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Articles 5101 - 5130 of 11473

Full-Text Articles in Sports Studies

Ua12/2/1 Housing Guide, Wku Student Affairs Mar 2012

Ua12/2/1 Housing Guide, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

Special housing guide edition of the College Heights Herald.

  • Swanson, Kayla. Dorms vs. Off Campus
  • Harrison, Taylor. Student Government Association’s Off-Campus Housing Website Being Redesigned
  • Duvall, Tessa. A Place to Call My Own – Apartments
  • Blanford, Sidney. Four Sororities will Fill All Rooms in Meredith Hall in Fall Semester – Alpha Omicron Pi, Chi Omega, Phi Mu, Alpha Xi Delta
  • McKay, Michael. New Campus Housing Adds Choices for Upperclassmen
  • Brown, Justin. Don’t Be Duped by Your Landlord
  • Anderson, Anna. Former Resident Assistants Reminisce About the Past
  • Apartment Guide – Campus Pointe, Pointe at Gables, Registry, College Suites, Pointe at Western


Ua12/2/1 Ncaa Extra - Going Dancing, Wku Student Affairs Mar 2012

Ua12/2/1 Ncaa Extra - Going Dancing, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

Special NCAA edition of the College Heights Herald.

  • Claybourn, Cole. WKU’s Storybook Season Continues in Big Dance
  • Claybourn, Cole. WKU to Face Mississippi Valley State in Dayton
  • Stephens, Brad. This Tournament’s for the 1,800
  • Wells, Jordan. Fans Enjoy Family Atmosphere for Selection Sunday
  • Stephens, Brad. Ray Harper Adds Another Title to His Legacy
  • Claybourn, Cole. Critics Quiet After Ray Harper’s Success
  • 2012 NCAA Tournament Bracket


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 87, No. 27, Wku Student Affairs Mar 2012

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 87, No. 27, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news.

  • McKay, Michael. Co-workers Reflect on Member of McCormack Family – Spencer Wills
  • Koch, Cameron. Rock Solid Memories – Rock House
  • Harrison, Taylor. Student Government Association to Offer 175 Transcript Vouchers Through Program
  • Duvall, Tessa. Honors Fraternity Says Joplin is Home Away from Home – Phi Sigma Pi
  • Edwards, Dorothy. A Thousand Words – Clothesline Project, Hope Harbor
  • Reinfelde, Monta. Professors to Take Pies in Face for Charity – Pi Mu Epsilon
  • Vogt, Darren. Editorial Cartoon re: Mary Cowles
  • A Class Act – Mary Cowles
  • Ray, David. Roll-taking Methods Should …


Bounties, Richard C. Crepeau Mar 2012

Bounties, Richard C. Crepeau

On Sport and Society

The shocking news out of the NFL this past week was that football is a violent game and that violence is encouraged by coaches. I suspect most American boys learned this basic truth about football when they were six or seven years old.


Braun, Richard C. Crepeau Mar 2012

Braun, Richard C. Crepeau

On Sport and Society

From the time the story was leaked in early December, I had a feeling that Ryan Braun was going to be the first player to successfully appeal a positive drug test. I based this on two notions. First, someone sometime was going to be the victim of a false positive or some breach in the security of the urine sample. Second, I had a difficult time believing that someone of Braun’s obvious talent and public image, who did not exhibit a huge jump in his offensive numbers, was taking performance enhancing drugs. In most of the power categories (doubles, triples, …


March 2012, John M. Pfau Library Mar 2012

March 2012, John M. Pfau Library

LBHP Newsletters

Content:

  • A League of Their Own
  • Mexican American Women and Softball
  • Neighborhoods of Baseball a Hit in Burbank by Terry Cannon
  • First Pitch Ceremony to Honor LBHP players
  • Preserving Memories
  • Exhibit for Jose “Lupino” Guadalupe
  • Neighborhoods of Baseball Exhibition by Tomas J. Benitez
  • Keep Swinging Dates by Jill Vassilakos-Long


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 87, No. 26, Wku Student Affairs Feb 2012

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 87, No. 26, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news.

  • Koch, Cameron. Other Kentucky Public Schools Lack Social Media Rules for Students
  • Duvall, Tessa. A Little Nontraditional – Peggy Allen
  • Hayden, Natalie. WKU to Give $500,000 in Student Research Grants
  • McKay, Michael. Auction to be Held in Downing University Center
  • Mack, Shelby. A Thousand Words re: Spring Weather
  • Vogt, Darren. Editorial Cartoon re: Ray Harper
  • A Slam Dunk – Ray Harper
  • Justice, Maciena. WKU Student Interns for NASA As Engineer – Tim Hennig
  • Hayden, Natalie. Candidates Are Narrowed Down for Vice Provost Position at WKU
  • Harrison, Taylor. Student Government …


Ua52/1 Snowball Express Memories, Wku Archives Feb 2012

Ua52/1 Snowball Express Memories, Wku Archives

WKU Administration Documents

Memories regarding the Snowball Express train which was stranded in the snow solicited by WKU Archives.


