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Articles 1 - 30 of 53
Full-Text Articles in Business
Effect Of The Announcement Of Human-To-Human Transmission On Teleconsultation Services In China During Covid-19, Mairehaba Maimaitiming, Jingui Xie, Zhichao Zheng, Yongjian Zhu
Effect Of The Announcement Of Human-To-Human Transmission On Teleconsultation Services In China During Covid-19, Mairehaba Maimaitiming, Jingui Xie, Zhichao Zheng, Yongjian Zhu
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Objectives: Telemedicine enables patients to communicate with physicians effectively, especially during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. However, few studies have explored the use of online health care platforms for a comprehensive range of specialties during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to investigate how telemedicine services were affected by the announcement of human-to-human transmission in China.Methods: Telemedicine data from haodf.com in China were collected. A difference-in-differences analysis compared the number of telemedicine use and the number of active online physicians for different specialties in 2020 with the numbers in 2019, before and after the announcement of human-to-human transmission.Results: Data from …
On The Test Accuracy And Effective Control Of The Covid-19 Pandemic: A Case Study In Singapore, Guang Cheng, Sarah Yini Gao, Yancheng Yuan, Chenxiao Zhang, Zhichao Zheng
On The Test Accuracy And Effective Control Of The Covid-19 Pandemic: A Case Study In Singapore, Guang Cheng, Sarah Yini Gao, Yancheng Yuan, Chenxiao Zhang, Zhichao Zheng
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
This study examines the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) test accuracy (i.e., sensitivity and specificity) on the progression of the pandemic under two scenarios of limited and unlimited test capacity. We extend the classic susceptible–exposed–infectious–recovered model to incorporate test accuracy and compare the progression of the pandemic under various sensitivities and specificities. We find that high-sensitivity tests effectively reduce the total number of infections only with sufficient testing capacity. Nevertheless, with limited test capacity and a relatively high cross-infection rate, the total number of infected cases may increase when sensitivity is above a certain threshold. Despite the potential for …
Weighting Admission Scores To Balance Predictiveness-Diversity: The Pareto-Optimization Approach, Filip Lievens, Paul R. Sackett, Wilfried De Corte
Weighting Admission Scores To Balance Predictiveness-Diversity: The Pareto-Optimization Approach, Filip Lievens, Paul R. Sackett, Wilfried De Corte
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Context: Although many medical schools seek to improve diversity, they grapple with the challenge of how to weight the scores of different admission methods to achieve a balance between obtaining high predictiveness and ensuring diversity in the selected student pool. Yet, in large-scale employment settings, substantial progress has been made on this front: Pareto-optimization has been introduced as an elegant statistical tool to assist decision makers in determining the weights assigned to selection methods in advance (before the selection has taken place) so that a selection system is designed to achieve an optimal balance as reflected by the trade-off that …
The Moderating Effect Of Solar Radiation On The Association Between Human Mobility And Covid-19 Infection In Europe, Wenyu Zhao, Yongjian Zhu, Jingui Xie, Zhichao Zheng, Haidong Luo, Oon Cheong Ooi
The Moderating Effect Of Solar Radiation On The Association Between Human Mobility And Covid-19 Infection In Europe, Wenyu Zhao, Yongjian Zhu, Jingui Xie, Zhichao Zheng, Haidong Luo, Oon Cheong Ooi
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a global pandemic. Some studies have suggested a negative association between sunlight intensity and COVID-19 infection, alluding to the belief that it might be safe to go out on sunny days. This paper examined whether solar radiation mitigated the association between human mobility and COVID-19 infection in Europe using a dynamic panel data model to investigate the effect of human mobility, solar radiation, and their interaction on COVID-19 infection. The results revealed that outgoing mobility was positively correlated and solar radiation was negatively correlated with COVID-19 infection at lag levels of 1, …
Accounting And Finance Lessons In The Time Of Covid-19: Views From The Pacific Basin: Part 2, Kuan Yong David Ding, Julie Harrison, Martien Lubberink, Chris Van Staden
Accounting And Finance Lessons In The Time Of Covid-19: Views From The Pacific Basin: Part 2, Kuan Yong David Ding, Julie Harrison, Martien Lubberink, Chris Van Staden
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
The global COVID-19 pandemic is now in its second year, and we are fast approaching the third. The year 2021 has brought some hope that vaccination will lead to the end of the pandemic. But it has also brought a more infectious variant of COVID-19 and multiple waves of surging cases that show no immediate sign of disappearing. As the pandemic continues to impact global societies and economies, it is imperative that we study its impact to try and understand how it will affect us in both the short-term and long-term. While the longer-term impacts are still unknown, there is …
Close Friendships At Work Are Lifelines That Have Frayed During The Pandemic, Kenneth Tai
Close Friendships At Work Are Lifelines That Have Frayed During The Pandemic, Kenneth Tai
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
We have gone from having lunch with colleagues and meeting after work to eating hurriedly at our desks at home. The change in relationships at work also affects our productivity, argues SMU’s Kenneth Tai.
