Psychiatry and Psychology Commons^™

The Psychomotor Vigilance Test: Sources Of State And Trait Variance, Hans-Juergen Hoermann

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Within the context of pilot and air traffic controller selection tests the Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT, Dinges & Powell, 1985) was evaluated for its underlying sources of variance. The PVT is a simple visual reaction time task, which is well established as a measure of alertness during sustained operations. It provides scores for mean reaction times and number of lapses. While the PVT has proven sensitivity for temporary states of fatigue and other stressors in withinsubjects designs, validation studies are lacking to examine it for potential sources of trait variance, which could lead to confounding effects. This paper presents results …

Controller – Pilot Communications In The Presence Of Asynchronous Uas Radar Surveillance Data, Xiaochen Yuan, Jonathan Histon, Catherine Burns, Steven Waslander, Reza Dizaji

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Integrating Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) into controlled airspace will create challenges for the pilots and controllers who need information about the UAS. This paper presents a preliminary study of the effect of differential time delays, or asynchrony, in the distribution of UAS surveillance information to controllers and pilots. Effects on controller-pilot communication were observed through 6 distinct measures of both objective performance and subjective self-evaluation. Larger time delays had an observable impact on all of the observed measures; comparison of pilot and controller results showed that the operator with the most updated information consistently experiences less frustration and feels the …

Flight Deck Audio Displays: Striking The Right Tone In Future Designs, Mitchell L. Serber

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

The 2009 accident involving Air France Flight 447 illustrates the gap between visual and auditory display design and implementation in commercial aircraft. By examining the successful evolution of Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System (EGPWS) and Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) to incorporate both audio and visual alerting and resolution guidance to flight crews, a contrast is drawn with similar aids available in advance of aircraft upset episodes. A universal approach for future design should incorporate harmonized video and audio displays providing optimized alerting and guidance along with the latest in simulator training designed to emphasize aircraft state awareness …

Individual Differences In Perception And Performance Of Advanced Navigation Systems, Andre Garcia, Jesse Eisert, John Payne, Carryl L. Baldwin, Victor Finomore

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

We examined individual differences in use and preference for tactile route guidance formats. Participants drove a simulated vehicle through counterbalanced pairings of four distinct cities using one of four navigation systems (three tactile and one auditory control). One tactile system used only pulse rate, the second system used only tactor location, and the third used both pulse rate and location to convey guidance instructions. All navigation systems provided both a preliminary and an immediate cue indicating to take the next most immediate turn. Individual differences in sense of direction resulted in different preference ratings without any observed performance differences. The …

The Impact Of Cognitive Psychology In Minimizing Human Errors, Patrik Jonzon

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Working towards zero accidents – Experience from education and supervision of pilots and air traffic controllers (ATC) from the Royal Danish Air Force gives us a model on how to apply the latest clinical psychology methods and research, and combine it with Human Factor models.

What is behind accidents? Errors, so can you talk about zero errors? Everyone knows that this is utopia; the question is rather how we can understand errors, minimize errors and minimize the effect of errors. The goal of this paper is to contribute to a theoretical and practical understanding of how to use the research …

Hunger And Reduced Self-Control In The Laboratory And Across The World: Reducing Hunger As A Self-Control Panacea, Matthew T. Gailliot

Faculty Publications

Ten studies link hunger to reduced self-control. Higher levels of hunger-as assessed by self-report, time since last eating, or physiology-predicted reduced self-control, as indicated by increased racial prejudice, (hypothetical) sexual infidelity, passivity, accessibility of death thoughts and perceptions of task difficulty, as well as impaired Stroop performance and decreased self-monitoring. Increased rates of hunger across 200 countries predicted increased war killings, suggestive of reduced aggressive restraint. In a final experiment, self-reported hunger mediated the effect of hungry (v fed) participants performing worse on the Stroop task, suggesting a causal relationship of hunger reducing self-control.

