Sports Studies Commons^™

The Perceived Level Of Enjoyment In Sports Violence: An Experiment Examining How Sports Commentary, Fanship, And Gender Affect Viewer Emotions, Sarah Vineyard

Graduate Research Symposium (2010 - 2017)

This poster presents the purpose, methods, and expected results of a current on-going study. The experiment’s main focus is to test the perceived level of enjoyment of viewers through an experiment that will examine how sports commentary, fanship, and gender affect their emotions while they watch various violent sports clips. These clips will feature both televised National Football League and National Hockey League videos. Through manipulation tests and a main study, videos, surveys, and detailed data collection will be implored. References regarding the current study are available upon request.

The Look Of The Line: An Empirical Investigation Of The Impacts Of Facial Symmetry On Salary Levels Of Offensive Linemen In The Nfl, Kristen Wampole

Business and Economics Honors Papers

Evaluation of a professional athlete's performance for the purposes of compensation determination is difficult, especially when decision making may not follow the expected "instrumental rationality." This paper will look to examine the factors, both productive and non-productive, impacting an Offensive Lineman's salary in the NFL. The purpose of this study is to determine whether an offensive lineman's salary is based on productive characteristics adhering to instrumental rationality, or whether the influence of non-productive characteristics influence salary as ultimately determined by team management. Results indicate that players within the tackle position with earning salaries in the seventy-fifth percentile gain additional benefits …

Summitt, Richard C. Crepeau

On Sport and Society

From across the nation, from the world of basketball and the world of sport, the reaction to Pat Summitt relinquishing her position as head basketball coach at the University of Tennessee has been overwhelming in praise, admiration, and volume. Those who played for Summitt talked of the tremendous impact that she had on their lives, praising her as a coach and human being, often referring to her as a mother-figure. Those who knew her in other capacities talked about her strength in the face of adversity. This quality distinguished Pat Summitt throughout her career and not just in the past …

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 87, No. 38, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news.

• McKay, Michael. Earth, Arbor Day Celebrations Start Friday
• McKay, Michael. Cemetery of the Innocent – Hilltoppers for Life, Abortion
• Duvall, Tessa. Programs for Minority Students Aid Retention
• Rutledge, Chris. Morning Teleportation Back to Bowling Green to Write Music
• Andrews, Mary. X Is for Xylophone – Daniel McKillip
• Williams, Joanna. Ain’t No Party Like a Safe Party – Shootings
• Editorial Cartoon re: Gary Ransdell Bobblehead Doll
• Simmons, Hannah. All Greeks Should Be Given Equal Coverage
• McKay, Michael. WKU Earns Green College Recognition Once Again
• Harrison, Taylor. Student Government Association Awarded …

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 87, No. 37, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news.

• Jenkins, Spencer. Police Search for Suspects in Shooting – Tevin Holliman, Ricardo Singh
• McKay, Michael. Sigma Chi’s Fight Night Canceled
• Hilbert, Hayley. Spring Sing
• Duvall, Tessa. South Campus Aids in Overall Diversity
• McKay, Michael. Gary Ransdell Bobbleheads to be Given at Baseball Game
• Randolph, Christian. A Thousand Words – Ali Miah
• Vogt, Darren. Editorial Cartoon re: Earth Day
• Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Earth Day
• Sneath, Julie. Cut Salaries to Ease Tuition Hikes
• Hughey, Aaron. President Barak Obama & the Future of Higher Education
• Jenkins, Spencer. WKU Police Department: No …

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 87, No. 36, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news.