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 87, No. 25, Wku Student Affairs Feb 2012

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 87, No. 25, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news.

  • McKay, Michael. Students Oppose Censorship on Twitter
  • Koch, Cameron. Officials Offer Mixed Opinion on Twitter Controversy
  • Anderson, Anna. Sophomore Beating Cancer with Titan Player’s Support – Kelsey Towns
  • Blanford, Sidney. R is for Racquetball – Racquetball Club
  • Hayden, Natalie. WKU Launching New Summer Scholarship Initiative
  • Harrison, Taylor. Student Government Association Approves Spring 2012 Budget
  • Jenkins, Spencer. Man Found Dead on Campus, Not WKU Affiliated – Everette Barger
  • Vogt, Darren. Editorial Cartoon re: Censorship
  • Students Deserve First Amendment Rights
  • Learned, David. Administration Should Listen to Students Needs - Censorship
  • Biggs, …


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 87, No. 24, Wku Student Affairs Feb 2012

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 87, No. 24, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news.

  • Jenkins, Spencer. Bradley Boling’s Smile Remembered Among Friends
  • McKay, Michael. WKU Trying to Pull Strings on Social Media – Censorship
  • Koch, Cameron. Students Mixed on WKU’s Policy – Social Media, Censorship
  • Frantz, Elizabeth. A Thousand Words re: Madison Central Cheerleading
  • Alleyne, Zirconia. Professor Mourns Loss of Dog After 14 Years – CJ Johanson
  • Vogt, Darren. Editorial Cartoon re: Sustainability
  • Environmentally Safe – Sustainability
  • Twitter Parody, Commentary & Fan Accounts Policy – Censorship
  • Harrison, Taylor. Student Government Association Supports Removal of Policy from Handbook – Censorship
  • Duvall, Tessa. Case of …


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 87, No. 23, Wku Student Affairs Feb 2012

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 87, No. 23, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news.

  • Koch, Cameron. Gatton Academy Receives $20,000 from AT&T
  • Alleyne, Zirconia. Puppy Love – Tim Straubel
  • Hayden, Natalie. WKU Watching Social Media Sites for Language – Censorship
  • Spees, Monica. Roller Derby Members Are Some of WKU’s Own – Alexandra Brumley, Tucker Davis
  • English, Molly. Q is for Queen – George Morgan, Crossdressing
  • Hilbert, Hayley. WKU App Update Released
  • Vogt, Darren. Editorial Cartoon re: Apartments vs. Dorms
  • Williams, Joanna. To Dorm or Not to Dorm
  • West, Natalie. Store Personalizing Products for WKU Greeks
  • Harrison, Taylor. Locks of Love Event to Be …


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 88, No. 7, Wku Student Affairs Feb 2012

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 88, No. 7, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news.

  • McKay, Michael. Apartment-style Living to Be Available in Fall – Housing & Residence Life
  • Harrison, Taylor. Student Government Association May Present First Legislation of Semester
  • Alleyne, Zirconia. Student Follows Dream to New York City – Frankie Smith
  • Alleyne, Zirconia. WKU Professor Lives in Harmony with Pup – Peter Hamburger
  • Brinkerhoff, Joel. Black History Month Events to Take Place at WKU
  • Vogt, Darren. Editorial Cartoon re: General Education
  • Thumbs Up – General Education
  • McKay, Michael. WKU Earns Bronze Ranking in Sustainability Assessment
  • Rogers, Shelby. Confucius Institute to Host Spring Gala …


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 88, No. 6, Wku Student Affairs Feb 2012

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 88, No. 6, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news.

  • Koch, Cameron. Senator Mitch McConnell Honors Eric Yates
  • Hayden, Natalie. WKU Giving Students More Time to Pay Bills
  • Blanford, Sidney. Postcrossing Allows for Inexpensive World Exploration
  • Koch, Cameron. Damaged Rock House to Be Demolished
  • Andrews, Mary. P is for Poet – Clint Waters
  • Williams, Joanna. When Talking About Race, Ignorance Isn’t Bliss
  • Vogt, Darren. Editorial Cartoon re: Panda Express
  • Salman, Adam. Better Communication Needed During Downing University Center Renovations
  • Harrison, Taylor. Four Student Government Association Members Attend Rally for Higher Education
  • Swanson, Kayla. WKU Volunteer Organizations to Unite for …


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 88, No. 5, Wku Student Affairs Feb 2012

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 88, No. 5, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news.