Traumatic Brain Injury: The Relationship Of Psychosocial Variables And Location Of Injury To Post-Injury Depression, Alicia L. Smith

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) affects nearly 1.4 million people in the United States annually, and of these, 10% to 77% will experience post-injury depression. Psychosocial variables such as previous substance and alcohol abuse, prior mental illness, low educational attainment, and poverty have been identified as possible risk factors. Additionally, the location of injury appears to play a key role particularly if the injury occurs in the left hemisphere. This study examined archival data from brain-injured patients in an effort to better understand the factors related to post-TBI depression. Past medical records of brain-injured adults (N = 52) were reviewed …

A Quantitative Link Between Face Discrimination Deficits And Neuronal Selectivity For Faces In Autism, Xiong Jiang, Angela Bollich, Patrick Cox, Eric Hyder, Joette James, Saqib Ali Gowani, Nouchine Hadjikhani, Volker Blanz, Dara S. Manoach, Jason J.S. Barton, William D. Gaillard, Maximilian Reisenhuber

Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Faculty Publications

Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) appear to show a general face discrimination deficit across a range of tasks including social–emotional judgments as well as identification and discrimination. However, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies probing the neural bases of these behavioral differences have produced conflicting results: while some studies have reported reduced or no activity to faces in ASD in the Fusiform Face Area (FFA), a key region in human face processing, others have suggested more typical activation levels, possibly reflecting limitations of conventional fMRI techniques to characterize neuron-level processing. Here, we test the hypotheses that face discrimination abilities …

Measuring Human Factors Success In Acquisitions, Jason Demagalski, Dr Branka Subotić, Dr Jerry Crutchfield, Dr Dwayne Norris

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Human factors specialists work as part of multidisciplinary teams supporting acquisition programs. Depending upon the acquisition model and culture of an organization, the exact points of involvement of human factors specialists may vary, as too will the metrics of success for each project. Acceptable/optimal level of operational performance is the goal of any Air Traffic Control (ATC) system. Human performance is a key component of operational performance. Measuring human performance can be an area of academic debate often yielding vague answers or need for more research. This is of little use or interest to project and senior managers who make …

Effects Of Nextgen Concepts For Separation Assurance And Interval Management On Atco Situation Awareness, Thomas Z. Strybel, Kim-Phuong L. Vu, Dan Chiappe, Corey A. Morgan, Vernol Battiste

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

We examined the effects of responsibility for interval management and separation assurance on ATCo situation awareness, workload and performance. Four conditions were tested by crossing two strategies for interval management (ATCo responsible or flight deck responsible) and two strategies for separation assurance (ATCo primary or automation primary). Situation awareness and workload were assessed with an online probe technique. Workload was lowest when both functions were automated, but situation awareness for conflicts depended on the sector. Both workload and situation awareness were related to the number of ATCo-managed LOS.

Suicidal Risk Factors Of Recurrent Major Depression In Han Chinese Women, Yuzhang Zhu, Hongni Zhang, Shenxun Shi, Jingfang Gao, Youhui Li, Ming Tao, Kerang Zhang, Xumei Wang, Chengge Gao, Lijun Yang, Kan Li, Jiangguo Shi, Gang Wang, Lanfen Liu, Jinbei Zhang, Bo Du, Guoqing Jiang, Jianhua Shen, Zhen Zhang, Wei Liang, Jing Sun, Jian Hu, Tiebang Liu, Xueyi Wang, Guodong Miao, Huaqing Meng, Yi Li, Chunmei Hu, Yi Li, Guoping Huang, Gongying Li, Baowei Ha, Hong Deng, Qiyi Mei, Hui Zhong, Shugui Gao, Hong Sang, Yutang Zhang, Xiang Fang, Fengyu Yu, Donglin Yang, Tieqiao Liu, Yunchun Chen, Xiaohong Hong, Wenyuan Wu, Guibing Chen, Min Cai, Yan Song, Jiyang Pan, Jicheng Dong, Runde Pan, Wei Zhang, Zhenming Shen, Zhengrong Liu, Danhua Gu, Xiaoping Wang, Xiaojuan Liu, Qiwen Zhang, Yihan Li, Yiping Chen, Kenneth S. Kendler, Jonathan Flint, Ying Liu

Psychiatry Publications

The relationship between suicidality and major depression is complex. Socio- demography, clinical features, comorbidity, clinical symptoms, and stressful life events are important factors influencing suicide in major depression, but these are not well defined. Thus, the aim of the present study was to assess the associations between the above-mentioned factors and suicide ideation, suicide plan, and suicide attempt in 6008 Han Chinese women with recurrent major depression (MD). Patients with any suicidality had significantly more MD symptoms, a significantly greater number of stressful life events, a positive family history of MD, a greater number of episodes, a significant experience of …