• Hayden, Natalie. WKU Begins Prepping for Accreditation Process
• Swanson, Kayla. Greek Week to Promote Unification
• Alleyne, Zirconia. W is for Weight Trainer – Kaci Kleeman
• Koch, Cameron. Tuition Could Rise by 5 Percent
• Harrison, Taylor. Student Government Association’s Poorvie Patel to Lobby in Congress
• McKay, Michael. Relay for Life Event Brings People Together for Cancer Research
• Poole, Alex. Recent Article on Education Misses the Point
• Vogt, Darren. Editorial Cartoon re: Georgia State University Pounce Trap
• Williams, Joanna. Finding a Boost Toward the End of the Semester
• Alleyne, Zirconia. Student …

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 87, No. 35, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news.

• Swanson, Kayla. Golf Classic to Honor Late WKU Student Bradley Boling
• McKay, Michael. Fixin’ It Up – Bicycles
• Koch, Cameron. Students Pay Two Fees for Renovated Downing University Center
• Rutledge, Chris. Bowling Green-based Sleeper Agent Living Tour Life
• O’Bryan, Abby. A Thousand Words – Jasey Beckman, Holy Week
• Vogt, Darren. Editorial Cartoon re: Student Government Association Magician
• Promising Future for Student Government Association
• Harrison, Taylor. Student Government Association Co-Sponsors International Night
• Harrison, Taylor. Student Government Association Organizes Events to Improve Campus
• Rogers, Shelby. Higher Standards Face Future Teachers
• Koch, …

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 87, No. 34, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news.

• McKay, Michael. Downing University Center Makes Adjustments to Renovation
• Jenkins, Spencer. Stunned – University Police Academy
• Koch, Cameron. Enrollment Numbers Delay Budget Worries
• Hayden, Natalie. Triple-Amputee Iraq Veteran Inspires with His Sory – Bryan Anderson
• Justice, Maciena. V is for Violinist – Keith Pennington
• Blanford, Sidney. Michelle’s Consignment Boutique Provides Affordable Prom & Wedding Dresses
• McKay, Michael. WKU Wins Tree Award
• Williams, Joanna. Forging Our Identities Through Smart Phones
• Jean, Luke. Recent March Should Have Been More Publicized – Trayvon Martin
• Vogt, Darren. Editorial Cartoon re: Mellow Mushroom
• Laves, …

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 87, No. 33, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news.

• Harrison, Taylor. Cory Dodds Talks Student Government Association Plans for Next Semester
• Prochazka, Tyler. Marching for Trayvon Martin
• Rogers, Shelby. Series to Bring Tony Winner to WKU – Ntozake Shange
• McKay, Michael. New WKU Store Opens on Nashville Road
• Burton, Cooper. A Thousand Words – Samuel Hunt, WKU Chess Club
• Vogt, Darren. Editorial Cartoon re: The Greeks: Philanthropy Edition
• Giving Back: Greek Philanthropy Across Campus Deserves Praise
• Counts, Chela. Rip the Runway Achieves Success – Black Student Alliance
• Andrews, Mary. WKU Highlights Growing Film Genre – WKU Film Festival …

Are Nfl Athletes Receiving Over-Valued Contracts?, Jason Scott

Honors Projects in Mathematics

Many sport research studies have been conducted that examine the performance of professional athletes and their corresponding effect on franchise winning percentages, team revenues, economic repercussions, performance-based compensation, and much more. Research in the National Football League, however, has been found to be somewhat limited due to the numerous possible positions and resulting vastness of position-specific variables. The NFL lockout in 2011 caused many to question the specific relationship between professional athlete performance and salary distribution. This study’s purpose was to find a collection of variables with which all NFL athletes could be compared, and to identify relationships existing between …

2012 Lindenwood University Spring Sports Schedule, Lindenwood University

Athletics Schedules

2012 Lindenwood University Spring Sports Schedule

Cost Of Winning: What Contributing Factors Play The Most Significant Roles In Increasing The Winning Percentage Of A Major League Baseball Team?, Patrick Tartaro

