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2021

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Impact Of Study Abroad To Nazi Concentration Camps: Perceptions Of Interpreting Students On Identity-Building, Sherry Shaw, E. Lynn Jacobowitz, Kaitlynn Himmelreich Dec 2021

Impact Of Study Abroad To Nazi Concentration Camps: Perceptions Of Interpreting Students On Identity-Building, Sherry Shaw, E. Lynn Jacobowitz, Kaitlynn Himmelreich

Journal of Interpretation

This study focuses on the perceptions of post-secondary interpreting students who traveled to concentration camps, Auschwitz-Birkenau (Poland) and Schloss Hartheim (Austria). The historical context of spoken language interpreters in concentration camps, eugenics in the Deaf community, and extermination of people with disabilities underpin the study’s mixed-methods design, incorporating social identity and transformative learning theories to explore professional identity development. A Deaf, Jewish moderator-participant facilitated four focus groups using photo elicitation to foster narratives. Participants ranked photos and value statements to reveal identity components that most impacted them. A grounded theory approach to analysis revealed four themes triangulated with survey data: …


Teacher Candidates Collaborate To Create Place-Based Integrated Curriculum, Amanda Wall, Taylor Norman Dec 2021

Teacher Candidates Collaborate To Create Place-Based Integrated Curriculum, Amanda Wall, Taylor Norman

Middle Grades Review

A small group of middle level teacher candidates collaborated to create place-based integrated curriculum. These candidates and the authors, two teacher educators, selected two local sites, visited them together, and debriefed these visits. State and national standards as well as guidelines for integrated curriculum (e.g., Beane, 1997; Nesin & Lounsbury, 1999) informed the process. Through interpretive phenomenology analysis (Smith et al., 2009), we analyzed place-based learning as a catalyst for collaboration. Teacher candidates recognized possibilities with place-based learning to draw on local cultural, historical, and natural resources in ways that are relevant to students and their communities. We offer implications …


Poverty And Middle Level Achievement In A Common Core State: What Are We Missing?, Lauren Davis Dec 2021

Poverty And Middle Level Achievement In A Common Core State: What Are We Missing?, Lauren Davis

Middle Grades Review

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a significant difference exists in academic achievement between all students and economically disadvantaged students when compared by socioeconomic levels in the North Carolina middle grades learner (as measured by reading and mathematics standardized tests). It also sought to determine whether significant differences exist between economically disadvantaged students in the various middle level grades (6-8). This article analyzes proficiency data in state-level standardized assessments from a most recent testing year (2017) with North Carolina middle level students. While student socioeconomic status and its impact on student achievement are the focus of this …


America’S Middle Schools: Examining Context, Organizational Structures, And Instructional Practices, Ryan Alverson, Mike Dicicco, Shawn A. Faulkner, Chris Cook Dec 2021

America’S Middle Schools: Examining Context, Organizational Structures, And Instructional Practices, Ryan Alverson, Mike Dicicco, Shawn A. Faulkner, Chris Cook

Middle Grades Review

The education of the young adolescent has consistently posed a challenge to the educational community. While the general belief is this age group (10-15-year-old children) would benefit from a specialized educational approach, historically, both the junior high school model of the early 1900s and the more current middle school concept have struggled to be fully implemented and embraced by the educational community. With almost a decade passing since the last national survey focused on middle grades schools (McEwin & Greene, 2010, 2011), researchers seek to reassess the context, organizational structures, and instructional practices of middle schools in the United States. …


Creating Brave Space: Middle School Students Discuss Race, Beth A. Beschorner, Kathleen Ferrero, Robbie Burnett Dec 2021

Creating Brave Space: Middle School Students Discuss Race, Beth A. Beschorner, Kathleen Ferrero, Robbie Burnett

Middle Grades Review

Racial disparities must be addressed in every sector in the United States (e.g., healthcare, education, incarceration, etc.) (Skiba et al., 2001). Mary, a middle school principal, created a series of conversations designed to help a small group of students begin to have more productive conversations about race. The purpose of the current study was to explore how educators create a space for middle school students to have inter- and intra- racial dialogues. Results suggest: (a) a demonstrated need and demand for spaces that support inter- and intra-racial dialogues; (b) the importance of strategic planning; and (c) the vital nature of …


