Veterinary Medicine Commons^™

Reference Values For Certain Serum Biochemical Markers Of Liver Damage In Apparently Healthy Red Sokoto Goats, Patrick Emeka Aba, John Ikechukwu Ihedioha, Innocent Chima Nwaogu

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

The Red Sokoto goat (RSG) is the most preponderant of all the breeds of goats in Nigeria. There is dearth of information regarding the reference values for serum biochemical markers of liver damage in this breed. This study demonstrated the reference values in apparently healthy RSG and in RSG that were truly negative for liver disorders. The study was a cross sectional survey. Research visits were made to Ikpa Market Abattoir, Nsukka, for 12 weeks. Apparently healthy goats and those truly negative for liver disorders were deliberately selected for the study. Blood samples were collected in sample bottles devoid of …

Molecular And Antigen Detection Of Dirofilaria Immitis Infection In Client-Owned Cats In Bangkok, Thailand, Sukullaya Ritthikulprasert, Pipat Jirapiti, Siwaporn Pengpis

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Feline heartworm disease, caused by Dirofilaria immitis infection, can be potentially fatal to cats. Screening for the infection in cats is important in endemic areas. Clinical utility of molecular techniques for diagnosis of feline heartworm disease is not clearly determined. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay could be used for detection of D. immitis infection in cats that were concurrently tested for D. immitis antigen. Blood samples were collected from 100 client-owned cats in a veterinary teaching hospital. Whole blood samples were tested for D. immitis antigen and extracted for total …

An Appraisal Of Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumour With Emphasis On Molecular Biology And Pathology, Iniobong Chukwuebuka Ikenna Ugochukwu, Onyinyechukwu Ada Agina, Jacinta Ngozi Omeke, Chioma Inyang Aneke, Lawan Fatima Adamu, Olusola Lawrence Ajayi, Najume Dogowar Giginya Ibrahim, Celestine Ibe Njoku, Anthony Kojo Beku Sackey, John Ikechukwu Ihedioha

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) is a contagious tumour of dogs, transmitted via coitus or coital behaviour which in some cases spreads by metastasis but primarily, CTVT appears as reddish soft nodules or papilla, protruding from the surface of the penis, prepuce, vagina and vulva but sometimes appears in locations outside the genitals. There was early evidence of CTVT more than 10,000 years ago and this disease has been reported in at least 90 countries across the continents of the world, especially in third world countries, where there are high numbers of stray dogs. CTVT natural infection occurs only in …

Histogenesis And Histochemical Features Of Gastric Glands Of Pre-Hatch And Post-Hatch Broiler Chicken, Anietie Francis Udoumoh, Innocent Chima Nwaogu, Udensi Maduabuchi Igwebuike, Ikechukwu Reginald Obidike

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphological development of the stomach of broiler chicken using histological and histo-chemical techniques. Thirty fertile eggs and 50 chicks of broiler chicken were used for the study. The results showed that at embryonic day (ED) 14, the simple tubular glands of the proventriculus were poorly defined while the framework of the compound tubular glands of the proventriculus were fully established. The secretory tubules of the compound tubular glands were lined by simple cuboidal cells at embryonic days 14, 17 and 19. However, at post-hatch days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21, …

Responses Of Swine Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Against Human Lung Carcinoma Epithelial Cell Line A549, Min Tao Wan, Chin Cheng Chou

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has been shown to adhere, invade, and induce the death of various host cells. The prominent lineage of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (LA-MRSA) in Asia is the sequence type (ST) 9 that has emerged as a potential zoonotic pathogen. However, the virulence of LA-MRSA ST9 remains not clear. In this study, sixteen representative Taiwan LA-MRSA isolates were selected for adherence, invasion, and cytotoxicity studies against the human lung carcinoma epithelial cell line A549. The isolates showed 100% of cytotoxicity, 35.2% - 61% of adhesion, and 18% - 52.5% of invasion against A549 cells. Different adherent abilities …