Honors Projects in Finance

Over the past decade, discussions of competition disparity in Major League Baseball have been brought to the forefront of many debates regarding the sport. The belief that "large market" teams such as the New York Yankees buy their championships through acquiring star talent at high prices has become a common belief of many followers of the game. This research will answer the pressing question, "What are the most significant factors that correlate to a Major League Baseball Team’s winning percentage?”. I used stepwise regression to identify factors significantly related to winning percentage. Interestingly enough, payroll is not a significant factor …

Ua77/1 Wku Spirit, Wku Alumni Relations

WKU Administration Documents

WKU's alumni magazine. Contents:

• Ransdell, Gary. President’s Letter
• Your Legacy – Frank Myers
• Gary Ransdell Attends Confucius Institute Conference, Visits Chinese Universities
• Talisman, WKU’s Yearbook, Receives 13^th National Pacemaker Award
• WKU, Elizabethtown Community & Technical College Expand Partnership
• Enrollment at WKU Passes 21,000 Sets Record for 14^th Consecutive Year
• Cheryl Stevens Named Dean of Ogden College of Science & Engineering
• WKYU-PBS Receives Grant for Digital Studio, Control Room Equipment
• WKU Public Relations Program Earns Renewal of International Certificate
• 5 Gatton Academy of Mathematics & Science Students National Semifinalists in Siemens Competition
• Ray Harper Tapped as Full-Time WKU Head …

Magic And Superstition In Baseball In Taiwan: An Examination Of The Puyama Aborigines’ Use Of The Betel Nut, Junwei Yu

Aboriginal Policy Research Consortium International (APRCi)

Much work has been published on the place of rituals in numerous areas of life with reference both to general activities and, more specifically, to sport. As yet, however, there has been no significant study of the use of magic by and on behalf of players in Taiwan where baseball can legitimately be described as the national sport. This article seeks to fill that void by focusing in particular on the practices of the island’s Puyama aboriginal people and the use of the betel nut to cast spells on opponents. The data for this study were collected during two research …

The Regulation Of Online Gaming Across Jurisdictions: Success, Standards And Stability, Peter Nelson

Political Science Theses and Capstones

In 2005 the gaming market was worth an estimated six billion dollars, half of that represented by online gambling revenues. However not all jurisdictions (countries) regulate the industry the same. Some jurisdictions allow the industry to flourish while some go as far as banning the industry all together. I gather data on all 75 global jurisdictions that have some form of online gaming. I analyze which regulations allow the industry to prosper while maintaining quality standards, and which regulations do not work. Preliminary analysis shows that the amount of years a country has allowed online gambling, as well as the …

Understanding Loyalty And Motivation Of Professional Sports Fans, Victoria Wilkins

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors which create continuous and permanent commitment to a specific professional sports team.

Statement of Objectives: There is no denying that the current economic standing of the United States does not promote spending large sums of money on entertainment and leisure. Since taking a family to a professional sports game gets rather expensive, families are lead to pursue other alternatives while deciding how to spend free time. The costs of game attendance, including tickets, parking, food, beverages and souvenirs, can easily surpass one hundred dollars, which is undoable for many …

Violence In Youth Sport: Potential Preventative Measures And Solutions, Cheryl Danilewicz

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Youth sport events are part of a growing industry to which event venues are tailoring their policies, procedures, and designs. The competitive nature of the events and their participants have caused these venues to examine their existing policies and adjust them to increase security and safety measures for the athletes, coaches, spectators, game officials, and venue staff. Tempers at these events will flare, and in recent years violence is becoming increasingly more common. Parents and athletes have attacked each other, coaches, and game officials due to the intense nature of these events. The result of these acts could range from …

Motivational Clinic For Coaches In Division I, Ii, Iii College Sports, Christopher M. Sheldrick

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to create a motivational clinic for Division I coaches in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).

Statement of Objectives: By attending the motivational clinic for NCAA Division I coaches, attendees will learn effective motivational strategies from former successful collegiate athletes, successful college and professional sport coaches, and experts in sports psychology. By understanding and implementing the theories and strategies learned, coaches will be able to increase student-athlete performance at their institutions.