The 2021 Ipr Future Of Communications In Asia Report, Tina Mccorkindale, Sarah Crawshaw, Su Lin Yeo, Stephen Thomas, Alexis B. Fitzsimmons, Pang, A.
The 2021 Ipr Future Of Communications In Asia Report, Tina Mccorkindale, Sarah Crawshaw, Su Lin Yeo, Stephen Thomas, Alexis B. Fitzsimmons, Pang, A.
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
The communication function within Asian-headquartered organizations is undergoing significant growth and changes that will be pivotal for its future success, according to a new Institute for Public Relations (IPR) research report. The “IPR Future of Communications in Asia” research report investigates key changes that will impact the future of the communications function. The analysis is based on interviews with 30 senior communications executives based in Asia in a variety of industries from 2019 to 2020, and three focus groups with nearly 20 senior communication leaders in late 2020.
Information Avoidance And Medical Screening: A Field Experiment In China, Yufeng Li, Juanjuan Meng, Changcheng Song, Kai Zheng
Information Avoidance And Medical Screening: A Field Experiment In China, Yufeng Li, Juanjuan Meng, Changcheng Song, Kai Zheng
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Will individuals, especially high-risk individuals, avoid a disease test because of information avoidance? We conduct a field experiment to investigate this issue. We vary the price of a diabetes test (price experiment) and offer both a diabetes test and a cancer test (disease experiment) after eliciting participants’ subjective beliefs about their disease risk. We find evidence that, first, some people avoid the test even when there is neither a monetary nor a transaction cost, and second, both low- and high-risk individuals select out of the test as the price increases. We explain our findings using three classes of models of …
Analytics For Hospital Resource Planning: Two Case Studies, Jingui Xie, Weifen Zhuang, Marcus Ang, Mabel C. Chou, Li Luo, David D. Yao
Analytics For Hospital Resource Planning: Two Case Studies, Jingui Xie, Weifen Zhuang, Marcus Ang, Mabel C. Chou, Li Luo, David D. Yao
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Using real data and process flows from two large hospitals (in Singapore and in Chengdu, China) as cases, we illustrate how to apply certain modeling and optimization techniques, along with simulation as a validation tool, to hospital resource planning problems. We demonstrate how these simple analytical tools can help achieve significant improvements in both patient service and resource utilization, and without the need to increase the overall level of existing capacities. Two resource planning problems are studied in detail, one concerns the re-balancing of bed capacities among various wards, and the other addresses the allocation of medical diagnostic resource among …
Divide And Conquer: A Hygienic, Efficient, And Reliable Assembly-Line For Housekeeping, Xiao Alison Chen, Rowan Wang, Jianghua Zhang
Divide And Conquer: A Hygienic, Efficient, And Reliable Assembly-Line For Housekeeping, Xiao Alison Chen, Rowan Wang, Jianghua Zhang
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Problem definition: This work focuses on the hotel housekeeping process. In a field study, a possible channel of disease transmission between consecutive guests in hotel rooms is revealed. In order to prevent the transmission, an innovative assembly-line housekeeping method is developed. Academic/practical relevance: The transmission of infectious diseases during hotel stays (e.g., by touching unclean towels or bed linens) has been reported globally. Under the current COVID-19 pandemic, having contact with saliva or mucus left by an infected person could cause infection. The standard housekeeping process used by the majority of hotels leaves a channel for new towels and bed …
Digital Sustainability And Its Implications For Finance And Climate Change, Gerard George, Simon J.D. Schillebeeckx
