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The Effect Of Stimulus Payments On College Students: Ex-Ante Perceptions And Reality, Rohan Angadi, Vidhura Sbw Tennekoon Sep 2024

The Effect Of Stimulus Payments On College Students: Ex-Ante Perceptions And Reality, Rohan Angadi, Vidhura Sbw Tennekoon

Midwest Social Sciences Journal

In this paper, we use a natural experiment to measure the impact of a transitory positive income shock on college education. On March 11, 2021, the American Rescue Plan Act was signed into law. This act made provisions for the third round of Economic Impact Payment for eligible US residents. Each person in an eligible family received up to $1,400. This stimulus payment was an exogenous positive income shock on US college students if they received the payment. Using primary data collected through a survey, we first investigate how US college students were affected by and responded to this income …


Providing End-Of-Life Counseling: A Narrative Inquiry, Carol Hecht, Sibyl West Sep 2024

Providing End-Of-Life Counseling: A Narrative Inquiry, Carol Hecht, Sibyl West

Adultspan Journal

This qualitative study aimed to address the gap in the research related to end-of-life counseling by exploring the experiences of counselors working with clients at end of life. While counseling literature and education are lacking regarding end of life, many counselors will work alongside clients approaching death. The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to better understand the nuanced experiences of counselors providing end-of-life counseling and (b) to explore the supports and preparations helpful for counselors to provide end-of-life counseling. A narrative approach, using the Listening Guide (Gilligan, 2015), was employed to analyze and present the stories of three …


Considerations Of Medicare Telehealth Services With Older Adults, Sonah Kho, Amanda Dediego Sep 2024

Considerations Of Medicare Telehealth Services With Older Adults, Sonah Kho, Amanda Dediego

Adultspan Journal

The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic set in motion a rapid expansion of mental health services offered via telehealth. With this rapid expansion came the need to examine how policy and practice should be shaped in a future where telehealth is considered common in counseling practice. For counselors to understand how to support older adult clients in using telehealth services, they must understand telehealth policy. Following the eligibility of licensed counselors to participate in Medicare, counselors need to stay abreast of regulatory changes regarding restrictions and regulations on use of telehealth for mental and behavioral health services, including video and …


Collaborative Co-Design: Transforming Traditional Professional Development, Cristo Leon, James Lipuma Sep 2024

Collaborative Co-Design: Transforming Traditional Professional Development, Cristo Leon, James Lipuma

STEM for Success Resources

Objective: The primary aim of this project was to develop the "Online Professional Learning Exchange" (OPLE), a platform designed to support blended learning and facilitate a shift towards a Community of Practice (CoP) model. By integrating face-to-face, blended, and fully online learning situations, this move was intended to enhance the accessibility and effectiveness of professional development. Theoretical Framework: The project was grounded in theories of adult learning and community of practice. It utilized these frameworks to foster an environment where educators could collaboratively design and engage with learning materials. This approach aimed to promote sustained professional growth and mastery of …


What Do Pre-Service Teachers Know About Teaching With Technology?, Lauren Hays, Jenna Kammer, Kristina Schuler Sep 2024

What Do Pre-Service Teachers Know About Teaching With Technology?, Lauren Hays, Jenna Kammer, Kristina Schuler

Journal of Curriculum, Teaching, Learning and Leadership in Education

This paper presents the results of a study which examined how 132 pre-service teacher work samples documented implementation of teaching with technology during student teaching experiences. Researchers determined which ISTE Standards for Students and ISTE Standards for Educators the pre-service teachers were using based on their reported technology use from the work samples. Themes of how the technology was used are also reported to gain a deeper understanding of pre-service teachers’ use of educational technology. Findings indicate that students are taught to use technology for learning, but often used it for engagement.


