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A History Of The Scottish P.E.N. Organization, Part 1: 1927-1949, Helen Stoddart 2023 University of Glasgow

A History Of The Scottish P.E.N. Organization, Part 1: 1927-1949, Helen Stoddart

Studies in Scottish Literature

The first article in a two-part series charting the history of Scottish PEN, from its founding in 1927, through political struggles in the 1930s, and at the international congress in Edinburgh in 1934, over issues of intellectual freedom and the rise of Hitler, till the need to reestablish the organization after World War II, exploring Scottish PEN's relationship to the 20th century Scottish Renaissance movement, and examining the roles in Scottish PEN of H.J.C. Grierson, C.M. Grieve (Hugh MacDiarmid), Helen Cruikshank, William Power, Willa and Edwin Muir, and many others.


Liz Lochhead And The Fairies: Context And Influence In Grimm Sisters And Dreaming Frankenstein, William Donaldson 2023 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Liz Lochhead And The Fairies: Context And Influence In Grimm Sisters And Dreaming Frankenstein, William Donaldson

Studies in Scottish Literature

Examines the Scottish poet Liz Lochhead's period of North American travel and her response to American second-wave feminist poetics, particularly to the anthology No More Masks! (1973) and the poetry of Adrienne Rich and Anne Sexton, the treatment of myth by J.G. Frazer and Robert Graves, and the perspective on Scottish fairy tales offered by folklorists, to explore Lochhead's creative reworking of both fairy tale and classical myth in her collections Grimm Sisters (1981) and Dreaming Frankenstein (1984).


Tolkien’S Animals: A Bibliography, Kris Swank 2023 Pima Community College & Signum University

Tolkien’S Animals: A Bibliography, Kris Swank

Journal of Tolkien Research

Bibliography of scholarly and popular science research on Tolkien’s various animal species includes more than 100 English-language entries from literary, mythological, cultural, historical, philological, psychological, religious, and scientific perspectives. Includes entries on animal sentience/personhood, general surveys of animals, and analysis of specific species: bats, bears (including Beorn), birds, cats, cryptids, deer, dogs (including wolves and foxes), dragons, elephants, horses, sea-life, and spiders.


The Deer-Maid Motif In The Children Of Húrin, Kris Swank 2023 Pima Community College & Signum University

The Deer-Maid Motif In The Children Of Húrin, Kris Swank

Journal of Tolkien Research

The story of Túrin Turambar goes back to the end of the First World War, and Tolkien continued to work on it through the 1950s. Later versions repeatedly describe Túrin’s sister Niënor figuratively—as or like—a hunted deer, especially after her enchantment by the dragon Glaurung. Tolkien identified Sigurd the Volsung, Oedipus, and the Finnish Kullervo as sources for Túrin, however, the motif of a maiden enchanted as a deer does not derive from those sources. The Irish story of Oisín’s mother, Sadhbh or Saav, who was transformed into a fawn by an evil druid, shares several analogous …


Sam's Song In The Tower: The Significance Of 'Merry Finches' In J.R.R. Tolkien's _Lord Of The Rings_, Jane Beal PhD 2023 University of California, Davis

Sam's Song In The Tower: The Significance Of 'Merry Finches' In J.R.R. Tolkien's _Lord Of The Rings_, Jane Beal Phd

Journal of Tolkien Research

In The Lord of the Rings, Samwise Gamgee climbs the Tower of Cirith Ungol to try to rescue his master and friend, Frodo Baggins, who has been taken captive by Orcs. When Sam is near despair because he cannot find Frodo, Sam sings a song that makes reference to “merry finches.” What is the significance of this phrase in his lyrics? To answer this question, my essay first explores J.R.R. Tolkien’s ornithological knowledge, especially of finches in England, which is readily demonstrated from a letter he wrote to his son, Christopher Tolkien (July 7, 1944), about his observations of bullfinches …


"Tolkien's Eagles: Aves Ex Machina", Deidre Dawson 2023 Michigan State University

"Tolkien's Eagles: Aves Ex Machina", Deidre Dawson

Journal of Tolkien Research

Many studies of Tolkien’s Eagles have emphasized their role as a narrative device (the deus ex machina) or spiritual symbol and have focused primarily on their intervention in The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. This essay argues for a more comprehensive interpretation, and demonstrates that the Eagles function as essential characters throughout Tolkien’s legendarium, beginning with the earliest stories. The importance of eagles in mythology, folklore and literature is highlighted to show how Tolkien combined his deep knowledge of these subjects with his attention to the biology and anatomy of actual eagles to create his own …


Introduction To The Special Issue On Tolkien's Animals, Kris Swank 2023 Pima Community College & Signum University

Introduction To The Special Issue On Tolkien's Animals, Kris Swank

Journal of Tolkien Research

Introduction to the Special Issue on Tolkien's Animals


The Hen That Laid The Eggs: Tolkien And The Officers Training Corps [Expanded], Janet Brennan Croft 2023 University of Northern Iowa

The Hen That Laid The Eggs: Tolkien And The Officers Training Corps [Expanded], Janet Brennan Croft

Journal of Tolkien Research

J.R.R. Tolkien, sharing an experience with many young men of his class and education, participated in the Officers Training Corps while at King Edward’s School. Because of this program, Tolkien and many of his fellow junior officers in the Great War were already familiar with the procedures of drill and camp and with basic tactics of war games in all kinds of weather. The atmosphere of the training camps of World War I would not have taken them entirely by surprise, but would have been somewhat reminiscent of the great summer encampments of OTC units from around the country—though of …