Overcoming Barriers: De-Tracking To Teach For Social Justice, Stephanie J. White Dec 2021

Overcoming Barriers: De-Tracking To Teach For Social Justice, Stephanie J. White

Middle Grades Review

How do we overcome tracking in mathematics to actualize the goals of teaching for social justice? Tracking is a racist educational structure that puts limits on the effectiveness of teaching for social justice. This essay presents arguments for de-tracking with explanation of how tracking negatively impacts Black and Latinx students. Readers will learn about schools and districts that have de-tracked students juxtaposed with the barriers that keep most schools from dismantling tracking. This essay calls upon schools and researchers to further investigate locally why schools do not work through these barriers to spark action and eliminate tracking.


Stimulating A Gradual And Progressive Shift To Personalize Learning For All: There Is Magic In The Middle, Dr. Autumn R. Turk Dec 2021

Stimulating A Gradual And Progressive Shift To Personalize Learning For All: There Is Magic In The Middle, Dr. Autumn R. Turk

Middle Grades Review

This essay contends that personalized professional learning can support the shift towards a culture of personalized learning at the middle school level, with the potential to make a district-wide impact. If you have ever worked in a middle school, you would agree there is a sense magic and contagious energy within middle school students. Middle school is often an overlooked and untapped resource when considering efforts to transform school and district culture. Middle school students start to develop passions and a voice for advocacy, making agency a powerful accelerator when students channel their collective energy towards a shared vision for …


Examining Teacher Leadership: Phenomenology Of The Perceived Challenges Of Being A Teacher Leader, Noelle H. Green Dec 2021

Examining Teacher Leadership: Phenomenology Of The Perceived Challenges Of Being A Teacher Leader, Noelle H. Green

The Interactive Journal of Global Leadership and Learning

Today’s school leaders recognize that one person, mainly the principal, cannot adequately address the needs of all members of the school community. Many principals rely on teacher leaders to lead alongside them to further school improvement, knowing that the traditional way of thinking of school leadership as being the sole role of the principal is no longer effective or efficient. While K-12 teachers typically have a strong background in child development, psychology, and pedagogy, many lack experience in leading and facilitating adults and have little background in adult learning theory.

The purpose of this research is to determine how K-12 …


Designing Effective Online Courses: Exploring The Relationships Amongst Online Teaching Self-Efficacy, Professional Development, Online Teaching Experience, And Reported Implementation Of Effective Higher Education Online Course Design Practices, Elizabeth Mcmahon Dec 2021

Designing Effective Online Courses: Exploring The Relationships Amongst Online Teaching Self-Efficacy, Professional Development, Online Teaching Experience, And Reported Implementation Of Effective Higher Education Online Course Design Practices, Elizabeth Mcmahon

The Interactive Journal of Global Leadership and Learning

How best to prepare and support higher education faculty to design and teach effective online courses is a topic of great significance to higher education institutional leaders and faculty developers. This study explored how hours of professional development along with online teaching and learning experiences were related to online teaching self-efficacy and the extent to which participants reported implementation of effective online course design practices. Using a non-experimental quantitative correlational explanatory research study design, data were collected using a questionnaire. Participants included 104 online faculty from a large public higher education system located in the upper Midwest that includes both …


Core Self-Evaluation Theory In Qualitative Research: Extending A Quantitative Theory Into A Qualitative Framework To Study Community College Faculty., Patria Lawton Dec 2021

Core Self-Evaluation Theory In Qualitative Research: Extending A Quantitative Theory Into A Qualitative Framework To Study Community College Faculty., Patria Lawton

The Interactive Journal of Global Leadership and Learning

The use of qualitative research in higher education has long been underutilized, specifically when examining community colleges. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the need for more qualitative research focusing on the lives and work of community college faculty and to introduce the reader to Judge et al. (1997) Core Self-Evaluation Theory (CSE). The article describes the rationale and process of utilizing CSE as a viable theoretical framework in qualitative research. The author discusses the way in which CSE was extended from a traditional quantitative measure to a qualitative framework by walking the reader through a study which …