Arranging And Communication Techniques For The Studio Music Producer: A Curriculum, Elizabeth A. Rajcok Sep 2024

Arranging And Communication Techniques For The Studio Music Producer: A Curriculum, Elizabeth A. Rajcok

Masters Theses

College music students who desire to pursue careers in the commercial music industry would benefit from learning all aspects of music production, including the techniques of rhythm section instruments and the intricacies of various genres. However, courses that provide students with hands-on training in communicating and arranging within a recording studio are lacking in residential collegiate contemporary and commercial music degrees. Students lacking in multi- instrument knowledge and immersion in contemporary genres may find their insufficiency is an impediment when functioning in their desired profession as a music producer post-college. The curriculum project detailed in this study is designed to …


Low To Moderate-Intensity Exercise On Blood Pressure Response In Hypertensive Older Adults, David Farrell Robinson Ii Sep 2024

Low To Moderate-Intensity Exercise On Blood Pressure Response In Hypertensive Older Adults, David Farrell Robinson Ii

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This study aims to investigate the blood pressure response of a single bout of exercise at low to moderate intensity in older adults with normal/grade 1 hypertension. 120 physically active adults (74.80 ± 6.3 years) randomly completed two aerobic exercise sessions of 30 minutes at low (30% heart rate reserve [HRres]) and moderate (50% HRres) intensity. Blood pressure was assessed pre-exercise, immediately after, and 30 minutes after the completion of the exercise bout. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased after both exercise intensities without significant differences. Both exercise intensities saw a proportionate decrease in post exercise blood pressure response compared …


Differences In Special Education Teachers' Applied Behavior Analysis Scores: A Causal-Comparative Study, Delilah Mae Fernandez Sep 2024

Differences In Special Education Teachers' Applied Behavior Analysis Scores: A Causal-Comparative Study, Delilah Mae Fernandez

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This quantitative, causal-comparative study aimed to determine if there was a difference in applied behavior analysis scores from the applied behavior analysis test between traditional and non-traditionally certified teachers and veteran and new teachers. This research also aimed to identify if there was an interaction effect between experience level and type of certification when considering understanding of applied behavior analysis. This study is important as the findings contribute to the education system within the central Texas area as it uncovered the level of knowledge specific special education teachers in self-contained classrooms have and determined if educators are implementing the best …


Bringing Effective Coaching To Scale: Experiences Of Instructional Coaches In A Large-Scale Coaching Program: A Phenomenological Study, Kristen A. Skura Sep 2024

Bringing Effective Coaching To Scale: Experiences Of Instructional Coaches In A Large-Scale Coaching Program: A Phenomenological Study, Kristen A. Skura

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This phenomenological study aimed to understand the barriers that might exist for full-time instructional coaches in an established, large-scale coaching program in a large public school district on the East Coast of the U.S. The theories that guided this study were Knowles’ adult learning theory and the partnership philosophy put forth by Knight as a theoretical foundation for quality instructional coaching. The partnership philosophy is built on the ideas of adult learning theory. Knight suggests seven principles of effective instructional coaching, though this study was focused on only four: equality, reflection, praxis, and reciprocity. The methods of this study included …


Teacher Observations On The Success Of Hard-Of-Hearing Students In The Middle School Mathematics Classroom: A Case Study, Hannah Abbott Mcpherson Sep 2024

Teacher Observations On The Success Of Hard-Of-Hearing Students In The Middle School Mathematics Classroom: A Case Study, Hannah Abbott Mcpherson

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this case study was to describe how deficits in foundational language among hard-of-hearing students influence mathematics instruction for general education middle school classroom teachers working to educate this student population in the South. The theory guiding this study was Paivio’s theory on dual coding, as it supports learning the necessary concepts needed to perform successfully in mathematics. The central research question for this study was: What are the experiences of middle school mathematics teachers working with hard-of-hearing students? Methodology defined as a descriptive case study included individual interviews, a focus group, and journal prompts to collect data …


Teacher Retention: A Phenomenological Study On The Experiences Of White Male Teachers In An Urban Secondary School, Bryce M. Woerner Sep 2024

Teacher Retention: A Phenomenological Study On The Experiences Of White Male Teachers In An Urban Secondary School, Bryce M. Woerner

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to discover the commonalities and factors of retention for White male teachers at an urban secondary school. The focus was on the experiences of the White male teachers at an urban secondary school in Virginia. This research is an examination of the experiences and perceptions of White male teachers. The data included interviews, focus groups, and letter writing to fill the gap in literature for teacher retention in urban schools. The research questions included what are the lived experiences of White male teachers in urban secondary schools and why do they choose …


