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Articles 241 - 270 of 3153
Full-Text Articles in Business
Demand Pull Versus Resource Push Training Approaches To Entrepreneurship: A Field Experiment, Simone Santamaria, Niloofar Abolfathi, Ishtiag Pasha Mahmood
Demand Pull Versus Resource Push Training Approaches To Entrepreneurship: A Field Experiment, Simone Santamaria, Niloofar Abolfathi, Ishtiag Pasha Mahmood
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
We compare the efficacy of two broad approaches to entrepreneurship training: a training prioritizing demand-side activities versus a training prioritizing resource-side activities. We do so by running a field experiment inside a 6-month entrepreneurship program involving 236 early-stage entrepreneurs. Inspired by our training, the first group invested more time interacting with potential customers and developing a deep understanding of customer needs and problems. The other group, in contrast, spent more time identifying and exploiting their core resources such as their network. Our results reveal that the training prioritizing demand-side activities is substantially more effective. At the end of the program, …
Social Network Centrality And The Corporate Environment: The Case Of Sexual Diversity Policies, Nuttavuth Nundhapana, Chiyachantana N. Chiraphol, Kuan Yong David Ding, Sirimon Treepongkaruna
Social Network Centrality And The Corporate Environment: The Case Of Sexual Diversity Policies, Nuttavuth Nundhapana, Chiyachantana N. Chiraphol, Kuan Yong David Ding, Sirimon Treepongkaruna
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
We study the external influence of social capital, measured by Facebook's (now Meta) Social Connectedness Index, on a firm's decision to adopt policies that promote a more diverse corporate environment. Recent studies find corporate policies that embrace sexual diversity are beneficial to firms and their stakeholders, thereby contributing to their corporate social responsibility (CSR) and business sustainability. We find that firms with a high social network centrality are more likely to adopt policies and business strategies that support sexual diversity. Moreover, firms that adopt good CSR practices are more likely to implement more inclusive policies such as sexual diversity policies. …
Theory Advancing Practice: The Contingency Theory In The Strategic Management Of Crises, Conflicts, And Complex Public Relations Issues, Pang, A., Yan Jin
Theory Advancing Practice: The Contingency Theory In The Strategic Management Of Crises, Conflicts, And Complex Public Relations Issues, Pang, A., Yan Jin
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
If the news headlines are to be believed in their entirety, the world seems to be traversing from one crisis to another. COVID-19 was the black swan no one predicted. Even before the world emerged from the worst parts of the pandemic, Russia’s unprovoked invasion of Ukraine triggered global security concerns. In addition to the ongoing tensions between the United States (US) and China, US and Russia, Mainland China and Taiwan, and at the point of writing, the crisis between Ukraine and Poland over grain imports, one gets the impression that the world is in a fiery cauldron of turmoil. …
Do Underwriters Short-Change Corporations Issuing Bonds?, Jeremy C. Goh, Lisa (Zongfei) Yang
Do Underwriters Short-Change Corporations Issuing Bonds?, Jeremy C. Goh, Lisa (Zongfei) Yang
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
We confirm prior evidence that bonds on average are offered at prices below their immediate post-offer secondary market prices. However, in cases where banks lead–manage their own bond offerings the underpricing is significantly less as compared with other non-self-marketed offerings. These findings are robust across various matched samples and selection models. Our results suggest that the bond offering process is characterized by substantive agency conflicts between shareholders of corporations (issuers) and underwriters.