Justifications: It is important for coaches at all levels to understand athlete motivation. At the NCAA Division I level, the expectations for …

Enhancing Off-Season Motivation In Collegiate Athletes, Daniel Ryan

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify the optimal off-season motivational strategies to be utilized by collegiate coaches to maximize the motivation, sport performance, and sport satisfaction of collegiate athletes.

Objectives: By identifying the determinants of athlete motivation, this paper will serve as a resource for coaches as they seek to raise the overall motivation and commitment of their athletes during the off-season.

Justification: Developing the ideal off-season motivational strategy for collegiate athletes is important on a number of levels. Due to the heightened level of competition in college sports, coaches must ensure that the structuring of their …

Fan Loyalty And Motivation, Jason Mays

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Purpose Statement: The purpose of this professional paper is to review psychological and marketing theory and research to explain what motivates an individual to become a highly identified loyal fan of a sports team. Implications for professional practice and future research will be presented.

Justification: Understanding what motivates a fan to become a highly identified fan is important to a team manager because fans are the primary revenue source of a team. The fundamental goal of marketing managers is to create repeat customers (brand loyalty) (Fortunato, 2006) and loyal fans represent most repeat customers. An organization’s brand is critical in …

Creating A Positive Motivational Climate: Strategies For Division I Women’S Tennis Coaches, Mark Roberts

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to develop a handbook of positive motivational strategies that enhance players’ performance and well-being.

Statement of Problem: When coaches do not use constructive motivational strategies and create a negative motivational climate, both the performance and the well-being of the student athlete may be undermined. Athletes playing in a negative motivational climate are less likely to perform to their full potential or enjoy participating in their sport. This can lead to athletes feeling negative emotions towards the athletic experience, resulting in harm to the athletes, teams, and coaches.

Justification: Exploring optimal motivational strategies for …

The Positive And Negative Economic Contributions Of Mega-Sporting Events To Local Communities, Qi Gong

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

The purpose of this paper is to identify and examine the factors of mega-sporting events those contribute to positive economic impact as well as the factors that may negatively impact a community. Based on reviewing existing literature and data, the positive and negative contributions, a community may have through a hosting sporting event, will be discussed. The objective of this paper is focused on the economic impact that happened to the local communities.

The Role Of Ethics In Athletic Participation, Ryan Matthews

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to determine what role ethics plays in athletic participation and what intrinsic and/or extrinsic factors may influence the decision making process of athletes. Once identified, the information found in this paper can be used to help athletes understand their own thought processes concerning rules adherence and to assist them in making a conscious decision to follow the rules to achieve their goals.

Statement of Problem: The exploration of the literature will reveal the many factors and conditions that an athlete faces that will influence their decision to participate within the confines of the …

Marchmad, Richard C. Crepeau

On Sport and Society

For the past six weeks if you were around anything even vaguely connected with college sport, you were subjected to repeated references to “March Madness.” The only phrase that even remotely approaches “March Madness” in frequency of use is “student athlete.” If you prefer hyperbole over hypocrisy then, no doubt, you prefer “March Madness” over “student athlete.”

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 87, No. 32, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news.

• McKay, Michael. Banner & TopNet Failure Causes Delays – Information Technology
• Duvall, Tessa. Love Notes – Nicholas Chambers, Terri Woody, Student Disability Services
• Rogers, Shelby. WKU to Host Statewide Symposium – Study Abroad
• Spees, Monica. U is for Umpire – Grant Burkeen
• Spees, Monica. WKU Education Comes Full Circle for Grad Assistant – Katherine Pettit
• Williams, Joanna. Sometimes Your Peers Can Be Your Best Help
• Vogt, Darren. Editorial Cartoon re: Athletic Brackets
• Ross Bjork Did What Was Best for Him
• Rutledge, Chris. Father of Newgrass to Play SKyPAC – …

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 87, No. 31, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news.