The Lived Experiences Of Parents Raising A Child With Albinism: A Transcendental Phenomenological Study, Quineesha D. Phillips Sep 2024

The Lived Experiences Of Parents Raising A Child With Albinism: A Transcendental Phenomenological Study, Quineesha D. Phillips

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study is to understand the lived experiences of psychological barriers for parents of children with albinism in general education classes. The theory guiding this study was Goffman’s social stigma theory on stigmas, as it provides the framework for understanding the educational barriers faced in the general education classroom. This study answers the central research question, what are the lived experiences of parents of children with albinism in school? This transcendental phenomenological study emphasized the need for policy and practice changes focusing on assertiveness and coping skills for students with albinism in primary general education …


The Experiences Of Teachers Implementing Co-Teaching Models: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study, Chad M. Davis Sep 2024

The Experiences Of Teachers Implementing Co-Teaching Models: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study, Chad M. Davis

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to describe the experiences of secondary teachers implementing co-teaching models in inclusive classrooms at a public school district in northwest Arkansas. For this study, co-teaching is defined as the collaborative approach to instruction in which a general education teacher and a special education teacher work together to co-plan, co-teach, and co-assess a course that includes general education students and students with disabilities. Using Johnson and Johnson’s social interdependence theory as a theoretical framework, this study addressed the central research question: What experiences do teachers have implementing co-teaching models in inclusive classrooms? A …


The Effects Of Intermittent Fasting On Working Memory With A Covariate Of Exercise Among The Perimenopausal Population: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Karen Marie Veltri Sep 2024

The Effects Of Intermittent Fasting On Working Memory With A Covariate Of Exercise Among The Perimenopausal Population: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Karen Marie Veltri

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Intermittent fasting and exercise are tools to improve health. Current literature focuses on their impact on metabolic health and weight loss, leaving a gap in the research examining their effects on working memory during the menopause transition. The purpose of this study was to address this gap by recruiting perimenopausal participants and randomly assigning them to an experimental or a control group. The experimental group followed an 8/16 intermittent fasting regimen for two consecutive weeks. Both groups ate ad libitum without dietary restrictions. Participants completed a pre- and post-study Working Memory Questionnaire and self-reported average hours of exercise per week. …


Building Confidence, Diminishing Stress: A Clinical Incivility Management Initiative For Nursing Students, Younglee Kim, Phoebe (Yeon) S. Kim, Henrietta Nwamu, Anne Lama Sep 2024

Building Confidence, Diminishing Stress: A Clinical Incivility Management Initiative For Nursing Students, Younglee Kim, Phoebe (Yeon) S. Kim, Henrietta Nwamu, Anne Lama

Nursing Faculty Publications

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an interactive program designed to reduce nursing students’ perceived stress and improve self-efficacy and readiness to professionally address incivility during clinical practice. Background: Incivility in clinical settings adversely impacts learners, educators, institutions, and healthcare systems, undermining safety and the teaching–learning process. Despite its increasing global prevalence, effective interventions remain largely unexplored. Methods: Our mixed-methods study, conducted from March to April 2024, involved senior baccalaureate pre-licensure nursing students (N = 35) from a California State University. The three-week, one-hour-per-week, interactive clinical incivility management program was developed through an extensive …


Can An Equine-Assisted Learning Course Improve Emotional Intelligence In Undergraduate Students?, Danielle Y. Clark, Julia M. Mack, Kenneth G. Mccurdy Sep 2024

Can An Equine-Assisted Learning Course Improve Emotional Intelligence In Undergraduate Students?, Danielle Y. Clark, Julia M. Mack, Kenneth G. Mccurdy

People and Animals: The International Journal of Research and Practice

Background: Emotional intelligence, a construct that many experts consider an essential component of life success, is moving in a concerning direction among American college students. Equine-assisted interventions may be an innovative modality for influencing these skills. Purpose: This study explores the effectiveness of a 15-week equine-assisted experiential learning course on emotional intelligence among undergraduate college students. Methodology/Approach: The intervention group consisted of 18 students who participated in a three-credit psychology course entitled Horses for Interpersonal Skills, which involved classroom instruction and an equine-assisted learning (EAL) component. This group was compared to a no intervention sample of 26 students enrolled in …