Legal Risk And Insider Trading, Marcin Kacperczyk, Emiliano Sebastian Pagnotta
Legal Risk And Insider Trading, Marcin Kacperczyk, Emiliano Sebastian Pagnotta
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Do illegal insiders internalize legal risk? We address this question with hand-collected data from 530 SEC (the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission) investigations. Using two plausibly exogenous shocks to expected penalties, we show that insiders trade less aggressively and earlier and concentrate on tips of greater value when facing a higher risk. The results match the predictions of a model where an insider internalizes the impact of trades on prices and the likelihood of prosecution and anticipates penalties in proportion to trade profits. Our findings lend support to the effectiveness of U.S. regulations' deterrence and the long-standing hypothesis that insider …
Learning From Machines: How Negative Feedback From Machines Improves Learning Between Humans, Tengjian Zou, Gokhan Ertug, Thomas Roulet
Learning From Machines: How Negative Feedback From Machines Improves Learning Between Humans, Tengjian Zou, Gokhan Ertug, Thomas Roulet
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Prior studies on learning from failure primarily focus on how individuals learn from failure feedback given by other individuals. It is unclear whether and how the advent of machine feedback may influence individuals’ learning from failures. We suggest that failure feedback provided by machines facilitates learning in two ways. First, it focuses individuals’ attention on their failures, leading them to learn from these failures. Second, it serves as a catalyzer, motivating individuals to learn more from failure feedback given to them by other individuals as well. In addition, this catalyzing effect is stronger if the failure feedback from machines and …
Diverse Hedge Funds, Yan Lu, Narayan Y. Naik, Melvyn Teo
Diverse Hedge Funds, Yan Lu, Narayan Y. Naik, Melvyn Teo
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Hedge fund teams with heterogeneous educational backgrounds, academic specializations, work experiences, genders, and races, outperform homogeneous teams after adjusting for risk and fund characteristics. An event study of manager team transitions, instrumental variable regressions, and an analysis of managers who simultaneously operate solo- and team-managed funds address endogeneity concerns. Diverse teams deliver superior returns by arbitraging more stock anomalies, avoiding behavioral biases, and minimizing downside risks. Moreover, diversity allows hedge funds to circumvent capacity constraints and generate persistent performance. Our results suggest that diversity adds value in asset management. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the …
Association Between Hba1c And Deep Sternal Wound Infection After Coronary Artery Bypass: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Wenyu Zhao, Jingui Xie, Zhichao Zheng, Han Zhou, Oon Cheong Ooi, Haidong Luo
Association Between Hba1c And Deep Sternal Wound Infection After Coronary Artery Bypass: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Wenyu Zhao, Jingui Xie, Zhichao Zheng, Han Zhou, Oon Cheong Ooi, Haidong Luo
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Background: Deep sternal wound infection (DSWI) constitutes a serious complication after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. The aim of this study is to evaluate the dose-response relationship between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level and the risk of DSWI after CABG. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases were searched to identify potentially relevant articles. According to rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria, fourteen studies including 15,570 patients were finally enrolled in our meta-analysis. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was used as the summary statistic. The robust-error meta-regression model was used to synthesize the dose-response relationship. Results: Our meta-analysis …
Attentional Engagement And Strategic Responses To Discontinuous Environmental Change: Evidence From The Us Banking Industry, Daniel Z. Mack, Theresa S. Cho, Andrew C. Yi
Attentional Engagement And Strategic Responses To Discontinuous Environmental Change: Evidence From The Us Banking Industry, Daniel Z. Mack, Theresa S. Cho, Andrew C. Yi
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
While prior research has established a link between the attention an organization allocates to the external environment and its adaptations to environmental change, the nature of the cognitive processes that underlie this link remains underexamined. In this study, we explore how patterns of attentional engagement—that is, the extent to which attention allocation is focused and/or consistent over time—influence the organization’s formulation of strategic responses to discontinuous change. We advance a situated perspective on attentional engagement by suggesting how the type of learning and cognitive processes are situated in different attentional-engagement structures, and can, in turn, lead to heterogeneous strategic responses …
Envy Influences Interpersonal Dynamics And Team Performance: Roles Of Gender Congruence And Collective Team Identification, Kenneth Tai, Sejin Keem, Ki Young Lee, Eugene Kim
Envy Influences Interpersonal Dynamics And Team Performance: Roles Of Gender Congruence And Collective Team Identification, Kenneth Tai, Sejin Keem, Ki Young Lee, Eugene Kim
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Our research extends past envy research by considering how envy and gender congruence shape interpersonal dynamics at the dyadic level and their bottom-up effects for team performance. Integrating social comparison theory and social identity theory, we examine when and how dyadic level envy influences team performance. Using time-lagged data from 428 dyads of 161 employees in 51 teams, our results show that envious employees are likely to engage in interpersonal deviance directed toward envied team members and that envied employees are likely to seek advice from envious team members. Gender congruence further influences these relationships, with different patterns for males …
What Difference Do The New Factor Models Make In Portfolio Allocation?, Frank J. Fabozzi, Dashan Huang, Fuwei Jiang, Jiexun Wang
What Difference Do The New Factor Models Make In Portfolio Allocation?, Frank J. Fabozzi, Dashan Huang, Fuwei Jiang, Jiexun Wang
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
This paper compares the Hou-Xue-Zhang four-factor model with the Fama-French five-factor model from an investing perspective both in- and out-of-sample. Without margin requirements and model uncertainty, the Hou-Xue-Zhang model outperforms the Fama-French model. However, the outperformance could become negligible if an investor is subject to margin requirements and model uncertainty. The Hou-Xue-Zhang model shows similar power as the Fama-French model in describing the covariance matrix of asset returns. Overall, the two models do not make a difference for investing in a realistic setting.