  • Anderson, Anna. WKU Cheerleaders Stand Against Breast Cancer
  • McKay, Michael. WKU Works to Bring Panda Express to Campus
  • Hayden, Natalie. WKU Proposes Changes to General Education Requirements
  • Rivera, Michael. A Thousand Words – Kappa Sigma
  • Koch, Cameron. Health Services Expands Patient Numbers, Services
  • Rutledge, Chris. Q&A with Philadelphia-based Band Dr. Dog
  • Harrison, Taylor. Institute for Citizenship & Social Responsibility Will Keep Its Space During Downing University Center Renovations
  • Vogt, Darren. Editorial Cartoon re: Student Government Association Apathy
  • Student Government Association Should, Could Do More
  • Erskine, Annie. Response to Recent …


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 88, No. 4, Wku Student Affairs Feb 2012

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 88, No. 4, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news.

  • Jenkins, Spencer. WKU Junior Still Recovering from Fight – Dylan Nonweiler
  • Hayden, Natalie. WKU Takes New Measures to Boost Retention
  • Spees, Monica. Lifting Spirits – Weightlifting, Tracy Lane
  • Harrison, Taylor. Rally for Higher Education in Frankfort on Tuesday
  • Alleyne, Zirconia. O is for Ordained – Joshua Horton
  • Swanson, Kayla. Greentoppers Plan Sustainability Events for Upcoming Semester
  • Jenkins, Spencer. Shots Fired at The Registry
  • Rutledge, Chris. The Black Shades Move Forward with New Bassist – Dylan Adams
  • Williams, Joanna. Stress During College Shouldn’t Be Its Only Facet
  • Vogt, Darren. Editorial …


Ua12/2/1 National Signing Day, Wku Student Affairs Feb 2012

Ua12/2/1 National Signing Day, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

Special athletics magazine issue of the College Heights Herald.

  • Stephens, Brad. Toppers Address Needs, Build Depth with Signing Class – Football
  • Wells, Jordan. Former University of Louisville Commit Ready for WKU Career – Anthony Wales
  • Claybourn, Cole. Willie Taggart Looking for National Identity – Football
  • Finding the Right Pieces
  • Wells, Jordan. Louisville Becomes Pipeline for Toppers
  • Stephens, Brad. Nick Sheridan Promoted to Quarterbacks Coach


Surf Lifeguard Perceptions And Practice Of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (Cpr), Kevin Moran, Jonathon Webber Feb 2012

Surf Lifeguard Perceptions And Practice Of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (Cpr), Kevin Moran, Jonathon Webber

International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education

While the importance of lifeguards in providing immediate and effective basic life support (BLS) in drowning has been well reported, not a lot is known about how lifeguards perceive the relative value of CPR as a lifeguard skill, their training in it, and the likelihood of resuscitation being successful. A self-complete questionnaire was completed by 252 volunteer surf lifeguards at 16 surf beaches in the Greater Auckland,NZ region. Results show that most lifeguards (65%) had received training in the 3 months before the survey, 83% were willing to perform CPR, few (9%) had used CPR in an emergency, and many …


Individuals With Non-Specific Low Back Pain Use A Trunk Stiffening Strategy To Maintain Upright Posture, Stephanie L. Jones, Sharon M. Henry, Christine C. Raasch, Juvena R. Hitt, Janice Y. Bunn Feb 2012

Individuals With Non-Specific Low Back Pain Use A Trunk Stiffening Strategy To Maintain Upright Posture, Stephanie L. Jones, Sharon M. Henry, Christine C. Raasch, Juvena R. Hitt, Janice Y. Bunn

Exercise and Sport Studies: Faculty Publications

There is increasing evidence that individuals with non-specific low back pain (LBP) have altered movement coordination. However, the relationship of this neuromotor impairment to recurrent pain episodes is unknown. To assess coordination while minimizing the confounding influences of pain we characterized automatic postural responses to multi-directional support surface translations in individuals with a history of LBP who were not in an active episode of their pain. Twenty subjects with and 21 subjects without non-specific LBP stood on a platform that was translated unexpectedly in 12 directions. Net joint torques of the ankles, knees, hips, and trunk in the frontal and …


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 88, No. 3, Wku Student Affairs Jan 2012

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 88, No. 3, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news.