The Personal And Professional Impact Of Covid-19 On School Counselors: An Exploratory Study., Taryn Akgul, Jessica Brown, Lisa Karch Dec 2021

The Personal And Professional Impact Of Covid-19 On School Counselors: An Exploratory Study., Taryn Akgul, Jessica Brown, Lisa Karch

The Interactive Journal of Global Leadership and Learning

School Counselors historically have faced multiple challenges that impact their lives personally and professionally. Due to numerous and competing demands, school counselors are likely to experience a plethora of stressors including role conflict, high student to school counselor ratios, minimal support, and increasing mental health needs of students. The COVID 19 pandemic exacerbated these challenges by changing and adding to the responsibilities of school counselors, reducing access to appropriate support systems, and increasing students’ needs for counseling services. This qualitative, exploratory study utilized phenomenological inquiry to examine the impact of these challenges on school counselors’ personal and professional lives. The …


Identifying Key Success Indicators In Student Letters For Reinstatement From Suspension, Angela Bowlus, Jamaica Delmar Dec 2021

Identifying Key Success Indicators In Student Letters For Reinstatement From Suspension, Angela Bowlus, Jamaica Delmar

The Interactive Journal of Global Leadership and Learning

Retaining and graduating students continues to be an issue that higher education institutions are longing to solve, especially for the growing non-traditional student body whose list of competing priorities continues to grow. As academic suspension hinders persistence, this article examines a key aspect of the reinstatement from suspension process for students: the letter of appeal. The narrative provided is impacted by how the writer expresses their acknowledgment of what went wrong and what changes will be made to ensure administrators of future success, it too is impacted by the interpretation of the institutional decision maker. By reviewing a sample of …


Political Public Relations As A Tool For Combating Vote Buying In Nigeria For Development Purposes, Jacob Gbaden Chiakaan, Chamberlain Chinsom Egbulefu, Wombu Richard Kpera, Pius Kwapsoni Kaigama Dec 2021

Political Public Relations As A Tool For Combating Vote Buying In Nigeria For Development Purposes, Jacob Gbaden Chiakaan, Chamberlain Chinsom Egbulefu, Wombu Richard Kpera, Pius Kwapsoni Kaigama

ASEAN Journal of Community Engagement

The main aim of the study is to identify political public relations approaches that can be applied by the government and other bodies responsible for conducting elections in Nigeria to mitigate and eliminate vote buying. The study adopted a qualitative approach in the contextual analysis of data collected specifically from secondary sources. The results revealed that vote buying has become synonymous with elections in Nigeria. After reviewing some related empirical studies, several factors responsible for vote buying in Nigeria have been identified, including poverty, lack of education, high cost of buying forms to contest elections, and many others. Moreover, where …


Improving Programming Learners’ Experience Through Interactive Computer Tutor Based Moocs, Ruiqi Shen Dec 2021

Improving Programming Learners’ Experience Through Interactive Computer Tutor Based Moocs, Ruiqi Shen

Dissertations

With the large demand for technology workers all around the world, more people are learning programming. Studies show that human tutoring is the most effective way to learn for novice programmers. However, problems such as the inaccessibility to physical classes, prohibitive costs, and the lack of educators may limit students' opportunities to learn from these resources. Additionally, because programming is a skill requiring continuous practice and immediate feedback, simply listening to lectures may not be sufficient to learn effectively. This increases the inconvenience of learners who use online learning tools such as Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs).

In recent years, …


Usf Jamovi Tutorial Project: Open Education Resource, Aline Hitti, Saera Khan Dec 2021

Usf Jamovi Tutorial Project: Open Education Resource, Aline Hitti, Saera Khan

USF OER Faculty Grant

Jamovi is an open source free software that USF staff, faculty and student can download to carry out any statistical analyses. The current report summarizes the progress made on an Open Education Resource Grant funded project, which aimed to created Jamovi tutorials. In this report, student feedback and faculty reaction are summarized after one semester of using the tutorials created.