Steering The Intangible Wheel: Chief Executive Officer Effect On Corporate Cultural Change, Xina Li, Guoli Chen, Rui Shen
Steering The Intangible Wheel: Chief Executive Officer Effect On Corporate Cultural Change, Xina Li, Guoli Chen, Rui Shen
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
We provide large-scale empirical evidence of how much chief executive officers (CEOs) change corporate culture. To do this, we use employee reviews to measure corporate cultural change in S&P 1500 firms. In a variance decomposition analysis, we find a modest effect of CEOs on corporate cultural change. The effect of CEOs on cultural change is larger than industry effect but smaller than firm effect. Regression analysis in the context of CEO succession further shows consistent evidence of a modest effect of CEO succession on corporate cultural change. In addition, the relationship between CEOs and cultural change is not likely to …
Ai Fairness In Action: A Human-Computer Perspective On Ai Fairness In Organizations And Society, David De Cremer, Jack Mcguire, Jack Mcguire
Ai Fairness In Action: A Human-Computer Perspective On Ai Fairness In Organizations And Society, David De Cremer, Jack Mcguire, Jack Mcguire
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Artificial intelligence (AI) systems are being increasingly adopted by society, governments, and organizations in various decision-making contexts. For example, organizations use AI systems to decide whether applicants can be considered for a job, whether bonuses and other rewards should be allocated, or whether promotions and further training need to be invested in. In fact, as AI is seen as an important catalyst of economic growth, organizations today seem to know no boundaries in their AI adoption efforts, making employees and society more dependent on and thus also more vulnerable to the decisions made by or in partnership with AI (De …
Introducing Business School Research And Positive Impact, Howard Thomas
Introducing Business School Research And Positive Impact, Howard Thomas
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Typically, there are three main priorities, and dimensions, which interact with each other as business schools frame their visions and missions of enhancing management knowledge and producing distinctive management theories and insights. First, the processes of knowledge generation and development to produce high quality, often multi-disciplinary research outputs involving academic faculty, doctoral students and ‘tri-sector’ participants. Second, knowledge dissemination in teaching and learning activities enabling the growth of quality education at undergraduate and postgraduate levels and thus contributing to student intellectual growth and societal socio-economic development and advancement. Third, knowledge transfer through ‘tri-sector’ collaboration, engagement and practice enhancements that is …
Climate Change Concerns And Mortgage Lending, Tinghua Duan, Frank Weikai Li
Climate Change Concerns And Mortgage Lending, Tinghua Duan, Frank Weikai Li
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
We examine whether beliefs about climate change affect loan officers’ mortgage lending decisions. We show that abnormally high local temperature leads to elevated attention to and belief in climate change in a region. Loan officers approve fewer mortgage applications and originate lower amounts of loans in abnormally warm weather. This effect is stronger among counties heavily exposed to the risk of sea-level rise, during periods of heightened public attention to climate change, and for loans originated by small lenders. Additional tests suggest that the negative relation between temperature and approval rate is not fully explained by changes in local economic …
Shadow Bank, Risk-Taking, And Real Estate Financing: Evidence From The Online Loan Market, Xiaoying Deng, Chong Liu, Eng Seow Ong
Shadow Bank, Risk-Taking, And Real Estate Financing: Evidence From The Online Loan Market, Xiaoying Deng, Chong Liu, Eng Seow Ong
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
This paper examines whether and how individual risk-taking behavior affects real estate financing through shadow banks. Using the loan data from an online platform in China, we show that riskier households tend to employ online loans to meet the increasing down-payment in their home purchase. Individual investors are likely to fund riskier real estate loans with higher expected returns. Real estate loans experience higher ex-post default rates than other types of loans. The effect is more pronounced during the period of credit constraints.