  • McKay, Michael. Massive Temporary Transition – Downing University Center
  • Harrison, Taylor. Institute for Citizenship & Social Responsibility Not Wanting to Move During Renovations – Downing University Center
  • Choate, Connor. A Thousand Words – Gamers Guild
  • Young, Amanda. Four Greek Groups Sanctioned for Hazing Last Fall – Kappa Delta, Kappa Alpha Order, Alpha Phi Alpha, Sigma Alpha Epsilon
  • Harrison, Taylor. Downing University Center Renovations to Affect Garrett Offices
  • Vogt, Darren. Editorial Cartoon re: Admission Standards
  • WKU Needs to Raise the Bar – Admission Standards
  • Harrison, Taylor. Student Government Association’s Kendrick …


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 88, No. 2, Wku Student Affairs Jan 2012

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 88, No. 2, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news.

  • McKay, Michael. Garrett Charges Then Waives Drink Refill Fee – Dining Services
  • Justice, Maciena. Pieces of the Past – Jack LeSieur
  • Koch, Cameron. University of Pikeville Move Could Affect WKU Budget
  • Justice, Maciena. N is for Nurse – Jessica May
  • Rutledge, Chris. Buffalo Rodeo Dreams of Making It Big While Young – Bands
  • McKay, Michael. New Program from Information Technology Offers Support for Mobile Devices
  • Hubbard, Linsey Solving Parking Woes Should Be a Priority
  • Williams, Joanna. Looking Into the Stereotypes
  • Stephens, Brad. Florida International University a Big Game for …


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 88, No. 1, Wku Student Affairs Jan 2012

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 88, No. 1, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news.

  • Koch, Cameron. WKU Could Lose $5 Million in Funding – Budget
  • McKay, Michael. Coca-Cola Outbids Pepsi for Campus Soda Rights
  • Hayden, Natalie. WKU Changes Admission Requirements
  • McKay, Michael. New Music Hall Open for Spring Semester
  • Jenkins, Spencer. WKU Police Department Officer Saves Student from Choking – Desiree Moss, Danny Wilson
  • Spees, Monica. Faculty Member Passionate About Coca-Cola Return – Betsy Pierce
  • Harrison, Taylor. Student Government Association Continues Work on Safe Rides Program
  • Harrison, Taylor. Student Government Association’s Goals for Spring Semester
  • Vogt, Darren. Editorial Cartoon re: Budget
  • Share the …


Bcs, Richard C. Crepeau Jan 2012

Bcs, Richard C. Crepeau

On Sport and Society

The Alabama Crimson Tide football team is now officially the BCS National Field Goal Champion. This was achieved despite the fact that the Tide did score a touchdown in the waning moments of the game and then watched their kicker miss the extra point. The Alabama coach, Nick Saban, must have been quite proud of this achievement, as it obliterated the loss to LSU in the Field Goal contest of November to determine which team was number one in the nation at that point in the season.


Special Edition Winter 2012, John M. Pfau Library Jan 2012

Special Edition Winter 2012, John M. Pfau Library

LBHP Newsletters

Content:

  • Keep Swinging! By Jill Vassilakos-Long
  • Latino Baseball History Project Reunion
  • Introduction to Oral History at CSUSB


Bioharness Multivariable Monitoring Device. Part I: Validity, James A. Johnstone, Paul A. Ford, Gerwyn Hughes, Tim Watson, Andrew T. Garrett Jan 2012

Bioharness Multivariable Monitoring Device. Part I: Validity, James A. Johnstone, Paul A. Ford, Gerwyn Hughes, Tim Watson, Andrew T. Garrett

Kinesiology (Formerly Exercise and Sport Science)

The BioharnessTM monitoring system may provide physiological information on human performance but there is limited information on its validity. The objective of this study was to assess the validity of all 5 BioharnessTM variables using a laboratory based treadmill protocol. 22 healthy males participated. Heart rate (HR), Breathing Frequency (BF) and Accelerometry (ACC) precision were assessed during a discontinuous incremental (0- 12 km·h-1) treadmill protocol. Infra-red skin temperature (ST) was assessed during a 45 min-1 sub-maximal cycle ergometer test, completed twice, with environmental temperature controlled at 20 ±0.1 °C and 30 ± 0.1 °C. Posture (P) was assessed using a …


Bioharness Multivariable Monitoring Device. Part Ii: Reliability, James A. Johnstone, Paul A. Ford, Gerwyn Hughes, Tim Watson, Andrew T. Garrett Jan 2012