Large Scale Open Educational Resources (Oer) Initiative In Mathematics, Alioune Khoule, Abderrazak Belkharraz Idrissi, Sandra Sze Dec 2021

Large Scale Open Educational Resources (Oer) Initiative In Mathematics, Alioune Khoule, Abderrazak Belkharraz Idrissi, Sandra Sze

Publications and Research

A team of LaGuardia Community College math faculty designed and launched the OER (Open Educational Resources) project in Spring 2017 to allow to take mathematics courses at zero or low textbook cost. Our first pilot phase started with 10 sections in Fall 2017 using three different OER platforms: Myopenmath, Webwork and Khanacademy. One out of the three platforms, Myopenmath used in phase 1 was selected to pilot 34 sections in Spring 2018. In Fall 2018, the OER team moved to a full-scale implementation on all remedial and gateway courses of 164 sections including Fundamentals of Algebra, Intro to Algebra, Elementary …


Developing Self And Peer Assessment To Improve Student's Appreciative Critical Ability In Learning Drama Appreciation, Khafidatur Rohmah, Endah Tri Priyatni, Heri Suwignyo Dec 2021

Developing Self And Peer Assessment To Improve Student's Appreciative Critical Ability In Learning Drama Appreciation, Khafidatur Rohmah, Endah Tri Priyatni, Heri Suwignyo

Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan

This study aims to develop self and peer assessment instruments to improve students' critical and appreciative abilities in learning drama appreciation. This research was conducted by following the ADDIE model development steps: needs analysis, product design, product development, product implementation, and product evaluation. There are two types of data in this study: qualitative data and quantitative data. Quali-tative data are in the form of suggestions and comments from assessment experts, literature experts, and drama appreciation learning experts, as well as students, while quantitative data are in the form of scores obtained from assessment experts, literature experts, and drama appreciation learning …


A Psychometric Evaluation Of The Career Decision Making Self-Efficacy Scale, Chandra Yudistira Purnama, Linda Ernawati Dec 2021

A Psychometric Evaluation Of The Career Decision Making Self-Efficacy Scale, Chandra Yudistira Purnama, Linda Ernawati

Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan

The assessment tool for a career currently being developed requires special treatment from a psychologist/psychometrist. The measurements are conducted when students are confused about career options. However, for students who have decided, it is uncommon for them to seek professional help. Psychological tools that focus on capturing information about students' maturity in relation to their ability to make career decisions can help them choose a major that is suitable for their career. This study concerns adapting the career decision-making self-efficacy (CDMSE) that can predict one's confidence in his/her ability to make career choices. The adaptation of this instrument went through …


Validity Of Critical Thinking Skills Instrument On Prospective Mathematics Teachers, Ayu Faradillah, Sabila Adlina Dec 2021

Validity Of Critical Thinking Skills Instrument On Prospective Mathematics Teachers, Ayu Faradillah, Sabila Adlina

Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan

This study aims to describe the process of validity of critical thinking skills on prospective mathematics teachers. This research used a quantitative approach with a survey method. Data were collected from 245 prospective mathematics teachers from 19 Mathematics education study programs at 19 higher education institutions in Indonesia. The data were collected using a questionnaire given via Google Form and analyzed by the Rasch Model analysis using Winstep software and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) using JASP. The results show that the instrument of critical thinking skills with indicators such as open-mindedness, inquisitiveness, systematicity, truth-seeking, analyticity, and self-confidence is valid and …


Character Education Strengthening Model During Learning From Home: Ki Hajar Dewantara's Scaffolding Concept, Hasti Robiasih, Ari Setiawan, Hanandyo Dardjito Dec 2021

Character Education Strengthening Model During Learning From Home: Ki Hajar Dewantara's Scaffolding Concept, Hasti Robiasih, Ari Setiawan, Hanandyo Dardjito

Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan

In providing educational and learning services to students during the Covid-19 Pandemic, learning is carried out from home. The disparity in learning achievements, especially related to attitude competencies, is strongly experienced during learning from home. This study aims to integrate attitude values through learning with Ki Hajar Dewantara's scaffolding concept: Identifying, Imitating, Developing, Dissemi-nating. This scaffolding is applied to strengthen the character of junior high school students in Yogyakarta Special Region to become Pancasila students. This is a research and development study that applies a qualitative approach. The respondents of this study were teachers, principals, students, parents, and supervisors of …


Cognitive Domain Analysis (Lots And Hots) Assessment Instruments Made By Primary School Teachers, Puji Hartini, Hari Setiadi, Ernawati Ernawati Dec 2021