Derivatives And Market (Il)Liquidity, Shiyang Huang, Bart Zhou Yueshen, Cheng Zhang
Derivatives And Market (Il)Liquidity, Shiyang Huang, Bart Zhou Yueshen, Cheng Zhang
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
We study how derivatives (with nonlinear payoffs) affect the underlying assets liquidity. In a rational expectations equilibrium, informed investors expect low conditional volatility and sell derivatives to the others. These derivative trades affect different investors utility differently, possibly amplifying liquidity risk. As investors delta hedge their derivative positions, price impact in the underlying drops, suggesting improved liquidity, because informed trading is diluted. In contrast, effects on price reversal are ambiguous, depending on investors relative delta hedging sensitivity, i.e., the gamma of the derivatives. The model cautions of potential disconnections between illiquidity measures and liquidity risk premium due to derivatives trading.
Stuck At Home: Does The Virtual Office Stifle Creativity?, Andrew Heng, Roy Y. J. Chua
Stuck At Home: Does The Virtual Office Stifle Creativity?, Andrew Heng, Roy Y. J. Chua
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Remote work boosts flexibility but may stifle creativity. In her office one day last summer, Charlotte Christ, a 27-year-old marketing executive with the German office of one of the world’s leading automotive suppliers, did something she doesn’t think she could really do at home even though she often works there. At the office, she fell into a random conversation with a colleague, and together they came up with new ideas for her marketing campaign on how to offer incentives to the company’s target audiences, truck drivers.
Language-Related Misunderstanding At Work: What It Is, Why It Occurs And What Organizations Can Do About It, John Fiset, Devasheesh P. Bhave
Language-Related Misunderstanding At Work: What It Is, Why It Occurs And What Organizations Can Do About It, John Fiset, Devasheesh P. Bhave
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Language is the foundation of human interaction. It plays a central role in facilitating effective communication by allowing people to express their thoughts, share essential information and establish connections with one another.
The Impact Of The Business School Research, Kai Peters, Howard Thomas
The Impact Of The Business School Research, Kai Peters, Howard Thomas
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Producing high-quality research has long been an important strategic objective for business schools. Faculty research has typically been evaluated by articles appearing in highly regarded academic journals and by citation counts. Increasingly, however, government funding bodies are seeking more than just appearances in 4* journals, they are looking for meaningful societal impact. To this end researchers, in various countries, must submit case studies to funding bodies outlining concrete examples of impact in addition to the original research articles. In the future, the financial reward for high-impact case studies will significantly supersede the reward for journal prestige and citation counts.
