A Burial Cave At Ḥorbat ‘Eitayim (Hebrew, Pp. 65–79; English Summary, Pp. 76*–78*),
2025
Israel Antiquities Authority
A Burial Cave At Ḥorbat ‘Eitayim (Hebrew, Pp. 65–79; English Summary, Pp. 76*–78*), Hanaa Abu ‘Uqsa
'Atiqot
The site is located east of Nahariyya, in Western Galilee. The cave was hewn in chalk bedrock (qirton). The entrance to the cave, blocked by a rectangular closing stone, was accessed by a shaft; in the southern wall of the shaft a kokh was discovered. The cave consists of a central chamber with seven burial niches (kokhs) in its walls, four of which were found sealed with a rolling stone and small stones set into place around it. The finds within the cave were located in the central chamber and in the kokhim. They include a clay coffin with a …
Stone Quarries At Ḥorbat Gilan, In The Menashe Hills (Hebrew, Pp. 37–44; English Summary, Pp. 55–56),
2025
Israel Antiquities Authority
Stone Quarries At Ḥorbat Gilan, In The Menashe Hills (Hebrew, Pp. 37–44; English Summary, Pp. 55–56), Amir Gorzalczany
'Atiqot
Some 800 m northeast of Barqai Junction, along the route of the Cross-Israel Highway, an extensive quarry was exposed. The quarry, dated to the Roman and Byzantine periods based on the quarrying technique and ceramic finds, was used to quarry hard nari limestone, which was suitable for construction. The quarrying activity created steps or terraces. The detachment method included the separation of the stone’s sides from the bedrock and then its extraction by pulling the stone sideways. A rough calculation of the material extracted from the various quarrying locations is also attempted.
A Late Roman Period Burial Cave And Dump At Tell Qasile (Hebrew, Pp. 29–36; English Summary, Pp. 54–55),
2025
Israel Antiquities Authority
A Late Roman Period Burial Cave And Dump At Tell Qasile (Hebrew, Pp. 29–36; English Summary, Pp. 54–55), Etan Ayalon, Semadar Harpazi-Ofer
'Atiqot
On the southwestern fringes of Tell Qasile, a burial cave hewn in sandstone (kurkar) was exposed. It was almost completely destroyed in the past, and only the lower eastern part was preserved. The pottery and coins found in the cave dated to the Late Roman period (third–fourth centuries CE). The upper parts of some of the jars had been purposely removed, attesting that they may have served as ossuaries. The numerous animal bones and rampant disorder indicate that the cave was used a dump in a later phase. The finds from the cave point at either a Jewish or Samaritan …
Human Skeletal Remains From A Second -Temple-Period Tomb In Arnona, Jerusalem (Pp. 117–120),
2025
Israel Antiquities Authority
Human Skeletal Remains From A Second -Temple-Period Tomb In Arnona, Jerusalem (Pp. 117–120), Joe Zias
'Atiqot
A minimum of 41 individuals was recovered from the tomb. The demographic profile shows that 51% of the population died before age 18, in accord with other reported figures from the period. The pathology of the interred is unique, representing the first reported incident of tuberculosis in an ancient Jewish population.
Early Roman And Early Byzantine Glass Vessels From T2 And T4 Near Ḥorbat Zikhrin (Hebrew, Pp. 59–63; English Summary, P. 76*),
2025
Israel Antiquities Authority
Early Roman And Early Byzantine Glass Vessels From T2 And T4 Near Ḥorbat Zikhrin (Hebrew, Pp. 59–63; English Summary, P. 76*), Ruth E. Jackson-Tal
'Atiqot
Eleven glass vessels were retrieved from two double-arcosolia tombs (T2, T4) near Ḥorbat Zikhrin. The finds from T2 included a bowl, a jar, a bottle and an amphoriskos dating from the fourth–fifth centuries CE. The finds from T4 were free-blown, and included a bowl rim and bottle base from the first–second centuries CE and several beads. An exceptional find is a cast-and-cut seal, dated to the sixth–fourth centuries BCE, which is probably an heirloom attesting to the affluent status of the deceased.