Bioharness Multivariable Monitoring Device. Part Ii: Reliability, James A. Johnstone, Paul A. Ford, Gerwyn Hughes, Tim Watson, Andrew T. Garrett

Kinesiology (Formerly Exercise and Sport Science)

The BioharnessTM monitoring system may provide physiological information on human performance but the reliability of this data is fundamental for confidence in the equipment being used. The objective of this study was to assess the reliability of each of the 5 BioharnessTM variables using a treadmill based protocol. 10 healthy males participated. A between and within subject design to assess the reliability of Heart rate (HR), Breathing Frequency (BF), Accelerometry (ACC) and Infra-red skin temperature (ST) was completed via a repeated, discontinuous, incremental treadmill protocol. Posture (P) was assessed by a tilt table, moved through 160o. Between subject data reported …


Center Of Pressure Excursion During The Golf Putting Stroke In Low, Mid And High Handicap Golfers, Ashley K. Richardson, Gerwyn Hughes, Andrew C.S. Mitchell Jan 2012

Center Of Pressure Excursion During The Golf Putting Stroke In Low, Mid And High Handicap Golfers, Ashley K. Richardson, Gerwyn Hughes, Andrew C.S. Mitchell

Kinesiology (Formerly Exercise and Sport Science)

Golf handicap is significantly correlated to putting performance with low handicap golfers (LH) demonstrating increased putting accuracy compared with high handicap golfers (HH). Smaller center of pressure excursion (CPE) during putting has been demonstrated by LH golfers, suggesting balance is important during successful putts. The aim of this study was to examine CPE in low, mid and high handicap golfers about the mediolateral axis (ML) and anteriorposterior axis (AP). Nineteen subjects participated in the study; subjects were split into LH, mid handicap and HH groups. Subjects completed five successful 2.5m putts, standing on an RS FootScan. The LH group demonstrated …


Field Based Reliability And Validity Of The Bioharness Multivariable Monitoring Device, James A. Johnstone, Paul A. Ford, Gerwyn Hughes, Tim Watson, Andrew C.S. Mitchell, Andrew T. Garrett Jan 2012

Field Based Reliability And Validity Of The Bioharness Multivariable Monitoring Device, James A. Johnstone, Paul A. Ford, Gerwyn Hughes, Tim Watson, Andrew C.S. Mitchell, Andrew T. Garrett

Kinesiology (Formerly Exercise and Sport Science)

The BioharnessTM device is designed for monitoring physiological variables in free-living situations but has only been proven to be reliable and valid in a laboratory environment. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the reliability and validity of the BioharnessTM using a field based protocol. Twenty healthy males participated. Heart rate (HR), breathing frequency (BF) and accelerometry (ACC) were assessed by simultaneous measurement of two BioharnessTM devices and a test-retest of a discontinuous incremental walk-jog-run protocol (4 – 11 km·h-1) completed in a sports hall. Adopted precision of measurement devices were; HR: Polar T31 (Polar Electro), BF: Spirometer (Cortex Metalyser), ACC: …


An Examination Of Star Players' Effects On The Branding Process Of Professional Sports Teams, Nathan David Pifer Jan 2012

An Examination Of Star Players' Effects On The Branding Process Of Professional Sports Teams, Nathan David Pifer

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Although various models and real-life examples seem to convey its presence, the relationship between star players and the branding process of professional sports teams is one that remains rather vague and unquantified. Though numerous examples seem to suggest that star players are capable of exerting an effect on a team’s brand, more thorough analysis is required in order to decipher which areas of a brand’s development are more or less affected by these marquee athletes. Taking responses from survey questionnaires containing 40 items pertinent to the topic, this study deployed Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to uncover six underlying factors that …


2012 Ole Miss Baseball Media Guide, Ole Miss Athletics. Men's Baseball Jan 2012

2012 Ole Miss Baseball Media Guide, Ole Miss Athletics. Men's Baseball

Men's Baseball

No abstract provided.


The Role Of Intercollegiate Athletics On An Athlete's Decision To Attend College, Holly Hefflinger Jan 2012

The Role Of Intercollegiate Athletics On An Athlete's Decision To Attend College, Holly Hefflinger

Graduate Theses

The purpose of the study was to determine if California community college athletes would attend college if intercollegiate athletics were not offered and to examine differences in gender, races/ethnicities, socioeconomic statuses, and sports. The goal of the study was to provide useful information to college administrators that are considering initiating, adding, or eliminating intercollegiate athletic programs. Participants in the study include student-athletes attending California community colleges that participate in one of three sports: basketball, soccer, or tennis. A survey questionnaire was the method for collecting data.