Identifying School-Wide Inequities: Action Research Conducted Using An Equity Audit To Inform Annual School Planning For A Pre-K–8 School, Janine Casella Sep 2024

Identifying School-Wide Inequities: Action Research Conducted Using An Equity Audit To Inform Annual School Planning For A Pre-K–8 School, Janine Casella

Theses and Dissertations

This action research study aims to identify and address equity gaps within a PK-8 New Jersey school by leading a professional learning community (PLC). The study will use action research methods to conduct an educational equity audit, which will inform the annual school plan and create a leadership action plan to stimulate organizational change. Traditionally, teachers at the research site have used Data-Driven Decision Making (DDDM) cycles, but this study will integrate Critical Data-Driven Decision Making (CDDDM) cycles, including an equity audit analyzed in PLCs. The audit will identify patterns of inequity and identify strategies to address them. The study …


Gsep Research Symposium Proceedings - 2024 Sep 2024

Gsep Research Symposium Proceedings - 2024

GSEP Research Symposium

The 8th Annual GSEP Research Symposium, was themed "Dismantling Barriers between Research and Practice: Shining a Light on Global Interdisciplinary Solutions," took place on July 18-19, 2024, at the picturesque Château d'Hauteville in Saint-Légier-La Chiésaz, Switzerland.

The annual symposium is hosted by the Pepperdine University Graduate School of Education and Psychology (GSEP). The symposium served as a dynamic platform for students, faculty, alums, and staff to come together and explore innovative ideas across multiple disciplines. Featuring 69 selected presentations under five distinct tracks, the proceedings showcase groundbreaking research, foster meaningful discussions, and promote professional development.

The symposium aimed to bridge …


Differences In Algebra I End-Of-Course Exam Performance Of African-American Girls As A Function Of Their Economic Status: A Texas, Multiyear Analysis, Latonia Amerson, Cynthia Martinez-Garcia, John R. Slate Sep 2024

Differences In Algebra I End-Of-Course Exam Performance Of African-American Girls As A Function Of Their Economic Status: A Texas, Multiyear Analysis, Latonia Amerson, Cynthia Martinez-Garcia, John R. Slate

School Leadership Review

The extent to which differences were present for African American girls as a function of their economic status in their performance on the Texas state-mandated Algebra I End-of-Course exam was examined. Specifically addressed was the extent to which African American girls differed in their performance on three Grade Level performance standards: Approaches Grade Level, Meets Grade Level, and Masters Grade Level. Inferential statistical analyses of Texas statewide data revealed that statistically significantly lower percentages of African American girls who were economically disadvantaged met the three Grade Level standards than African American girls who were not in poverty. Implications and recommendations …


Perceptions Of Pharmacy Students Towards The Transition To Online Communication In Learning: Lessons From The Covid-19 Pandemic, Wejdan Shroukh Dr Sep 2024

Perceptions Of Pharmacy Students Towards The Transition To Online Communication In Learning: Lessons From The Covid-19 Pandemic, Wejdan Shroukh Dr

Middle East Journal of Communication Studies

This study aims to explore the experiences of pharmacy students at Middle East University (MEU) in the transition to online communication in pharmacy education during the COVID-19 pandemic in the academic year 2021/2022.The current study follows an inductive qualitative research design based on conducting semi-structured interviews with students. Thematic analysis of data was carried out, and the six phases of analysis described by Braun and Clarke were followed. Data analysis yielded the following themes: acceptance of the transition to online communication in pharmacy education, the perceived difficulty of online courses delivered during the pandemic, drawbacks of online communication in pharmacy …


The Quadruple Helix Of Strategic Alliances And Its Application For Community Development In Las Acequias De Atrisco, Jorge Garcia Sep 2024

The Quadruple Helix Of Strategic Alliances And Its Application For Community Development In Las Acequias De Atrisco, Jorge Garcia

Regeneración: A Xicanacimiento Studies Journal

In today’s society, the development of Information Communication Technologies (ICT) is imminent yet, large segments of the world remain marginalized. I contend that peer-to-peer and inter-institutional networks can be used to connect local with global systems to close this divide. Using today’s virtual and digital technologies the gap can be bridged using collaboration platforms using different knowledge systems that do not simply replicate the same information. The suggested model represents forming strategic alliances for information sharing and collaboration to empower and support local knowledge systems. The examples discussed show our efforts toward an inclusive approach with communities in full partnership, …


