminishing Manufacturing Sources And Materiel Shortages Reactive Management Strategy: A Case Study, Robert E. Overstreet
Process Mapping A Diminishing Manufacturing Sources And Materiel Shortages Reactive Management Strategy: A Case Study, Robert E. Overstreet
Theses and Dissertations
In order to handle its obligations, the Brazilian Ministry of Defense (MoD) will need an information system capable of managing logistics information from all military services. A project to develop an integrated information system to fit the requirements of different, but connected, organizations has inherent challenges. Differences in the organizational structures, cultures and political aspects, are key issues to be observed before the development to assure the project's success. The same is applicable when trying to adapt an already existing information system to fill the needs of another organization. In the new organization, it is mandatory to assess the feasibility …
Advanced Planning And Scheduling In The United States Air Force Depot-Level Maintenance, Shenn-Rong Shyong
Advanced Planning And Scheduling In The United States Air Force Depot-Level Maintenance, Shenn-Rong Shyong
Theses and Dissertations
In the post cold war environment, the rapid deployment of combat capability is critical. Deployment lift capability is limited, however, so the real-time selection of the optimal combat asset mix that balances capability provided and sustainment required has become paramount. In this model, the value of a force mix is determined by the sum of the individual weapon system "suitabilities" against their assigned missions. The value is constrained by the numerical limits on the items required to create and support the force mix, and the lift required to move these items. The research considered heuristic and complete enumeration methods against …
Modeling Aerospace Ground Equipment (Age) Usage In Military Environments, Ilhan Kaya
Modeling Aerospace Ground Equipment (Age) Usage In Military Environments, Ilhan Kaya
Theses and Dissertations
There is a wide array of multi-attribute decision analysis methods and associated sensitivity analysis procedures in the literature. However, there is no detailed discussion of sensitivity analysis methods solely relating to additive hierarchical value models. The currently available methodology in the literature is unsophisticated and can be hard to implement into complex models. The methodology proposed in this research builds mathematical foundations for a robust sensitivity analysis approach and extends the current methodology to a more powerful form. The new methodology is easy to implement into complex hierarchical value models and gives flexible and dynamic capabilities to decision makers during …
Analyzing Differences Between Public And Private Sector Information Resource Management: Chief Information Officer Challenges And Critical Technologies, Scott M. Mitchell
Analyzing Differences Between Public And Private Sector Information Resource Management: Chief Information Officer Challenges And Critical Technologies, Scott M. Mitchell
Theses and Dissertations
The United States Air Force (AF) has experienced a downward trend in retention of information systems (IS) workers over the past five years. This research draws on the employee turnover model proposed by Mobley et al. (1979) and the work of Schein (1987) to measure the career anchors, job satisfaction, and turnover intention of AF IS workers to determine if those whose job type and career anchor match report higher satisfaction and lower turnover intention than those with a mismatch. A portion of the AF IS workforce (AFSCs 3C0X1, 3C0X2, and 3C2X1; N = 10,133) was surveyed through an online …
A Resource Guide For Seattle School District Beginning Marketing Teachers, Damen Scott Schuneman
A Resource Guide For Seattle School District Beginning Marketing Teachers, Damen Scott Schuneman
Graduate Student Projects
A Marketing Education/ DECA program is an important link to building the bridge between high school students and potential employers. The importance of offering a Marketing/DECA program is equal to the importance of having a well-trained staff member that has the guidance and tools to be a successful marketing teacher and DECA advisor. A training tool for beginning marketing teachers presents the opportunity for beginning marketing teachers to gain valuable tips and information on how to develop and maintain a Marketing/DECA Program. The Resource Guide for Beginning Marketing Teachers provides the background information for beginning marketing teachers to begin facilitating …
Perceptions Of Job Satisfaction In An Icf/Mr Environment, Jeffrey Shrewsbury
Perceptions Of Job Satisfaction In An Icf/Mr Environment, Jeffrey Shrewsbury
Theses, Dissertations and Capstones
This paper examines the relationship between perceived communication between employees, their supervisor, and the effect of perceived communication on overall job satisfaction of the employee in an ICF/MR environment. The paper also examines the length of time in a particular job and the potential effects of time as a predictor of overall job satisfaction. Benefits and communication are also examined in an attempt to determine which of the two makes the better predictor of overall job satisfaction for employees working in an ICF/MR environment. The subjects examined came from respondents to an employee attitude survey conducted by a large provider …
Teaching Negotiation: The Choices, Ljerka Sedlan Konig
Teaching Negotiation: The Choices, Ljerka Sedlan Konig
MA TESOL Collection
This paper discusses the choices for teaching business skills in an elective negotiation skills course in the graduate program for entrepreneurs at the Department of Economics, University of Osijek. The paper first describes the author's teaching context. Then, it offers the author's views of learning and teaching, and discusses the relationship between students and the material they learn, between students and teacher, between individual students as well as the relationship the student has with himself . Next, the theoretical frameworks of Reflective Model, Experiential Learning and Reflective Teaching are presented. In the third chapter, the paper discusses techniques and materials …
Electronic Banking Business Practices And Marketing, Abdullah Alomran
Electronic Banking Business Practices And Marketing, Abdullah Alomran
Theses Digitization Project
The purpose of this study is to determine how banks and consumers are adapting to the Internet age; to understand the privacy, security and other issues involved with money transfers; to determine steps being taken to make e-banking adaptable to meeting the needs of the bank, customers, business and industry; to forecast e-banking potential; and to understand the role of marketing in the process.
The Teenage Market And The Fashion Industry In France And In Theunited States, Cathy Dorothee Aubert
The Teenage Market And The Fashion Industry In France And In Theunited States, Cathy Dorothee Aubert
Theses Digitization Project
This project dealt with the teenage market in France and in the United States. Its aim was to provide the readers with an overview of this market and outline distribution and communication strategies that manufacturers and retailers can use to attract this market to make their business grow. Until a few years ago, the fashion industry did not pursue this market. In stores, most brands were dividing their clothing range into three catagories, women, men, and children. As a growing market with over 23 million teens in the U.S. and over 5.4 million in France, teenagers have an incredible spending …
The Future And Outlook Of Alternative Fuel Bus Industry And Its Marketing Strategy, Jui-Yu Chien
The Future And Outlook Of Alternative Fuel Bus Industry And Its Marketing Strategy, Jui-Yu Chien
Theses Digitization Project
According to the current governmental regulations, all diesel buses will be replaced in the United States and the European market within the next ten years. There are over 60,000 buses in the United States and each year over 3,000 new buses of approximately 40 feet in length are purchased. The bus market has a growth rate of four to five percent per year over the last two years. The improvements in technology offered by United States companies prove unsatisfactory in terms of bus performance and the emissions of new buses. The energy crisis in the United States and concern over …