Cognitive Domain Analysis (Lots And Hots) Assessment Instruments Made By Primary School Teachers, Puji Hartini, Hari Setiadi, Ernawati Ernawati

Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan

This research aims to qualitatively analyze the validity of items and the suitability of cognitive domains (LOTS and HOTS) assessment instruments on natural science subjects made by elementary school teachers in East Jakarta. The method used is descriptive qualitative method with analysis of observations, documents in the form of teacher-made assessment instruments, interviews, and results of expert validation which are analyzed by comparison analysis techniques. The observation results show that all schools use the questions that are available in textbooks owned by students for assessment and the results of analysis of teacher-made assessment instruments validated by experts, there are 81.25% …


Applying Item Response Theory Model For Evaluating Item And Test Properties Of Academic Potential Test For Students With Disability, Sukaesi Marianti, Dian Putri Permatasari, Unita Werdi Rahajeng Dec 2021

Applying Item Response Theory Model For Evaluating Item And Test Properties Of Academic Potential Test For Students With Disability, Sukaesi Marianti, Dian Putri Permatasari, Unita Werdi Rahajeng

Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan

Universitas Brawijaya (UB) is one of the pioneers of inclusive education in higher education in Indonesia. One of the innovations in the policies related to inclusive education is affirmative action admissions special for students with disabilities, namely Seleksi Mandiri Penyandang Disabilitas (Independent Selection for Person with Disabilities), which focuses on accommodating admissions selection for students with disabilities who want to enroll in bachelors or vocational programs. A part of this admission selection is the test called the Computer-Based Academic Potential Test. This study aims to evaluate, from a psychometric perspective, the psychometric properties of the potential academic test. The approach …


Evaluating The Learning Goal Attainment In Nihongo Noryoku Shiken N5 Course, Ai Sumirah Setiawati, Wagiran Wagiran, Subyantoro Subyantoro Dec 2021

Evaluating The Learning Goal Attainment In Nihongo Noryoku Shiken N5 Course, Ai Sumirah Setiawati, Wagiran Wagiran, Subyantoro Subyantoro

Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan

The objective of the study is to evaluate the learning implementation of the Nihongo Noryoku Shiken N5 course as a new course offered in the 2020 curriculum at the Japanese Language Education Study Program in UNNES. A goal-oriented evaluation model by Tyler was employed in the evaluation process to measure how far the learning goals that have been determined at the beginning of the lecture are achieved. This evaluative research relied on a quantitative descriptive approach; its steps comprised (1) data collection, (2) data processing and analysis, and (3) recommendation formulation. According to the evaluation results, the learning goals of …


An Evaluation Of Musyawarah Guru Mata Pelajaran (Mgmp) Program Of Indonesian Language Subject In Vocational School, Sigit Pambudi, Istiana Hermawati Dec 2021

An Evaluation Of Musyawarah Guru Mata Pelajaran (Mgmp) Program Of Indonesian Language Subject In Vocational School, Sigit Pambudi, Istiana Hermawati

Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan

This study aims to evaluate the administrative program for Indonesian MGMP teachers, one of which is the Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP). This research is evaluation research with the CIPP model. The research population was 59 members of the Indonesian Language MGMP of vocational school at the Sleman Regency Vocational and all students whom the members of the MGMP taught. The teacher sample was selected using the total sampling technique involving 59 members, while the student sample was selected using the proportionate random sampling technique involving 375 students. The validity in this study uses content validity and construct validity, while the …


Teacher's Need In The Continuing Professional Development Program For Teachers Of Vocational High School Throughout Surakarta Residency, Tri Murwaningsih, Hery Sawiji, Wiedy Murtini, Nur Rahmi Akbarini Dec 2021

Teacher's Need In The Continuing Professional Development Program For Teachers Of Vocational High School Throughout Surakarta Residency, Tri Murwaningsih, Hery Sawiji, Wiedy Murtini, Nur Rahmi Akbarini

Elinvo (Electronics, Informatics, and Vocational Education)