Social Media, Technology, And The Higher Education Classroom, Brian F. Mcfadden, Nicole R. Clarity, Susan J. Drucker Sep 2024

Social Media, Technology, And The Higher Education Classroom, Brian F. Mcfadden, Nicole R. Clarity, Susan J. Drucker

Proceedings of the New York State Communication Association

This paper reflects on the ways that media technology infiltrate, push, and pull educators in the 21st century. The authors write about the importance of including new technology in our courses to better prepare students for their future careers and lives while also acknowledging the challenges that inclusion can present. By highlighting how technology serves as a facilitator for classroom participation and the ways the emergent technology can enhance a journalism curriculum, the paper points to some of the ways that emergent technology in our classes can have an enduring positive effect on our students in the future. However, …


Project-Based Learning: The Ticket To Deepening Classroom Thinking And Discussion, Matthew J. Weyers Sep 2024

Project-Based Learning: The Ticket To Deepening Classroom Thinking And Discussion, Matthew J. Weyers

Essays in Education

The author argues that utilizing elements of Project-Based Learning is essential to deepen student thinking and discussion in the classroom. The author provides three strategies for classroom teachers of all ages to utilize in accomplishing this goal. Additionally, the author provides several examples of what these strategies might look like in different subjects. Finally, there are multiple resources embedded within for further reading and research.


Applying A Tri-Learner Model Of Extension Collaboration: Local-State-Campus Partnership, Shannon Lipscomb, Barbara Bromley Brody, Megan Pratt, Toiresa Frazier Sep 2024

Applying A Tri-Learner Model Of Extension Collaboration: Local-State-Campus Partnership, Shannon Lipscomb, Barbara Bromley Brody, Megan Pratt, Toiresa Frazier

The Journal of Extension

The Tri-Learner model of Extension Collaboration offers an innovative approach to address community needs and advance research by convening faculty from academic research, statewide Extension, and community-embedded Extension. This article describes development of a new Tri-Learner Model through an early childhood resilience project, with data from 32 participants. We present four key factors for the model’s success: First, ensure that research and application are responsive to community needs rather than University-driven. Second, establish trusting, reciprocal relationships. Third, equally value each team member’s knowledge and skills. Finally, leverage collaborative University structures and/or funding to foster reciprocal partnerships to maximize research impacts.


Building Gender Equity In Forestry Education: The Benefits Of Oregon’S Women Owning Woodlands Network, Lauren A. Grand, Tiffany Hopkins Sep 2024

Building Gender Equity In Forestry Education: The Benefits Of Oregon’S Women Owning Woodlands Network, Lauren A. Grand, Tiffany Hopkins

The Journal of Extension

The Women Owning Woodlands Network was launched in 2005 as a way to provide collaborative and hands-on peer learning education to women who felt uncomfortable participating in traditional Extension programs. Since its inception the program as grown to provide education and resources for over 300 women. We surveyed these women to identify if the program continues to meet their needs. It is evident that WOWNet has continued to be an important part of OSU FNR’s outreach education program and continues to meet the needs of a historically undeserved group of landowners in ways that traditional programming does not.


Application Of The Theory Of Planned Behavior To Determine Urban And Suburban Homeowners' Fertilizer Management Practices, Natalie Levy, Michael Burnett Sep 2024

Application Of The Theory Of Planned Behavior To Determine Urban And Suburban Homeowners' Fertilizer Management Practices, Natalie Levy, Michael Burnett

The Journal of Extension

A fundamental strategy for reducing nutrient runoff from lawns and landscapes is the implementation of recommended fertilizer management practices (FMPs). Our study evaluated Louisiana urban and suburban homeowners’ current FMPs using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) constructs. We measured homeowners’ attitude, perceived norm, perceived control, intention, and past behavior regarding 12 salient FMPs. The results of our study identified which recommended FMPs to adopt and which non-recommended practices to change. To effectively modify homeowners’ FMPs, we recommended designing tailored Extension educational programming to target the TPB constructs most strongly related to homeowners’ decision to perform these practices.