• McKay, Michael. Fight Night in Process of Earning Approval – Sigma Chi
• Reinfelde, Monta. Bald is Beautiful – Omega Phi Alpha, St. Baldrick’s Day
• McKay, Michael. Lawyers React to WKU Social Media Policy Change
• Wells, Jordan. World Wrestling Entertainment Visits Diddle Arena – Entertainment
• Randolph, Christian. A Thousand Words – William Kirby
• Harrison, Taylor. Student Government Association Elections Postponed
• Vogt, Darren. Editorial Cartoon re: Social Media Policy
• In the Trash – Social Media Policy
• Dodds, Cory. A Vote for Me is a Vote for Transparency, Accountability – Student Government …

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 87, No. 30, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news.

• McKay, Michael. WKU Removes Social Media Policy from Student Handbook
• Koch, Cameron. Former WKU Employee Seeks $500,000 in Damages – Cheryl Lewis-Smith
• Aulbach, Lucas. Walking Away – Ross Bjork
• Harrison, Taylor. Presidential Candidates Differ on Strategies – Student Government Association
• Stephens, Brad. Ross Bjork’s Departure Was Going to Happen
• Harrison, Taylor. Vice Presidential Candidates Run Unopposed – Keyana Boka, Cain Alvey
• McKay, Michael. Sigma Chi Fight Night in the Process of Being Rescheduled
• Hayden, Natalie. Students to Present Research at Conferences Saturday
• Williams, Joanna. Trayvon Martin & Why You …

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 87, No. 29, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news.

• Swanson, Kayla. WKU Raises More Than $67,000 for St. Jude
• Spees, Monica. Bike 4 Alzheimer’s Association
• Koch, Cameron. WKU Looking to Ease Possible Budget Cuts
• Alleyne, Zirconia. WKU Student Stars in Television Fashion Show – Joia Talbott
• Philalack, Justin. A Thousand Words – Parker Bennett Community Center
• Koch, Cameron. University of Pikeville Public bid Falls Through
• Vogt, Darren. Editorial Cartoon re: NCAA Tournament Tickets
• The Golden Tickets – NCAA Tournament
• Stratten, Nicole. Vote Cory Dodds Student Government Association President to Address Student Concerns
• Rogers, Shelby. More than 50 Employers …

Whip Use By Jockeys In A Sample Of Australian Thoroughbred Races—An Observational Study, Paul D. Mcgreevy, Robert A. Corken, Hannah Salvin, Celeste M. Black

Competitive Animal Racing Collection

The use of whips by jockeys is an issue. The current study viewed opportunistic high-speed footage of 15 race finishes frame-by-frame to examine the outcomes of arm and wrist actions (n = 350) on 40 horses viewed from the left of the field. Any actions fully or partially obscured by infrastructure or other horses were removed from the database, leaving a total of 104 non-contact sweeps and 134 strikes. For all instances of arm actions that resulted in fully visible whip strikes behind the saddle (n = 109), the outcomes noted were area struck, percentage of unpadded section making contact, …

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald, Vol. 87, No. 28, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

WKU campus newspaper reporting campus, athletic and Bowling Green, Kentucky news.

• Claybourn, Cole. What a Ride! – Basketball
• Harrison, Taylor & Michael McKay. First Floor of Downing University Center Vacated for Start of Construction
• Rogers, Shelby. Jerry Greenfield of Ben & Jerry’s to Speak at WKU
• Anderson, Anna. S is for Saxophonist – Matthew Lund
• Williams, Joanna. Rooting for the Other Team
• Vogt, Darren. Editorial Cartoon re: Downing University Center Renovation
• Martin, Chelsea. Meal Plans Should roll Over to the Next Week
• Hughey, Aaron. College Students Beware: The Middle Class is Shrinking
• Jenkins, Spencer. Events to Promote Sexual Assault Awareness …