Pottery Production At Ḥorbat Rodem Near Bet She’An (Pp. 37*–46*),
2025
Israel Antiquities Authority
Pottery Production At Ḥorbat Rodem Near Bet She’An (Pp. 37*–46*), Karen Covello-Paran, Dina Avshalom-Gorni
'Atiqot
The site is located north of Bet She’an and sits on brown basaltic soil. Two occupational layers were revealed, dating from the Late Hellenistic–Early Roman (Stratum II) and the Late Roman–Early Byzantine (Stratum I) periods. Most of the potsherds retrieved were attributed to the later phase. A study of the frequency of the pottery types indicates that a workshop operated at the site, specializing in the production of storage vessels. As few analogous vessels are known from contemporary sites outside of Bet She’an, it would seem that the urban center at Bet She’an was large enough to support the pottery …
A Complex Winepress From Mishmar Ha-‘Emeq: Evidence For The Peak In The Development Of The Wine Industry In Eretz Israel In Antiquity (Hebrew, Pp. 47–66; English Summary, Pp. 65*–67*),
2025
Israel Antiquities Authority
A Complex Winepress From Mishmar Ha-‘Emeq: Evidence For The Peak In The Development Of The Wine Industry In Eretz Israel In Antiquity (Hebrew, Pp. 47–66; English Summary, Pp. 65*–67*), Dina Avshalom-Gorni, Rafael Frankel, Nimrod Getzov
'Atiqot
A large complex winepress, excavated at Mishmar Ha-‘Emeq, represents the peak in the development of winepresses in the country toward the end of the Byzantine period. Several winepresses of this type have been excavated throughout the country: in the Negev, in the southern coastal plain and in the Carmel. Although they are not identical, they functioned in a similar manner and were connected technologically. They all have five common characteristics: a large treading floor, two connecting vats, one intermediate vat, a screw press or other devices for secondary pressing and auxiliary floors. This elaborate plan allowed for industrial production of …
Excavations At Ḥorbat Malta, Lower Galilee (Pp. 5–79),
2025
Israel Antiquities Authority
Excavations At Ḥorbat Malta, Lower Galilee (Pp. 5–79), Karen Covello-Paran
'Atiqot
Excavations at Ḥorbat Malta, located in the Nazareth Hills, exposed evidence of occupation dating to Middle Bronze Age II (potsherds), Iron Age II and the Persian and Roman periods. The Iron II occupation included a massive fortification wall and many rock-hewn installations, including channels, grinding and pounding stones and possibly, winepresses (Area A), as well as a four-room house (Area C). The Iron Age settlement reveals intra-site planning, familiar from other contemporary sites in the central hill region. The architectural elements of the Persian period are chiefly of a domestic nature, including stone buildings, numerous rock-hewn installations (Area B), pits …
A Burial Cave From The First–Second Centuries Ce And Double-Arcosolia Tombs From The Fourth–Fifth Centuries Ce On The Fringes Of Ḥorbat Zikhrin (Hebrew, Pp. 45–57; English Summary, Pp. 74*–75*),
2025
Israel Antiquities Authority
A Burial Cave From The First–Second Centuries Ce And Double-Arcosolia Tombs From The Fourth–Fifth Centuries Ce On The Fringes Of Ḥorbat Zikhrin (Hebrew, Pp. 45–57; English Summary, Pp. 74*–75*), Elie Haddad
'Atiqot
The burial cave, hewn in limestone, comprises a central chamber, a rectangular standing pit and three benches. Five individuals were interred in the cave, accompanied by pottery vessels, glass vessels and bronze objects. Based on the pottery finds, the cave was dated to the first–second centuries CE. The double-arcosolia tombs (T1–3) were quarried in bedrock above and north of the cave, forming part of a larger cemetery, which was exposed to the east. Based on the glass vessels from T2, the tombs should probably be dated to the Late Roman–Byzantine periods. The finds within T2 also included 20 decorated bone …
A Burial Cave Of The Second Temple Period In The Arnona Quarter, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 15*–29*; English Summary, Pp. 154–156),
2025
Israel Antiquities Authority
A Burial Cave Of The Second Temple Period In The Arnona Quarter, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 15*–29*; English Summary, Pp. 154–156), Ya‘Akov Billig
'Atiqot
The cave has one burial chamber. In its center is a rectangular, rock-hewn standing pit, flanked by three benches and six loculi (kokhim), and two repositories. All of the kokhim, save one, were sealed with their blocking stones. Found on the benches and in the kokhim were ten ossuaries with their covers and one single cover. One of the ossuaries (No. 1) was inscribed with Aramaic and Hebrew inscriptions; the others were incised, decorated or painted. Numerous objects were discovered in the cave, including pottery vessels, stone vessels, a stone spindle whorl, glass inlays, glass beads, a bone kohl spoon, …
Coins From The Excavations At Khirbat Ka‘Kul (Pp. 113–115),
2025
Israel Antiquities Authority
Coins From The Excavations At Khirbat Ka‘Kul (Pp. 113–115), Ariel Berman
'Atiqot
The excavation yielded 28 coins. They date from the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and Early Islamic periods and the majority, to the Mamluk period; one coin dates to the Ottoman period.