Heterogeneous Adaptability: Learning, Cash Resources, And The Fine-Grained Adjustment Of Misaligned Governance, Xavier Martin, Ilya Cuypers
Heterogeneous Adaptability: Learning, Cash Resources, And The Fine-Grained Adjustment Of Misaligned Governance, Xavier Martin, Ilya Cuypers
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Research Summary: When can a firm make fine-grained adjustments to misaligned subsidiary governance? We examine whether and under what conditions a firm will adapt the equity stake it owns in a subsidiary, enabling improved alignment of the stake with the uncertainty in the local environment. We predict that the rate of adaptation of misaligned equity stakes depends on the experiential and vicarious learning from which the firm can draw, and that these learning effects are contingent on possessing fungible slack resources, specifically cash. Using a sample of 726 Japanese-foreign subsidiaries established in 38 host countries over a 21-year period, we …
R&D Project Portfolio Collaboration: How To Structure The Strategic Alliance, Guiyun Feng, Pascale Crama, Wenqi Lian
R&D Project Portfolio Collaboration: How To Structure The Strategic Alliance, Guiyun Feng, Pascale Crama, Wenqi Lian
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Incumbent companies target innovative firms with promising research and development (R&D) projects to rejuvenate their product portfolio. Such strategic alliances create value by combining the innovator’s research expertise with the partner firm’s superior marketing capability. The partner firm chooses the timing and payment terms of the strategic alliance, accounting for the innovator's budget and marketing capability, and the project portfolio's market interaction and revenue variability. The partner firm may prefer delayed alliances post R&D completion for innovator firms with high marketing capability when the innovator has sufficient budget or when market interaction is weak. Upfront alliances - prior to the …
Market For Manipulable Information, Hui Chen, Jian Sun
Market For Manipulable Information, Hui Chen, Jian Sun
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
We study how investors, firms, and information sellers interact in a market with manipulable information. To better predict the firm characteristics they care about, investors can buy a score from a monopolistic information seller, which aggregates signals that are subject to firm manipulation. The average degree of signal manipulability has no effect on the equilibrium, while the uncertainty about manipulability becomes a new source of noise. Its contribution depends on firms' incentive to manipulate the signals, which in turn depends on the equilibrium price sensitivity to the score. The optimal design of the score weighs signal precision against the endogenous …
Politics Speak Louder Than Skills: Political Similarity Effects In Hireability Judgments In Multiparty Contexts And The Role Of Political Interest, Franz W. Moenke, Filip Lievens, Ursula Hess, Philipp Schaepers
Politics Speak Louder Than Skills: Political Similarity Effects In Hireability Judgments In Multiparty Contexts And The Role Of Political Interest, Franz W. Moenke, Filip Lievens, Ursula Hess, Philipp Schaepers
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Recruiters increasingly cybervet job applicants by checking their social media profiles. Theory (i.e., the political affiliation model, PAM) and research show that during cybervetting, recruiters are exposed to job-unrelated information such as political affiliation, which might trigger similarity-attraction effects and bias hireability judgments. However, as the PAM was developed in a more polarized two-party political system, it is pivotal to test and refine the PAM in a multiparty context. Therefore, we asked working professionals from the United States (two-party context, N = 266) and Germany (multiparty context, N = 747) to rate an applicant’s hireability after cybervetting a LinkedIn profile …
From Net Zero To Nature Positive, Simon J.D. Schillebeeckx, Ryan Merrill
From Net Zero To Nature Positive, Simon J.D. Schillebeeckx, Ryan Merrill
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
The concept of Net Zero, once considered a significant step towards sustainability, is now seen as outdated and insufficient in addressing climate change and biodiversity loss. To heal our planet, businesses must collectively adopt Regeneration: a holistic, impact-focused, and much more effective Nature Strategy. It's crucial that we recognize other planetary boundaries beyond carbon and transcend a company’s responsibility beyond emissions culpability. By choosing a Nature Pledge over or in addition to a Net-Zero pledge, you will be making a profound commitment to real systemic change and planetary health.