This research aimed to identify the activities needed by teachers in holding the Continuing Professional Development Program. This research employed survey type of non-experimental quantitative research method. This type of research was used when the author wants to find out the population's opinion by conducting a study on the sample of population. The population of research consisted of all teachers of Vocational High School in Business and Management field in Surakarta City Residency. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Techniques of collecting data were observation, interview, documentation, and questionnaire. Quantitative data obtained was the one processed using Microsoft Excel …


Techno-Entrepreneurship Learning Model In Higher Education, Alfrina Mewengkang, Johan Reimon Batmetan Dec 2021

Techno-Entrepreneurship Learning Model In Higher Education, Alfrina Mewengkang, Johan Reimon Batmetan

Elinvo (Electronics, Informatics, and Vocational Education)

Techno-Entrepreneurship becomes an important part of higher education based on information technology. This is useful to enhance the spirit of entrepreneurship, the ability to read opportunities and build information technology-based businesses. This study aims to examine the appropriate techno-entrepreneurship learning model in higher education. The research method used is action research with practice using lean canvas models for business models and design sprint method to build product prototypes. The results of this study show how to use practice and tutorials, students can create the right business model and be able to make a prototype of a digital product that is …


Ecological Citizenship In The Textbook Of Pancasila And Civic Education Subjects At Secondary Level School, Rianda Usmi, Mukhamad Murdiono Dec 2021

Ecological Citizenship In The Textbook Of Pancasila And Civic Education Subjects At Secondary Level School, Rianda Usmi, Mukhamad Murdiono

Jurnal Civics: Media Kajian Kewarganegaraan

This study was conducted to (1) identify the content of ecological citizenship in the Pancasila and Citizenship Education subject textbook and (2) describe the development of ecological citizenship as teaching material in Pancasila and Citizenship Education subjects at the secondary education level. This study used a descriptive qualitative approach with content analysis methods. Data collection was carried out through reading, observing the contents of the book, and taking notes with careful analysis of the ecological citizenship content contained in the textbook. The unit of analysis in this study was the content of ecological citizenship in the form of text, material …


The Role Of Student Activists In Strengthening Nationalist Characters In The Industrial Revolution 4.0 Era, Farid Fadillah, Suharno Suharno Dec 2021

The Role Of Student Activists In Strengthening Nationalist Characters In The Industrial Revolution 4.0 Era, Farid Fadillah, Suharno Suharno

Jurnal Civics: Media Kajian Kewarganegaraan

This study aims to (1) identify roles, (2) describe the challenges and (3) the efforts of BEM UNY activist students in strengthening the nationalist character in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0. This type of research is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The data collection techniques of this research were interviews and documentation. The subjects of this study were seven student activists from BEM UNY for the period 2020 who were determined by purposive technique. This research data analysis using qualitative analysis which consists of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. The results of this study are …


An Analysis Of Proportional Reasoning Ability Of Junior High School Students, Fitria Mardika, Ali Mahmudi Dec 2021

An Analysis Of Proportional Reasoning Ability Of Junior High School Students, Fitria Mardika, Ali Mahmudi

Jurnal Riset Pendidikan Matematika

This study aims to describe proportional reasoning skills and students' difficul­ties in solving proportional reasoning problems. The population of this research was 3480 seventh-grade students of state junior high schools in the Yogyakarta region. The samples were 158 students chosen using proportionate stratified random sampling that represent four categories of school (very high, high, me­dium, low) based on the average scores of the national examination in mathe­matics in 2016. Data were collected through essay tests and interviews. Data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The result showed that the stu­dents in very high and high category schools had moderate proportional rea­soning …


Enhancing Primary School Students' Competencies In Step By Step Controllable Argumentation Using A New Learning Environment, Dekriati Ate Dec 2021

Enhancing Primary School Students' Competencies In Step By Step Controllable Argumentation Using A New Learning Environment, Dekriati Ate

Jurnal Riset Pendidikan Matematika

For the goal of raising the mathematical performance of students, the quality of teaching has to be improved in the direction that critical thinking and a step-by-step controllable argumentation have to be established. Metacognitive activities of teachers and students can support this. The goal of the design research presented in this paper is to show how metacognitive activities in classroom discussions can be fostered and the mechanisms can be uncovered. For this purpose, on the one hand, a new learning environment - designed for learning addition and subtraction of integers in grade four - has been created. On the other …