Measuring Degradation Rates Without Irradiance Data,
2011
University of Arizona
Measuring Degradation Rates Without Irradiance Data, Steve Pulver, Daniel Cormode, Alex Cronin, Dirk C. Jordan, Ryan Smith, Sarah R. Kurtz
Publications (E)
A method to report PV system degradation rates without using irradiance data is demonstrated. First, a set of relative degradation rates are determined by comparing daily AC final yields from a group of PV systems relative to the average final yield of all the PV systems. Then, the difference between relative and absolute degradation rates is found from a statistical analysis. This approach is verified by comparing to methods that utilize irradiance data. This approach is significant because PV systems are often deployed without irradiance sensors, so the analysis method described here may enable measurements of degradation using data that …
Accelerated Stress Testing Of Hydrocarbon-Based Encapsulants For Medium-Concentration Cpv Applications,
2011
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Accelerated Stress Testing Of Hydrocarbon-Based Encapsulants For Medium-Concentration Cpv Applications, M. D. Kempe, T. J. Moricone, M. Kilkenny, J. Z. Zhang
Publications (E)
Concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) systems have great potential to reduce photovoltaic (PV) electricity costs because of the relatively low cost of optical components as compared to PV cells. A transparent polymeric material is used to optically couple the PV cell to optical components and is thus exposed to the concentrated light source at elevated temperatures. In this work polymeric encapsulant materials are positioned close to a Xenon arc lamp to expose them to ultraviolet radiation (UV) that is about 42 times as intense as sunlight. Furthermore, different glass types are used as filters to modify the spectral distribution of light in …
Impacts Of Mid-Level Biofuel Content In Gasoline On Sidi Engine-Out And Tailpipe Particulate Matter Emissions,
2011
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Impacts Of Mid-Level Biofuel Content In Gasoline On Sidi Engine-Out And Tailpipe Particulate Matter Emissions, Xin He, John C. Ireland, Bradley T. Zigler, Matthew A. Ratcliff, Keith E. Knoll, Teresa L. Alleman, John T. Tester
Publications (E)
In this work, the influences of ethanol and iso-butanol blended with gasoline on engine-out and post three-way catalyst (TWC) particle size distribution and number concentration were studied using a General Motors (GM) 2.0L turbocharged spark ignition direct injection (SIDI) engine. The engine was operated using the production engine control unit (ECU) with a dynamometer controlling the engine speed and the accelerator pedal position controlling the engine load. A TSI Fast Mobility Particle Sizer (FMPS) spectrometer was used to measure the particle size distribution in the range from 5.6 to 560 nm with a sampling rate of 1 Hz. U.S. federal …
Considerations For How To Rate Cpv,
2011
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Considerations For How To Rate Cpv, Sarah R. Kurtz, Matthew Muller, Bill Marion, Keith Emery, Robert Mcconnell, Sandheep Surendran, Adrianne Kimber
Publications (E)
The concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) industry is introducing multiple products into the marketplace, but, as yet, the community has not embraced a unified method for assessing a nameplate rating. The choices of whether to use 850, 900, or 1000 W/m2 for the direct-normal irradiance and whether to link the rating to ambient or cell temperature will affect how CPV modules are rated and compared with other technologies. This paper explores the qualitative and quantitative ramifications of these choices using data from two multi-junction CPV modules and two flat-plate modules.
"Buried-Anode" Technology Leads To Advanced Lithium Batteries,
2011
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
"Buried-Anode" Technology Leads To Advanced Lithium Batteries, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Publications (E)
A technology developed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory has sparked a start-up company that has attracted funding from the Advanced Projects Research Agency-Energy (ARPA-E). Planar Energy, Inc. has licensed NREL's "buried-anode" technology and put it to work in solid-state lithium batteries. The company claims its large-format batteries can achieve triple the performance of today's lithium-ion batteries at half the cost, and if so, they could provide a significant boost to the emerging market for electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles.
Quantifying The Thermal Fatigue Of Cpv Modules,
2011
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Quantifying The Thermal Fatigue Of Cpv Modules, Nick Bosco, Sarah R. Kurtz
Publications (E)
A method is presented to quantify thermal fatigue in the CPV die-attach from meteorological data. A comparative study between cities demonstrates a significant difference in the accumulated damage. These differences are most sensitive to the number of larger (ΔT) thermal cycles experienced for a location. High frequency data (<1/min) may be required to most accurately employ this method.