The Effects Of Alkaline Water And Rainwater On The Production And Health Performance Of Commercial Broilers Under Tropical Conditions, Eric Lim Teik Chung, Nazri Nayan, Mamat Hamidi Kamalludin, Mohamed M. Alghirani, Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse, Nafeesa Abu Kassim, Aqila Azizi, Mohd Farhan Hanif Reduan, Teck Chwen Loh

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Water consumption of a broiler is affected by temperature and the absence or presence of some minerals which could affect its production. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the impact of giving alkaline water and rainwater on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and white blood cell changes of broilers under tropical condition. A total of 108 broiler birds (Cobb 500) were randomly divided into three treatment groups with six replicates consisting of six birds per replicate. Treatment 1 (control), 2 and 3 were provided with available tap water (pH 7.17), sodium bicarbonate alkaline water (pH 8.05) and chlorinated …

The Optimal Divalent Cations And Storage Temperatures For The Encapsulation Of Ram Spermatozoa, Pintira Thiangthientham, Junpen Suwimonteerabutr, Theerawat Tharasanit, Mongkol Techakumphu

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of encapsulation with different divalent cations and temperatures on the quality of ram spermatozoa during cold storage. Experiment 1: diluted semen was allocated randomly into three groups: control, encapsulation with calcium (Ca2+) alginate and encapsulation with barium (Ba2+) alginate. The samples were stored at two different temperatures (4 °C or 16 °C) for 24 h and subsequently examined for spermatozoa quality. Experiment 2: determination of sperm functionality by means of sperm binding was performed. Spermatozoa with and without Ba2+ alginate were cooled for 24 h and then used for sperm …

Effects Of Copper-Bearing Montmorillonite On Salmonella Spp. In Vitro Study, Chiu-Huang Ting, Shih-Chu Chen, Ching-Dong Chang, Wen-Ling Shih, Perng-Chih Shen, Hung-Yi Wu

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Clay is an important material available in nature. Montmorillonite is considered viable for producing enhanced performance in a variety of materials and products. Farmed animals such as pigs and poultry receive additional Zn and Cu in their diets as supplements in their compound feed and these elements are also used for medical remedies. This study aimed to observe the bactericidal activity of copper-bearing montmorillonite (Cu-MMT) against Salmonella spp. in vitro. The experiments were divided into two methods that effect Salmonella spp.. First, Cu-MMT was used to precipitate the Cu2+ ion supernatant mixed with bacteria. The second, Cu-MMT was directly mixed …

Virulence Properties And Pathogenicity Of Flavobacterium Columnare In Hybrid Red Tilapia (Oreochromis Sp.), Le Dinh Hai, Putita Chockmangmeepisan, Rungnapa Sakulworakan, Ha Thanh Dong, Pattanapon Kayansamruaj, Tiladit Rung-Ruangkijkrai, Napadon Pirarat, Channarong Rodkhum

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Flavobacterium columnare is the causative organism of columnaris disease in freshwater fish, which may exhibit differences in pathogenicity. The virulence properties and the pathogenicity of F. columnare in juvenile hybrid red tilapia were investigated using a collection of F. columnare isolates recovered from diseased fish. Ten isolates were selected to perform immersion challenge assay in juvenile tilapia. The pathogenicity was highly diverse. Subsequently, three bacterial isolates exhibited different pathogenicity levels, consisting of high, moderate and low virulence (100%, 80% and 0% mortality respectively) and were subjected to virulence properties evaluation e.g. the median lethal dose (LD50), bacterial adhesion, capsular production …

Thoroughbred Racehorse Welfare Through The Lens Of ‘Social License To Operate—With An Emphasis On A U.S. Perspective, Camie Heleski, C. Jill Stowe, Julie Fiedler, Michael L. Peterson, Colleen Brady, Carissa Wickens, James N. Macleod

Agricultural Economics Faculty Publications

This review addresses the question of whether Thoroughbred horse racing is sustainable in the context of current social values. A recently acknowledged framework, known as ‘Social License to Operate’ (SLO), provides us with a lens through which to view and assess racehorse welfare. In multiple surveys of the general public, the horse owning public, and university students, the primary topics of concern regarding Thoroughbred racing show considerable concordance: concern about catastrophic injuries—particularly as related to track surfaces, concern over the racing of two-year-olds, whip use by jockeys, drug/medication policies, and aftercare opportunities for retired Thoroughbred racehorses. Legitimacy of an industry, …