Digital Sustainability And Its Implications For Finance And Climate Change, Gerard George, Simon J.D. Schillebeeckx
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
As the pandemic forced the entire world to a virtual standstill, nature revived a little. The US emitted 10.3% less CO2 in 2020 than in 2019 and other regions similarly experienced emission declines. Depending on the source, global carbon emissions were down between 4 and 8% in 2020.2 Consumers globally have expressed more concern about sustainability, an observation confirmed by large survey research by Accenture, Kantar, Boston Consulting Group (BCG), and Ipsos.3 In its latest Emissions Gap Report4 , the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) explicitly connected the pandemic to climate change, nature loss, and pollution. Besides the acceleration of business …
Cohesion, Covid-19 And Contemporary Challenges To Globalization, Andrew Delios, Gordon Perchthold, Alex Capri
Cohesion, Covid-19 And Contemporary Challenges To Globalization, Andrew Delios, Gordon Perchthold, Alex Capri
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
In the years preceding the COVID-19 pandemic, the decades-long, pan-continental globalization consensus was being questioned. In our view, the pandemic has accelerated the rate at which the globalization consensus is being defied. To better understand the implications of this defiance, we turn to research on people, organizations and international competition to see whether this defiance weakens the cohesion needed to keep globalization moving apace. People and organizations create cohesive forces that can link and constrain the differences that are encountered when people and organizations move across international borders. Meanwhile, the nature of international competition, particularly as connected to the level …
Tips For Sme Transformation Amid Covid-19 Pandemic, Siow-Heng Ong
Tips For Sme Transformation Amid Covid-19 Pandemic, Siow-Heng Ong
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
The author shared that following the economic downturn in 2020, revival in 2021 can only be very gradual. SMEs in different sectors of the economy face different challenges and have different options for response. Overall, SMEs are hopeful rather than confident. SMEs are generally hoping to manage cash flow and stretch their current funds for immediate business sustainability. Inevitably, their focus is on meeting critical business needs. Turnover and profits are not expected to return to pre-pandemic levels so any increase in hiring or other planning for the future will be slight. He suggested that for pragmatic managers of SMEs …
Covid-19 And The Workplace: Implications, Issues, And Insights For Future Research And Action, Kevin M. Kniffin, Jayanth Narayanan, Frederik Anseel, John Antonakis, Susan P. Ashford, Arnold B. Bakker, Peter Bamberger, Hari Bapuji, Devasheesh P. Bhave, Virginia K. Choi, Stefanie J. Creary, Evangelia Demerouti, Francis J. Flynn, Michele J. Gelfand, Lindred L. Greer, Gary Johns, Selin Kesebir, Peter G. Klein, Sun Young Lee, Hakan Ozcelik, Jennifer Louise Petriglieri, Nancy P. Rothbard, Cort W. Rudolph, Jason D. Shaw, Nina Sirola
Covid-19 And The Workplace: Implications, Issues, And Insights For Future Research And Action, Kevin M. Kniffin, Jayanth Narayanan, Frederik Anseel, John Antonakis, Susan P. Ashford, Arnold B. Bakker, Peter Bamberger, Hari Bapuji, Devasheesh P. Bhave, Virginia K. Choi, Stefanie J. Creary, Evangelia Demerouti, Francis J. Flynn, Michele J. Gelfand, Lindred L. Greer, Gary Johns, Selin Kesebir, Peter G. Klein, Sun Young Lee, Hakan Ozcelik, Jennifer Louise Petriglieri, Nancy P. Rothbard, Cort W. Rudolph, Jason D. Shaw, Nina Sirola
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