Outdoor Pv Degradation Comparison,
2011
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Outdoor Pv Degradation Comparison, Dirk C. Jordan, R. M. Smith, C. R. Osterwald, E. Gelak, Sarah R. Kurtz
Publications (E)
As photovoltaic (PV) penetration of the power grid increases, it becomes vital to know how decreased power output may affect cost over time. In order to predict power delivery, the decline or degradation rates must be determined accurately. At the Performance and Energy Rating Testbed (PERT) at the Outdoor Test Facility (OTF) at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) more than 40 modules from more than 10 different manufacturers were compared for their long-term outdoor stability. Because it can accommodate a large variety of modules in a limited footprint the PERT system is ideally suited to compare modules side-by-side under …
U.S. Department Of Energy Commercial Reference Building Models Of The National Building Stock,
2011
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
U.S. Department Of Energy Commercial Reference Building Models Of The National Building Stock, Michael Deru, Kristin Field, Daniel Studer, Kyle Benne, Brent Griffith, Paul Torcellini, Bing Liu, Mark Halverson, Dave Winiarski, Michael Rosenberg, Mehry Yazdanian, Joe Huang, Drury Crawley
Publications (E)
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Building Technologies Program has set the aggressive goal of producing marketable net-zero energy buildings by 2025. This goal will require collaboration between the DOE laboratories and the building industry. We developed standard or reference energy models for the most common commercial buildings to serve as starting points for energy efficiency research. These models represent fairly realistic buildings and typical construction practices. Fifteen commercial building types and one multifamily residential building were determined by consensus between DOE, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and represent approximately two-thirds …
Managing Complexity In Modern Farming,
2011
Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia
Managing Complexity In Modern Farming, Ross Kingwell
Natural Resources Research Articles
Modern farming in Australia is no longer simple. Farms are large, multi-enterprise businesses underpinned by expensive capital investments, changing production technologies, volatile markets and social challenges. The complexity of modern broadacre farming leads to the question: what is the nature of the relationship between farm business complexity and farm profitability? This study uses bioeconomic farm modelling and employs eight measures of complexity to examine the profitability and complexity of a wide range of broadacre farming systems in Australia. Rank order correlations between farm profitability and each measure of complexity show inconsistent relationships, although the most profitable farming systems are found …
The New Way Of The Future: Small, Local, Open And Connected,
2011
Singapore Management University
The New Way Of The Future: Small, Local, Open And Connected, Ezio Manzini
Social Space
Beset with a global financial crisis and deepening ecological woes, it’s clear that we need alternative models of development. But as Ezio Manzinipoints out, these models are already with us.
Synthesis Of Knowledge Of Extreme Fire Behavior: Volume I For Fire Managers,
2011
Northwest Interagency Coordination Center
Synthesis Of Knowledge Of Extreme Fire Behavior: Volume I For Fire Managers, Paul Werth, Brian Potter, Craig Clements, Mark Finney, Scott Goodrick, Martin Alexander, Miguel Cruz, Jason Forthofer, Sara Mcallister
Faculty Publications, Meteorology and Climate Science
The National Wildfire Coordinating Group definition of extreme fire behavior (EFB) indicates a level of fire behavior characteristics that ordinarily precludes methods of direct control action. One or more of the following is usually involved: high rate of spread, prolific crowning/ spotting, presence of fire whirls, and strong convection column. Predictability is difficult because such fires often exercise some degree of influence on their environment and behave erratically, sometimes dangerously. Alternate terms include “blow up” and “fire storm.” Fire managers examining fires over the last 100 years have come to understand many of the factors necessary for EFB development. This …
A Financial Impact Assessment Of Ld 1725: Stream Crossings,
2011
University of Southern Maine
A Financial Impact Assessment Of Ld 1725: Stream Crossings, New England Environmental Finance Center, Muskie School Of Public Service
Water
This report looks at the potential financial impact of LD 1725 on the estimated 30,000 stream crossings in the State of Maine that would be affected by the law. Our research for this report included the analysis of nearly 2000 stream crossings and the data collection necessary for the development of extensive stream crossing replacement cost models. We found that the 1.2 bankfull requirements in LD 1725 would result in a 75% ‐ 250% increase in structure widths for stream crossing projects across the state. An upsize of this magnitude would increase the cost of replacing stream crossings statewide by …
Energy Competitions: Challenges And Opportunities: You’Ve Got The Power To Conserve,
2011
University at Albany, State University of New York
Energy Competitions: Challenges And Opportunities: You’Ve Got The Power To Conserve, Mary Ellen Mallia
Presentations
No abstract provided.
Destination Green, It’S Within Reach! A “How To” On Understanding And Analyzing Commuting Patterns And Behavior,
2011
University at Albany, State University of New York
Destination Green, It’S Within Reach! A “How To” On Understanding And Analyzing Commuting Patterns And Behavior, Mary Ellen Mallia
Presentations
No abstract provided.