Tel Hazor: Areas Q (The Eastern Spur) And N (Pp. 17*–42*),
2025
Israel Antiquities Authority
Tel Hazor: Areas Q (The Eastern Spur) And N (Pp. 17*–42*), Karen Covello-Paran
'Atiqot
Excavations in the eastern Lower City of Tel Hazor revealed part of a courtyard building (Area Q2) and a rampart (Area Q3), as well as a drainage channel and a rampart system (Area N). The building, dating to the Late Bronze Age, exhibited three building phases. Beneath the Phase II floor, two storage-jar burials were found, one of which contained fragmentary bones of a child. The finds in the building were sparse, including decorated ware, Bichrome ware and Chocolate-on-White ware. Also found were a zoomorphic figurine, an anthropomorphic(?) object and an alabastron. The building was of public (administrative?) character, as …
Iron Age Iia Remains From A Salvage Excavation At Sulam (Pp. 23*–32*),
2025
Israel Antiquities Authority
Iron Age Iia Remains From A Salvage Excavation At Sulam (Pp. 23*–32*), Yardenna Alexandre
'Atiqot
The site is located in the Jezreel Valley, near the slopes of Giv‘at Ha-More. Four building phases were observed: the latest phase (Stratum I) was attributed to the late Byzantine–Early Islamic periods, while three earlier phases (Strata IIa–c) date to Iron Age II; meager Hellenistic and Iron I sherds were found as well. Strata IIc and IIa were exploited as cooking areas, and Stratum IIb may have been an industrial installation connected with fire (kiln? furnace?). The charcoal samples from Stratum IIb that were analyzed support the conventional Iron IIA chronology.
Caves From The Iron Age And The Early Roman Period At ‘Ein El-Luza, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 21*–35*; English Summary, P. 197),
2025
Israel Antiquities Authority
Caves From The Iron Age And The Early Roman Period At ‘Ein El-Luza, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 21*–35*; English Summary, P. 197), Zvi Greenhut, Zubair ‘Adawi
'Atiqot
Three caves were discovered south of the confluence of the Hinom and Kidron Valleys in Jerusalem. Two natural caves (Caves 1, 3) contained Iron Age II pottery and human bones and the third (Cave 2), a hewn burial cave, was dated to the Early Roman period. Cave 1 yielded an Iron Age pottery assemblage dating between the eighth and the beginning of the sixth centuries BCE that included tableware (bowls, jars and juglets) and cooking pots typically found in burial caves. As the cave is natural, it is possible that its contents were dumped there following the evacuation of a …
Survey And Excavations At Ḥorbat Burgin In The Judean Shephelah: Burial Caves, Hiding Complexes And Installations Of The Second Temple And Byzantine Periods (Hebrew, Pp. 15–48; English Summary, Pp. 60*–64*),
2025
Israel Antiquities Authority
Survey And Excavations At Ḥorbat Burgin In The Judean Shephelah: Burial Caves, Hiding Complexes And Installations Of The Second Temple And Byzantine Periods (Hebrew, Pp. 15–48; English Summary, Pp. 60*–64*), Boaz Zissu, Amir Ganor
'Atiqot
This article summarizes the results of several surveys and excavations conducted between 1995 and 1996 at Ḥorbat Burgin, northeast of Bet Govrin. Within the boundaries of the necropolis that surrounded the settlement on three sides were three types of tombs, dating to the later part of the Second Temple period; a Christian burial cave was documented as well, belonging to the Byzantine-period settlement at the site. A bell-shaped cistern was found to contain the engravings of crosses and two illegible inscriptions in Paleo-Hebrew script. Three hiding complexes were observed in the survey; all had been breached and plundered in the …