Rabies Management Implications Based On Raccoon Population Density Indexes, Dennis Slate, Brandi D. Saidy, Ashlee Simmons, Kathleen M. Nelson, Amy Davis, Timothy P. Algeo, Stacey A. Elmore, Richard B. Chipman

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

An estimate or index of target species density is important in determining oral rabies vaccination (ORV) bait densities to control and eliminate specific rabies variants. From 1997–2011, we indexed raccoon (Procyon lotor) densities 253 times based on cumulative captures on 163 sites from Maine to Alabama, USA, near ORV zones created to prevent raccoon rabies from spreading to new areas. We conducted indexing under a common cage trapping protocol near the time of annual ORV to aid in bait density decisions. Unique raccoons (n = 8,415) accounted for 68.0% of captures (n = 12,367). We recaptured raccoons 2,669 times. We …

Economic Estimates Of Invasive Wild Pig Damage To Crops In 12 Us States, Sophie Mckee, Aaron Anderson, Keith Carlisle, Stephanie A. Shwiff

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

We report the results of a survey on invasive wild pig (Sus scrofa L.) damage and control in 12 US states (Alabama, Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Texas). The crops chosen for this study represent the “second-tier” in terms of economic importance after the six crops that were the subject of Anderson et al. (2016). The survey was distributed by the USDA National Agricultural Statistical Service (NASS) in the summer of 2019 to a sample of producers in each of the states (except California) of the following six crops: hay, pecans (Carya …

Individual And Population Fitness Consequences Associated With Large Carnivore Use Of Residential Development, Heather Johnson, David L. Lewis, Stewart W. Breck

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Large carnivores are negotiating increasingly developed landscapes, but little is known about how such behavioral plasticity influences their demographic rates and population trends. Some investigators have suggested that the ability of carnivores to behaviorally adapt to human development will enable their persistence, and yet, others have suggested that such landscapes are likely to serve as population sinks or ecological traps. To understand how plasticity in black bear (Ursus americanus) use of residential development influences their population dynamics, we conducted a 6-yr study near Durango, Colorado, USA. Using space-use data on individual bears, we examined the influence of use of residential …

Effects Of Deepwater Horizon Oil On Feather Structure And Thermoregulation In Gulls: Does Rehabilitation Work?, Katherine Horak, Nicole L. Barrett, Jeremy W. Ellis, Emma M. Campbell, Nicholas G. Dannemiller, Susan A. Shriner

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Impacts of large-scale oil spills on avian species are far-reaching.While media attention often focuses on lethal impacts, sub-lethal effects and the impacts of rehabilitation receive less attention. The objective of our study was to characterize effects of moderate external oiling and subsequent rehabilitation on feather structure and thermoregulation in gulls. We captured 30 wild ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) and randomly assigned each individual to an experimental group: 1) controls, 2) rehabilitated birds (externally oiled, rehabilitated by washing), or 3) oiled birds (externally oiled, not rehabilitated). We externally oiled birds with weathered MC252 Deepwater Horizon oil (water for controls) …

Accepting Higher Morbidity In Exchange For Sacrificing Fewer Animals In Studies Developing Novel Infection-Control Strategies., Henk J. Busscher, Willem Woudstra, Theo G. Van Kooten, Paul Jutte, Linqi Shi, Jianfeng Liu, Wouter L.J. Hinrichs, Hendrik W. Frijlink, Rui Shi, Jian Liu, Javad Parvizi, Stephen Kates, Vincent M. Rotello, Thomas P. Schaer, Dustin Williams, David W. Grainger, Henny C. Van Der Mei