Meeting Reports: Research On Coupled Human And Natural Systems (Chans): Approach, Challenges, And Strategies,
2011
the University of Washington
Meeting Reports: Research On Coupled Human And Natural Systems (Chans): Approach, Challenges, And Strategies, Marina Alberti, Heidi Asbjornsen, Lawrence A. Baker, Nicholas Brozovic, Laurie E. Drinkwater, Scott A. Drzyzga, Claire A. Jantz, José Fragoso, Daniel S. Holland, Timothy A. Kohler, Jianguo Liu, William J. Mcconnell, Herbert D.G. Maschner, James D.A. Millington, Michael Monticino, Guillermo Podestá, Robert Gilmore Pontius, Charles L. Redman, Nicholas J. Reo, David Sailor, Gerald Urquhart
Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute: Faculty Publications
Understanding the complexity of human–nature interactions is central to the quest for both human well-being and global sustainability. To build an understanding of these interactions, scientists, planners, resource managers, policymakers, and communities increasingly are collaborating across wide-ranging disciplines and knowledge domains. Scientists and others are generating new integrated knowledge on top of their requisite specialized knowledge to understand complex systems in order to solve pressing environmental and social problems (e.g., Carpenter et al. 2009). One approach to this sort of integration, bringing together detailed knowledge of various disciplines (e.g., social, economic, biological, and geophysical), has become known as the study …
The Water Footprint Assessment Manual: Setting The Global Standard,
2011
Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute
The Water Footprint Assessment Manual: Setting The Global Standard, Arjen Y. Hoekstra, Ashok K. Chapagain, Maite M. Aldaya, Mesfin Mekonnen
Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute: Faculty Publications
This book contains the global standard for 'water footprint assessment' as developed and maintained by the Water Footprint Network (WFN). It covers a comprehensive set of definitions and methods for water footprint accounting. It shows how water footprints are calculated for individual processes and products, as well as for consumers, nations and businesses. It also includes methods for water footprint sustainability assessment and a library of water footprint response options. A shared standard on definitions and calculation methods is crucial given the rapidly growing interest in companies and governments to use water footprint accounts as a basis for formulating sustainable …
A Financial Impact Assessment Of Ld 1725: Stream Crossings (Presentation),
2011
University of Southern Maine
A Financial Impact Assessment Of Ld 1725: Stream Crossings (Presentation), New England Environmental Finance Center, Muskie School Of Public Service
Water
This report looks at the potential financial impact of LD 1725 on the estimated 30,000 stream crossings in the State of Maine that would be affected by the law. Our research for this report included the analysis of nearly 2000 stream crossings and the data collection necessary for the development of extensive stream crossing replacement cost models. We found that the 1.2 bankfull requirements in LD 1725 would result in a 75% ‐ 250% increase in structure widths for stream crossing projects across the state. An upsize of this magnitude would increase the cost of replacing stream crossings statewide by …
A Financial Impact Assessment Of Ld 1725: Stream Crossings Presentation,
2011
University of Southern Maine
A Financial Impact Assessment Of Ld 1725: Stream Crossings Presentation, New England Environmental Finance Center
Economics and Finance
This report looks at the potential financial impact of LD 1725 on the estimated 30,000 stream crossings in the State of Maine that would be affected by the law. Our research for this report included the analysis of nearly 2000 stream crossings and the data collection necessary for the development of extensive stream crossing replacement cost models. We found that the 1.2 bankfull requirements in LD 1725 would result in a 75% ‐ 250% increase in structure widths for stream crossing projects across the state. An upsize of this magnitude would increase the cost of replacing stream crossings statewide by …
Relative Costs Of New Water Supply Options For Front Range Cities: Phase 2 Report,
2011
University of Colorado Law School
Relative Costs Of New Water Supply Options For Front Range Cities: Phase 2 Report, Douglas S. Kenney, Michael Mazzone, Jacob Bedingfield, Crystal Bergemann, Lindsey Jensen, Colorado Water Conservation Board, Colorado Water Institute, University Of Colorado Boulder. Natural Resources Law Center, Western Water Policy Program
Books, Reports, and Studies
21 p. : ill., maps ; 29 cm
The Organization And Status Of The Department Of Interior's Programs And Studies On Climate Change In The Colorado River Basin,
2011
University of Colorado Law School
The Organization And Status Of The Department Of Interior's Programs And Studies On Climate Change In The Colorado River Basin, Colorado River Governance Initiative, University Of Colorado Boulder. Natural Resources Law Center, Western Water Policy Program
Books, Reports, and Studies
21 p. : ill., maps ; 29 cm