Clinical Features Of Patients With Dysthymia In A Large Cohort Of Han Chinese Women With Recurrent Major Depression, Wenqing Wu, Zhoubing Wang, Yan Wei, Guanghua Zhang, Shenxun Shi, Jingfang Gao, Youhui Li, Ming Tao, Kerang Zhang, Xumei Wang, Chengge Gao, Lijun Yang, Kan Li, Jianguo Shi, Gang Wang, Lanfen Liu, Jinbei Zhang, Bo Du, Guoqing Jiang, Jianhua Shen, Ying Liu, Wei Liang, Jing Sun, Jian Hu, Tiebang Liu, Xueyi Wang, Guodong Miao, Huaqing Meng, Yi Li, Guoping Huang, Gongying Li, Baowei Ha, Hong Deng, Qiyi Mei, Hui Zhong, Shugui Gao, Hong Sang, Yutang Zhang, Xiang Fang, Fengyu Yu, Donglin Yang, Tieqiao Liu, Yunchun Chen, Xiaohong Hong, Wenyuan Wu, Guibing Chen, Min Cai, Yan Song, Jiyang Pan, Jicheng Dong, Runde Pan, Wei Zhang, Zhenming Shen, Zhengrong Liu, Danhua Gu, Xiaoping Wang, Xiaojuan Liu, Qiwen Zhang, Yihan Li, Yiping Chen, Kenneth S. Kendler, Jonathan Flint, Zhen Zhang

Psychiatry Publications

Background

Dysthymia is a form of chronic mild depression that has a complex relationship with major depressive disorder (MDD). Here we investigate the role of environmental risk factors, including stressful life events and parenting style, in patients with both MDD and dysthymia. We ask whether these risk factors act in the same way in MDD with and without dysthymia.

Results

We examined the clinical features in 5,950 Han Chinese women with MDD between 30–60 years of age across China. We confirmed earlier results by replicating prior analyses in 3,950 new MDD cases. There were no significant differences between the two …

A Cognitive Engineering Approach For Showing Feasibility Margins On An In-Flight Planning, Sami Lini, Bruno Vallespir, Sylvain Hourlier, Franck Labat, Pierre-Alexandre Favier

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

The purpose of the ASAP (Anticipation Support for Aeronautical Planning) project was to design an anticipation support for civilian pilots. In this context, we undertook a cognitive engineering approach. Interviews with pilots and in-situ tasks analysis were performed. Helping pilots better anticipate can consist in showing them the room for maneuver for every single task to perform. At first an activity modeling serves as a basis for describing these tasks during a specific phase of the flight (descent/approach). It confirms a need for a visual representation of temporal feasibility margins. According to the constraints of the flight plan (e.g. speed, …

The Faa’S Human Factors Air Traffic Control / Technical Operations Strategic Research Plan, Edward Austrian, Dino Piccione

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Air Traffic Control (ATC) / Technical Operations (TO) Human Factors Team completed development and publication of a ten-year strategic research plan. This effort was endorsed by the FAA Research Engineering and Development Advisory Committee (REDAC) and sponsored by the FAA Human Factors Division. The intent of the strategic plan is to define a clear pathway for the ATC / TO Human Factors Team to improve and integrate human factors research in ATC applications. The strategic plan also serves as a communication tool to engage the community of practice and promote the implementation of products that …

Enhancing Crew Resource Management Training Program: The Introduction Of A Cognitive-Adaptation Training, Marie-Pierre Fornette, Marie- Héloïse, Camille Lefrançois, Jacques Fradin, Farid El Massioui, Françoise Darses, Corinne Roumes

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

The goal of “crew resource management” (CRM) training programs is to enhance safety and efficiency in flight. To achieve this goal, CRM training have to teach the appropriate knowledge and skills, and thus, to be adjusted according to all environmental changes. During the last decade, there has been an increasing need to reinforce skills of French military crews, to deal with complex and unforeseen situations. A new cognitive-adaptation training was proposed. It specifically seeks to enhance metacognitive skills related to the two main types of human cognitive processes, and to strengthen reflective processes involved in cognitive and emotional adaptation. The …