COVID-19’s impacts on workers and workplaces across the globe have been dramatic. We present a broad review of prior research rooted in work and organizational psychology, and related fields, for making sense of the implications for employees, teams, and work organizations. Our review and preview of relevant literatures focuses on: (i) emerging changes in work practices (e.g., working from home, virtual teams) and (ii) economic and social psychological impacts (e.g, unemployment, mental well-being). In addition, we examine the potential moderating factors of age, race and ethnicity, gender, family status, personality, andcultural differences to generate disparate effects. Illustrating the benefits of …
Inducing Compliance With Postmarket Studies For Drugs Under Fda's Accelerated Approval Pathway, Liang Xu, Hui Zhao, Nicholas C. Petruzzi
Inducing Compliance With Postmarket Studies For Drugs Under Fda's Accelerated Approval Pathway, Liang Xu, Hui Zhao, Nicholas C. Petruzzi
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Problem definition: In 1992, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) instituted the accelerated approval pathway (AP) to allow promising drugs to enter the market based on limited evidence of efficacy, thereby permitting manufacturers to verify true clinical benefits through postmarket studies. However, most postmarket studies have not been completed as promised. We address this noncompliance problem. Academic/practical relevance: The prevalence of this noncompliance problem poses considerable public health risk, thus compromising the original purpose of a well-intentioned AP initiative. We provide an internally consistent and implementable solution to the problem through a comprehensive analysis of the myriad complicating factors and …
Covid-19, Coronavirus, Wuhan Virus, Or China Virus? Understanding How To “Do No Harm" When Naming An Infectious Disease, Theodore C. Masters-Waage, Nilotpal Jha, Jochen Reb
Covid-19, Coronavirus, Wuhan Virus, Or China Virus? Understanding How To “Do No Harm" When Naming An Infectious Disease, Theodore C. Masters-Waage, Nilotpal Jha, Jochen Reb
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
When labeling an infectious disease, officially sanctioned scientific names, e.g., “H1N1 virus,” are recommended over place-specific names, e.g., “Spanish flu.” This is due to concerns from policymakers and the WHO that the latter might lead to unintended stigmatization. However, with little empirical support for such negative consequences, authorities might be focusing on limited resources on an overstated issue. This paper empirically investigates the impact of naming against the current backdrop of the 2019-2020 pandemic.
What Has Changed? The Impact Of Covid Pandemic On The Technology And Innovation Management Research Agenda, Gerard George, Karim R. Lakhani, Phanish Puranam
What Has Changed? The Impact Of Covid Pandemic On The Technology And Innovation Management Research Agenda, Gerard George, Karim R. Lakhani, Phanish Puranam
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Whereas the pandemic has tested the agility and resilience of organizations, it forces a deeper look at the assumptions underlying theoretical frameworks that guide managerial decisions and organizational practices. In this commentary, we explore the impact of the Covid‐19 pandemic on technology and innovation management research. We identify key assumptions, and then discuss how new areas of investigation emerge based on the changed reality.
Restore Your Sense Of Control — Despite The Pandemic, Eric M. Anicich, Trevor A. Foulk, Merrick R. Osborne, Jake Gale, Michael Schaerer
Restore Your Sense Of Control — Despite The Pandemic, Eric M. Anicich, Trevor A. Foulk, Merrick R. Osborne, Jake Gale, Michael Schaerer
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
The coronavirus pandemic has wrought unprecedented levels of personal and professional upheaval upon many employees. It may irrevocably transform how we work, communicate, eat, shop, date, and travel. Clearly, these are not “normal” times. And yet, society continues to move forward.