Innovation In Dynamic Knowledge Landscapes: Using Topic Modelling To Map Inventive Activity And Its Implications For Financial Performance, Simon J.D. Schillebeeckx, Yimin Lin, Gerard George
Innovation In Dynamic Knowledge Landscapes: Using Topic Modelling To Map Inventive Activity And Its Implications For Financial Performance, Simon J.D. Schillebeeckx, Yimin Lin, Gerard George
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
We examine the relationship between innovation and performance in the agricultural industry by studying how a firm's patent portfolio position in the knowledge landscape moderates the relationship between three firm search dimensions (scope, specialisation, and commitment) and the firm's financial performance. To represent dynamism in the knowledge landscape, we apply topic modelling to 67,120 patent texts of 571 firms and introduce two complementary perspectives on how knowledge can be dynamically categorised. This allows us to create two representations of the knowledge structure to identify contested (scarce) clusters of high (low) recent inventive activity and emergent clusters where knowledge ambiguity has …
Fairness Perceptions Of Artificial Intelligence: A Review And Path Forward, Devesh Narayanan, Mahak Nagpal, Jack Mcguire, Shane Schweitzer, David De Cremer
Fairness Perceptions Of Artificial Intelligence: A Review And Path Forward, Devesh Narayanan, Mahak Nagpal, Jack Mcguire, Shane Schweitzer, David De Cremer
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
A key insight from research on organizational justice is that fairness is in the eye of the beholder. With increasing discussions–especially among computer scientists and policymakers–about the potential biases and unfairness of decisions made by Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems, there is a critical need to consider how decision-subjects perceive the fairness of AI-led decision-making. Drawing upon theoretical and empirical perspectives on perceived fairness in organizational justice scholarship, this review categorizes and analyzes perceptions of AI fairness as they impact the effective implementation of AI in workplaces and beyond. Specifically, we review existing empirical research on AI fairness according to distinct …
Why The Ethical Use Of Ai Matters For Your Career, Jack Mcguire, David De Cremer, Yorck Hesselbarth, Leander De Schutter
Why The Ethical Use Of Ai Matters For Your Career, Jack Mcguire, David De Cremer, Yorck Hesselbarth, Leander De Schutter
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
In the contemporary digital era, innovations such as artificial intelligence (AI) are profoundly transforming the business landscape (De Cremer, 2020). The buzz surrounding ChatGPT, coupled with recent assertions about the sentience of Google’s LaMDA, a large language model, underscore the prominence of chatbot technology in these advancements (Adamopoulou & Moussiades, 2020; Ryu & Lee, 2018; Tiku, 2022). Customer-oriented chatbots, an emergent application of this tech, offer unparalleled efficiency and cost-effectiveness, operating ceaselessly and responding to client inquiries in real time (Salesforce, Research, 2019). Yet, amidst these advantages lies an ethical conundrum. Customers cherish genuine human interaction and can become quickly …
Do Real-Time Strategy Video Gamers Have Better Attentional Control?, Mengxin He, Lin-Xuan Xu, Chiang-Shan R. Li, Zihan Liu, Jiaqi Hu, Xiangyi Guo, Hongyun Liu, Jin-Tao Zhang
Do Real-Time Strategy Video Gamers Have Better Attentional Control?, Mengxin He, Lin-Xuan Xu, Chiang-Shan R. Li, Zihan Liu, Jiaqi Hu, Xiangyi Guo, Hongyun Liu, Jin-Tao Zhang
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Objective: Do real-time strategy (RTS) video gamers have better attentional control? To examine this issue, we tested experienced versus inexperienced RTS video gamers on multi-object tracking tasks (MOT) and dual-MOT tasks with visual or auditory secondary tasks (dMOT). We employed a street-crossing task with a visual working memory task as a secondary task in a virtual reality (VR) environment to examine any generalized attentional advantage. Background: Similar to action video games, RTS video games require players to switch attention between multiple visual objects and views. However, whether the attentional control advantage is limited by sensory modalities or generalizes to real-life …
Managing The Personalized Order-Holding Problem In Online Retailing, Shouchang Chen, Zhenzhen Yan, Yun Fong Lim
Managing The Personalized Order-Holding Problem In Online Retailing, Shouchang Chen, Zhenzhen Yan, Yun Fong Lim
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Problem definition: A significant percentage of online consumers place consecutive orders within a short duration. To reduce the total order arrangement cost, an online retailer may consolidate consecutive orders from the same consumer. We investigate how long the retailer should hold the consumer’s orders before sending them to a third-party logistics provider (3PL) for processing. In this order-holding problem, we optimize the holding time to balance the total order arrangement cost and the potential delay in delivery. Methodology/results: We model the order-holding problem as a Markov Decision Process. We show that the optimal order-holding decisions follow a threshold-type policy that …