Association Study Of 167 Candidate Genes For Schizophrenia Selected By A Multi-Domain Evidence-Based Prioritization Algorithm And Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis, Zhongming Zhao, Bradley T. Webb, Peilin Jia, T. Bernard Bigdeli, Brion S. Maher, Edwin Van Den Oord, Sarah Bergen, Richard L. Amdur, Francis A. O'Neill, Dermot Walsh, Dawn L. Thiselton, Xianging Chen, Carlos N. Pato, The International Schizophrenia Consortium, Brien P. Riley, Kenneth S. Kendler, Ayman H. Fanous

Psychiatry Publications

Integrating evidence from multiple domains is useful in prioritizing disease candidate genes for subsequent testing. We ranked all known human genes (n = 3819) under linkage peaks in the Irish Study of High-Density Schizophrenia Families using three different evidence domains: 1) a meta-analysis of microarray gene expression results using the Stanley Brain collection, 2) a schizophrenia protein-protein interaction network, and 3) a systematic literature search. Each gene was assigned a domain-specific p-value and ranked after evaluating the evidence within each domain. For comparison to this ranking process, a large-scale candidate gene hypothesis was also tested by including genes with Gene …

Association Testing Strategy For Data From Dense Marker Panels, Donghyung Lee, Silviu-Alin Bacanu

Psychiatry Publications

Genome wide association studies have been usually analyzed in a univariate manner. The commonly used univariate tests have one degree of freedom and assume an additive mode of inheritance. The experiment-wise significance of these univariate statistics is obtained by adjusting for multiple testing. Next generation sequencing studies, which assay 10-20 million variants, are beginning to come online. For these studies, the strategy of additive univariate testing and multiple testing adjustment is likely to result in a loss of power due to (1) the substantial multiple testing burden and (2) the possibility of a non-additive causal mode of inheritance. To reduce …

Measuring Distribution Of Attention As A Part Of Situational Awareness - A Different Approach, Katrin Meierfrankenfeld, Werner Greß, Tina Vorbach

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

This paper outlines a different approach to measure pilot aptitudes during flight simulator missions. An algorithm was developed to assess a candidate’s distribution of attention beyond observation technique, eye-tracking or multidimensional tracking (e.g. altitude, speed, heading), thus getting rid of typical measurement problems. The algorithm used to evaluate candidate’s distribution of attention in Phase III, German Armed Forces’ third phase of aircrew selection consisting of simulator flights in a typical training scenario, is a mere time measure. The following article describes its construction as well as advantages and disadvantages.

A Collaborative Forum For The Distribution Of Multidisciplinary Scholarship In The Open-Access Environment: The Inception Of The Advanced Aviation Analytics Institute For Research (A3ir-Core), Brent Bowen, Erin Bowen, Thomas Carney, Jennifer Kirschner, Chien-Tsung Lu, Reilly Meehan, John Mott, Clay Wildt

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Identifying the need for a multi-faceted, interdisciplinary research team to investigate various issues within the aviation industry, Purdue University’s Department of Aviation Technology has organized the Advanced Aviation Analytics Institute for Research—A Center of Research Excellence (A3IR-CORE). A thorough meta-analytic review of collaborative network theory was the impetus for the organizational development of this forum. Focused on engaging a wide range of knowledge, talents, and experiences, this preeminent institute will fill the traditional void of academic material in the aviation industry by actively involving undergraduate students, graduate students, and faculty in a collaborative environment that increases the dissemination of research …

A One-Hour Sleep Restriction Impacts Brain Processing In Young Children Across Tasks: Evidence From Event-Related Potentials, Dennis Molfese, Anna Ivanenko, Alexandra P.F. Key, Adrienne Roman, Victoria J. Molfese, Louise M. O'Brien, David Gozal, Srinivas Kota, Caitlin M. Hudac

Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior: Faculty Publications

The effect of mild sleep restriction on cognitive functioning in young children is unclear, yet sleep loss may impact children's abilities to attend to tasks with high processing demands. In a preliminary investigation, six children (6.6 - 8.3 years of age) with normal sleep patterns performed three tasks: attention (“Oddball”), speech perception (conconant-vowel syllables) and executive function (Directional Stroop). Event-related potentials (ERP) responses were recorded before (Control) and following one-week of 1-hour per day of sleep restriction. Brain activity across all tasks following Sleep Restriction differed from activity during Control Sleep, indicating that minor sleep restriction impacts children's neurocognitive functioning.