Corona Crisis And Inequality: Why Management Research Needs A Societal Turn, Hari Bapuji, Charmi Patel, Gokhan Ertug, David G. Allen
Corona Crisis And Inequality: Why Management Research Needs A Societal Turn, Hari Bapuji, Charmi Patel, Gokhan Ertug, David G. Allen
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
As the world struggles to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic, the stark inequalities in our societies have been laid bare, and the interplay between organizations and societies has also become evident yet again. This crisis underscores the need for management scholars to take a societal turn and examine how organizational practices interact with societal economic inequality. To illustrate this approach, we discuss organizational practices – corporate social responsibility, work design, recruitment and selection, and compensation management – that can contribute to the normalization, reinforcement, and reduction of economic inequalities in society. We conclude by calling on scholars of inequality, as …
The Resilience Of Family Controlled Business Groups: Survival Of The Unfit, Nirmalya Kumar, Phanish Puranam
The Resilience Of Family Controlled Business Groups: Survival Of The Unfit, Nirmalya Kumar, Phanish Puranam
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
The COVID crisis has demonstrated that family controlled business groups, usually criticized as being inefficient and diverse, have higher survival rates for precisely these reasons.
Covid-19 And Management Education: Reflections On Challenges, Opportunities, And Potential Futures, Steve Brammer, Timothy Clark
Covid-19 And Management Education: Reflections On Challenges, Opportunities, And Potential Futures, Steve Brammer, Timothy Clark
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
COVID-19 is having profound impacts on tertiary education globally. Border closures, cuts to aviation capacity, mandatory quarantine on entering a country, restrictions on mass gatherings, and social distancing all pose challenges to higher education (HE) institutions. Business Schools (BSs) have larger and more internationally diverse cohorts of students and staff, generating particular challenges, but also often have more mature digital and remote education capabilities that enable responses to COVID-19. Therefore, exploring emergent evidence on how BSs are likely to be affected by COVID-19 over the short, medium, and long term is of significant importance to our community. In this commentary, …
Getting Back To The “New Normal”: Autonomy Restoration During A Global Pandemic, Eric M. Anicich, Trevor A. Foulk, Merrick R. Osborne, Jake Gale, Michael Schaerer
Getting Back To The “New Normal”: Autonomy Restoration During A Global Pandemic, Eric M. Anicich, Trevor A. Foulk, Merrick R. Osborne, Jake Gale, Michael Schaerer
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
We investigate the psychological recovery process of full-time employees during the two-week period at the onset of the Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). Past research suggests that recovery processes start after stressors abate and can take months or years to unfold. In contrast, we build on autonomy restoration theory to suggest that recovery of impaired autonomy starts immediately even as a stressor is ongoing. Using growth curve modeling, we examined the temporal trajectories of two manifestations of impaired autonomy—powerlessness and (lack of) authenticity—to test whether recovery began as the pandemic unfolded. We tested our predictions using a unique experience-sampling dataset collected over …
A Business School Disrupted: A View From Singapore, Richard Raymond Smith
A Business School Disrupted: A View From Singapore, Richard Raymond Smith
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
The COVID-19 pandemic rapidly changed our world. And through the preparation, rapid response, and early vigilance of the universities and the government in Singapore was admirable Richard Smith looks at the challenges still ahead.
A Simple New Scoring System For Predicting The Mortality Of Severe Acute Pancreatitis: A Retrospective Clinical Study, Lei Wang, Yan-Bo Zeng, Jia-Yun Chen, Qian Luo, Rowan Wang, Ruijie Zhang, Zhichao Zheng, Yuan-Hang Dong, Wen-Bin Zou, Xiaoqing Xie, Yi-Qi Du, Zhao-Shen Li
A Simple New Scoring System For Predicting The Mortality Of Severe Acute Pancreatitis: A Retrospective Clinical Study, Lei Wang, Yan-Bo Zeng, Jia-Yun Chen, Qian Luo, Rowan Wang, Ruijie Zhang, Zhichao Zheng, Yuan-Hang Dong, Wen-Bin Zou, Xiaoqing Xie, Yi-Qi Du, Zhao-Shen Li
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
It is critical to accurately identify patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) in a timely manner. This study aimed to develop a new simplified AP scoring system based on data from Chinese population.We retrospectively analyzed a consecutive series of 585 patients diagnosed with SAP at the Changhai hospital between 2009 and 2017. The new Chinese simple scoring system (CSSS) was derived using logistic regression analysis and was validated in comparison to 4 existing systems using receiver operating characteristic curves.Six variables were selected for incorporation into CSSS, including serum creatinine, blood glucose, lactate dehydrogenase, heart rate, C-reactive protein, and extent of …
Dealing With Global Supply Chain Breaks, Shantanu Bhattacharya
Dealing With Global Supply Chain Breaks, Shantanu Bhattacharya
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Businesses need to adopt appropriate strategies to deal with the unprecedented impact of Covid-19 on global supply chains.