Collaborating For Social Change: Promising Practices For Effective Youth-Adult Partnerships, Michael Kokozos, Maru Gonzalez Sep 2024

Collaborating For Social Change: Promising Practices For Effective Youth-Adult Partnerships, Michael Kokozos, Maru Gonzalez

The Journal of Extension

Youth-adult partnerships are a powerful means to nurture and amplify youths' voices and create social change. Drawing on our own framework, critical positive youth development, and our experience pilot testing the #PassTheMicYouth curriculum, we identified four promising practices to cultivate youth-adult partnerships. 4-H professionals can use these strategies with youths to prepare them to partner with community-based organizations and to maintain enduring and effective relationships.


Adoption Of Podcasting As A Tool For Extension Educators, Samantha Bennett, David Martin, Jason Sawyer, Soren Rodning, Don Mulvaney Sep 2024

Adoption Of Podcasting As A Tool For Extension Educators, Samantha Bennett, David Martin, Jason Sawyer, Soren Rodning, Don Mulvaney

The Journal of Extension

The current study fills a gap in the current literature by measuring current CES personnel and stakeholders’ attitudes toward the use of Podcasts as a tool for information dissemination. By identifying perceived barriers to podcasts by CES personnel and how receptive CES stakeholders are to CES-based podcasts, this study helps to identify important barriers to the development of podcasts, as well as how such podcasts can be best positioned to fulfill the needs and expectations of CES stakeholders. Podcasts have the potential to play a key role as an avenue for information exchange between the CES and its stakeholders. Two …


Investigating The Use Of Lesson Study As A Professional Development Model For 4-H Educators At 1890 Land Grant Universities, Cynthia Pierfax, Travella Free, Tiffany Franklin, Manola Erby, Lynn Schmitt-Mcquitty, C L. Meehan, Martin H. Smith Sep 2024

Investigating The Use Of Lesson Study As A Professional Development Model For 4-H Educators At 1890 Land Grant Universities, Cynthia Pierfax, Travella Free, Tiffany Franklin, Manola Erby, Lynn Schmitt-Mcquitty, C L. Meehan, Martin H. Smith

The Journal of Extension

There is a defined need to provide accessible and effective professional development for 4-H educators. Lesson study is a Community of Practice-based approach to educator professional development. Prior research has shown lesson study to be effective with 4-H staff, adult volunteers, and teen volunteers. This inquiry, a multi-site case study, was designed to investigate the application of lesson study in authentic contexts with 4-H county agents from 1890 land-grant universities. Quantitative and qualitative measures revealed improved preparedness, participation, and camaraderie among participating educators. Other benefits to participants included improved lesson planning and implementation.


درجة ممارسة مديري مدارس تربية عمان الثانية لأنماط القيادة الموقفية وأثرها على علاقة مدير المدرسة بالمعلمين, Wedad A. Alnashawi Sep 2024

درجة ممارسة مديري مدارس تربية عمان الثانية لأنماط القيادة الموقفية وأثرها على علاقة مدير المدرسة بالمعلمين, Wedad A. Alnashawi

Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Research in Higher Education (مجلة اتحاد الجامعات العربية (للبحوث في التعليم العالي

هدفت الدراسة إلى بيان مدى ممارسة مديري مدارس تربية عمان الثانية لأنماط القيادة الموقفية من وجهة نظر المعلمين، وقياس مستوى علاقة مدير المدرسة بالمعلمين في مديرية تربية عمان الثانية، وقياس العلاقة بين درجة ممارسة مديري مدارس تربية عمان الثانية لأنماط القيادة الموقفية وبين علاقة مدير المدرسة بالمعلمين، حيث اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي المسحي، وتكون مجتمع الدراسة من معلمي المرحلة الثانوية في المدارس الثانوية الحكومية في لواء الجامعة للعام الدراسي 2022 / 2023 والبالغ عددهم (721) معلماً ومعلمة، تم اختيار منهم عينة عشوائية بلغت (248) معلماً ومعلمة. بينت الدراسة وجود درجة متوسطة من الموافقة لدى المعلمين نحو تطبيق مديري المدارس …