“Fruit Of The Poison Vine”: Defining And Delimiting Tolkien’S Orcs, Sara Brown 2023 Signum University

“Fruit Of The Poison Vine”: Defining And Delimiting Tolkien’S Orcs, Sara Brown

Journal of Tolkien Research

Fantasy author NK Jemisin has commented that “Orcs are fruit of the poison vine that is human fear of ‘the Other’.” Indeed, we would have every reason to fear Tolkien’s Orcs and their difference. Every way in which they are presented, including the etymology of their species name, the fear and horror they evoke, even the food that they consume, denotes their alterity. Their skin colour, their language, and their behaviour all encourage a reading that is rooted in racialism and essentialism; embedded stereotypes invite a conclusion that this species possesses a definable set of attributes essential to its identity, …


Does Shakespeare Believe In Sudden Conversions For His Villains?, Robert B. Pierce 2023 Oberlin College

Does Shakespeare Believe In Sudden Conversions For His Villains?, Robert B. Pierce

Selected Papers of the Ohio Valley Shakespeare Conference

No abstract provided.


“My All The World”: Constance, Motherhood, And Petrarchanism In Shakespeare’S King John, Anne McIlhaney 2023 Webster University

“My All The World”: Constance, Motherhood, And Petrarchanism In Shakespeare’S King John, Anne Mcilhaney

Selected Papers of the Ohio Valley Shakespeare Conference

No abstract provided.


“Hell Is Empty And All The Devils Are Here”: Westworld’S New Prospero And His Isle Of Calibans, Jared S. Johnson 2023 Thiel College

“Hell Is Empty And All The Devils Are Here”: Westworld’S New Prospero And His Isle Of Calibans, Jared S. Johnson

Selected Papers of the Ohio Valley Shakespeare Conference

No abstract provided.


A Double Time In Romeo And Juliet: Juliet’S Rapid Maturity, David George 2023 The University of Akron

A Double Time In Romeo And Juliet: Juliet’S Rapid Maturity, David George

Selected Papers of the Ohio Valley Shakespeare Conference

No abstract provided.


“She Never Yet Was Foolish That Was Fair”: Whiteness As Erasure In William Shakespeare’S Othello, Kathryn Croft 2023 The University of Akron

“She Never Yet Was Foolish That Was Fair”: Whiteness As Erasure In William Shakespeare’S Othello, Kathryn Croft

Selected Papers of the Ohio Valley Shakespeare Conference

No abstract provided.


Introduction, Emily Isaacson 2023 Heidelberg University

Introduction, Emily Isaacson

Selected Papers of the Ohio Valley Shakespeare Conference

No abstract provided.


Translating The Hobbit (2023) By Mark T. Hooker, Arden R. Smith 2023 Valparaiso University

Translating The Hobbit (2023) By Mark T. Hooker, Arden R. Smith

Journal of Tolkien Research

Book review, by Arden R. Smith, of Translating The Hobbit (2023) by Mark T. Hooker


Henrietta Maria: Royalist Women’S Representations Of The French Catholic Queen, Kim Hansen 2023 Brigham Young University, Provo

Henrietta Maria: Royalist Women’S Representations Of The French Catholic Queen, Kim Hansen

Criterion: A Journal of Literary Criticism

By the mid-15th century, the royal marriage of King Charles and Queen Henrietta Maria incited enough conflict to spark civil war, as the English struggled to reconcile between the long-established image of female English domesticity and a pervasive cultural expectation for equality between marriage partners. Any form of equality in the royal marriage called the absolute power of the king into question, as it would imply that his actions had included her direct involvement, and even at times were more representative of her, not his, views. Letters captured at the Battle of Naseby confirmed fears that the queen …


Exploring The Matriarchal Past To Forge A Modern Identity: Maternal Origins In Woolf And Ihimaera, Kirsten W. Burningham 2023 Brigham Young University

Exploring The Matriarchal Past To Forge A Modern Identity: Maternal Origins In Woolf And Ihimaera, Kirsten W. Burningham

Criterion: A Journal of Literary Criticism

Though the writings of Virginia Woolf and Witi Ihimaera are “incommensurable” in many ways, I find “commesurablilities”––the kind of commensurabilities the Susan Stanford Friedman seeks out across the planetary landscape of modernism––in the way they negotiate a new creative identity in a modern environment with the bang clash of history and present ringing in their ears. I see this commensurability in at least three key features: 1) Woolf and Ihimaera each gave birth to new literary movements: Woolf was mother to high British Modernism with experimental techniques such as free indirect discourse and the relegation of plot to the background; …


Shakespeare’S Prince Of Denmark: Political Pandering In Hamlet, Moriah Theriault 2023 Brigham Young University - Provo

Shakespeare’S Prince Of Denmark: Political Pandering In Hamlet, Moriah Theriault

Criterion: A Journal of Literary Criticism

Shakespeare's Hamlet contains frequent cultural ties and insights into Danish tradition that depict intentional effort to represent Danish culture. These accuracies can be seen in the description of the castle in Elsinore, the deep-seated conflicts between Christian forgiveness and revenge, and the traditional cannon salutes featured in Hamlet. Shakespeare created these connections to Danish culture for a political maneuver to win the favor of King James and his wife, the Royal Queen Anne of Denmark.


Paradise And Paradiso: Echoes Of A Fortunate Fall, Kathryn Alley 2023 Liberty University

Paradise And Paradiso: Echoes Of A Fortunate Fall, Kathryn Alley

The Kabod

Presented at the National Collegiate Research Conference at Harvard University, January 2023.


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