Covid-19 Hr Challenge: Lessons From Vigilant Singaporeans, Richard R. Smith
Covid-19 Hr Challenge: Lessons From Vigilant Singaporeans, Richard R. Smith
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Lessons from Singapore that may benefit global HR business leaders in caring for the health and well-being of the workforce during this challenging time.
It Won’T Be Business As Usual After Covid-19, Arnoud De Meyer
It Won’T Be Business As Usual After Covid-19, Arnoud De Meyer
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
As customer behaviours change, they will reshape business models in the post-coronavirus world.
Situational Judgment Tests For Selection: Traditional Versus Construct-Driven Approaches, Paul A. Tiffin, Lewis W. Paton, Deborah O'Mara, Carolyn Maccann, Jonas W. B. Lang, Filip Lievens
Situational Judgment Tests For Selection: Traditional Versus Construct-Driven Approaches, Paul A. Tiffin, Lewis W. Paton, Deborah O'Mara, Carolyn Maccann, Jonas W. B. Lang, Filip Lievens
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Context: Historically, situational judgement tests (SJTs) have been widely used for personnel selection. Their use in medical selection in Europe is growing, with plans for further expansion into North America and Australasia, in an attempt to measure and select on ‘non-academic’ personal attributes. However, there is a lack of clarity regarding what such tests actually measure and how they should be designed, scored and implemented within the medical and health education selection process. In particular, the theoretical basis from which such tests are developed will determine the scoring options available, influencing their psychometric properties and, ultimately, their validity. Methods: The …
Managing Clinic Variability With Same-Day Scheduling, Intervention For No-Shows, And Seasonal Capacity Adjustments, Kum Khiong Yang, Tugba Cayirli
Managing Clinic Variability With Same-Day Scheduling, Intervention For No-Shows, And Seasonal Capacity Adjustments, Kum Khiong Yang, Tugba Cayirli
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
This study investigates demand and capacity strategiesfor managing clinic variability. These include (i) same-day scheduling tocontrol random walk-ins, (ii) no-show intervention, where the clinic callsadvance-booked patients a day before to identify and release canceled slots tosame-day patients, and (iii) adjustments to daily number of appointments foradvance-booked patients to match seasonal variations in same-day demand. Thesestrategies are tested over the individual-block/fixed-interval (IBFI) and theDome appointment rules. The resulting appointment systems are tested underscenarios with different levels of same-day demand, demand seasonality,no-shows and cost ratios. The goal is to minimize the weighted sum of patients’wait time and physician’s idle-time and overtime. Our …
Effects Of Rescheduling On Patient No-Show Behavior In Outpatient Clinics, Jiayi Liu, Jingui Xie, Kum Khiong Yang, Zhichao Zheng
Effects Of Rescheduling On Patient No-Show Behavior In Outpatient Clinics, Jiayi Liu, Jingui Xie, Kum Khiong Yang, Zhichao Zheng
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
We study the effects of rescheduling on no-show behavior in an outpatient appointment system for both new and follow-up patients. Previous literature has primarily focused on new patients and investigated the role of waiting time on no-show probability. We offer a more nuanced understanding of this costly phenomenon. Using comprehensive clinical data, we demonstrate that for follow-up patients, their no-show probability decreases by 10.9 percentage points if their appointments were rescheduled at their own request, but increases by 6.2 percentage points if they were rescheduled by the clinic. New patients, in contrast, are more concerned about waiting time and less …