A Farmstead From The End Of The Iron Age And Installations At The Foot Of Khirbat Abu Shawan (Hebrew, Pp. 25–44; English Summary, Pp. 71*–74*),
2025
Israel Antiquities Authority
A Farmstead From The End Of The Iron Age And Installations At The Foot Of Khirbat Abu Shawan (Hebrew, Pp. 25–44; English Summary, Pp. 71*–74*), Yuval Baruch
'Atiqot
The site is located on a slope c. 100 m southwest of Khirbat Abu Shawan, near the village of El-Wallaja. The excavation exposed the remains of a farmstead, extending across an area of two to three dunams. Two buildings were unearthed, delimited by an enclosure wall. An installation and a partially-hewn cave were discovered as well. The site was dated to the end of the Iron Age based on the pottery found within the buildings and the installations. One building (200) comprised a large percentage of holemouth jars, and it probably served as a workshop and storeroom for agricultural produce. …
The Glass Vessels From Khirbat Ka‘Kul (Pp. 107–112),
2025
Israel Antiquities Authority
The Glass Vessels From Khirbat Ka‘Kul (Pp. 107–112), Yael Gorin-Rosen
'Atiqot
The excavation yielded a small number of glass fragments, all of which were free blown. Several vessels are decorated in various techniques, such as applied trails and pinching. The earliest glass vessels date to the Late Roman and early Byzantine periods. The major group of vessels dates to the Mamluk period. This infrequent medieval group consists of vessels that could be dated by comparison, as well as newly discovered types. The importance of this group lies in its archaeological context within a stratified Mamluk site in the vicinity of Jerusalem.
A Tomb From The Second Temple Period At Shoham (Pp. 43*–49*),
2025
Israel Antiquities Authority
A Tomb From The Second Temple Period At Shoham (Pp. 43*–49*), Alla Nagorsky
'Atiqot
The tomb, hewn in soft limestone bedrock, comprises an entrance chamber and a burial chamber, in whose walls are four kokhs (loculi). The tomb contained fragments of at least five limestone ossuaries, some bearing incised decoration, and lids of two common types: flat and vaulted. Numerous human skeletal remains were scattered in the tomb, representing a minimum number of 13 individuals. A few fragments of pottery and glass vessels were found, as well as a bronze bell, beads and a glass bracelet, dating to the Roman period. The general plan of the tomb and its architecture conform to the accepted …
A Hebrew Seal From Bet Shemesh And Another Of Unknown Provenance In The Israel Antiquities Authority Collection (Pp. 1–4),
2025
Israel Antiquities Authority
A Hebrew Seal From Bet Shemesh And Another Of Unknown Provenance In The Israel Antiquities Authority Collection (Pp. 1–4), Benjamin Sass
'Atiqot
Two seals in the Israel Antiquities Authority collections, which were considered unreadable, were found to be inscribed in ancient Hebrew script. One was discovered in the excavations directed by Mackenzie at Bet Shemesh, the other is of unknown provenance. Both seals are of a popular design, bearing the names of their owner and his father, probably dating to the eighth century BCE.
Salvage Excavations At Ḥorbat Ma‘Raba (Pp. 13*–21*),
2025
Israel Antiquities Authority
Salvage Excavations At Ḥorbat Ma‘Raba (Pp. 13*–21*), Lilly Gershuny
'Atiqot
Excavations at the site, located in the southern coastal plain, were initiated after the exposure of ancient pottery vessels. During excavations, a homogeneous pottery assemblage, including store jars, open and carinated bowls and dipper juglets, was recovered from five areas. It seems that the finds originated in pit graves, which were dug into the kurkar sandstone during Middle Bronze Age II. Similar graves, dating to the same period, are dispersed along the southern coastal ridges.