Rothman Institute Papers

Preventing bacterial infections from becoming the leading cause of death by the year 2050 requires the development of novel, infection-control strategies, building heavily on biomaterials science, including nanotechnology. Pre-clinical (animal) studies are indispensable for this development. Often, animal infection outcomes bear little relation to human clinical outcome. Here, we review conclusions from pathogen-inoculum dose-finding pilot studies for evaluation of novel infection-control strategies in murine models. Pathogen-inoculum doses are generally preferred that produce the largest differences in quantitative infection outcome parameters between a control and an experimental group, without death or termination of animals due to having reached an inhumane end-point …

Differentiation Of Mannheimia Haemolytica Genotype 1 And 2 Strains By Visible Phenotypic Characteristics On Solid Media, Emily L. Wynn, Gennie Schuller, John D. Loy, Aspen M. Workman, T. G. Mcdaneld, Michael L. Clawson

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Genotype 2 Mannheimia haemolytica associate with the lungs of cattle with bovine respiratory disease more frequently than genotype 1 strains. Different colony colors and morphologies were identified between genotype 1 and 2 solid media cultures. Genotype of strains, and frequency differences between them in mixed cultures are discernable by visual inspection.

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Migratory Flyways May Affect Population Structure In Double‐Crested Cormorants, Steven J.A. Kimble, Brian S. Dorr, Katie C. Hanson-Dorr, Olin E. Rhodes Jr., Travis L. Devault

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Double‐crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) recovered from a demographic bottleneck so well that they are now considered a nuisance species at breeding and wintering grounds across the United States and Canada. Management of this species could be improved by refining genetic population boundaries and assigning individuals to their natal population. Further, recent radio‐telemetry data suggest the existence of Interior and Atlantic migratory flyways, which could reduce gene flow and result in substantial genetic isolation. In this study, we used 1,784 individuals collected across the eastern United States, a large panel of microsatellite markers developed for this species, and individuals banded as …

Optimal Bait Density For Delivery Of Acute Toxicants To Vertebrate Pests, Kim M. Pepin, Nathan P. Snow, Kurt C. Vercauteren

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Oral baiting is a fundamental method for delivering toxicants to pest species. Planning baiting strategies is challenging because bait-consumption rates depend on dynamic processes including space use and demographics of the target species. To determine cost-effective strategies for optimizing baiting, we developed a spatially explicit model of population dynamics using field-based measures of wild-pig (Sus scrofa) space use, bait consumption, and mortality probabilities. The most cost-effective baiting strategy depended strongly on the population reduction objective and initial density. A wide range of baiting strategies were cost-effective when the objective was 80% population reduction. In contrast, only a narrow range of …

Brodifacoum Residues In Fish Three Years After An Island-Wide Rat Eradication Attempt In The Tropical Pacific, Shane R. Siers, Aaron B. Shiels, Steven F. Volker, Kristen Rex, William C. Pitt

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Invasive rats are known to threaten natural resources and human health and safety. Island-wide rat eradication attempts have been increasing in number and scale during the past several decades, as has the frequency of eradication success. The most common method to remove all rats from an island is to broadcast anticoagulant rodenticide bait into every rat’s home range on the island. Broadcast of toxicants can put humans and other nontarget species in marine and terrestrial environments at risk of exposure. The persistence of anticoagulant residues is somewhat unknown, particularly in marine environments. Three years after ~ 18,000 kg of 25 …

Local Adaptation Constrains Drought Tolerance In A Tropical Foundation Tree, Kasey E. Barton, Casey Jones, Kyle F. Edwards, Aaron B. Shiels, Tiffany Knight

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

1. Plant species with broad climatic ranges might be more vulnerable to climate change than previously appreciated due to intraspecific variation in climatic stress tolerance. In tropical forests, drought is increasingly frequent and severe, causing widespread declines and altering community dynamics. Yet, little is known about whether foundation tropical trees vary in drought tolerance throughout their distributions, and how intraspecific variation in drought tolerance might contribute to their vulnerability to climate changE.
2. We tested for local adaptation in seedling emergence and establishment with a full-factorial reciprocal transplant experiment including 27 populations and 109,350 seeds along a 3,500 mm precipitation gradient for …