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Articles 61 - 90 of 113
Full-Text Articles in Criminology
Receptivity Of Capital Jurors To Mitigating Factors Of Mental Illness, Intellectual Disability, And Situational Impairments In Death Penalty Decisions : The Capital Trial Analyzed As A Mitigating "Weight And Counterweight" To Premature Decisions And Pro-Death Bias, Leona Deborah Jochnowitz
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
This research presents aspects of juror receptivity to mitigating factors of mental, cognitive/intellectual and situational impairments in capital sentencing decisions. The study examined types of mental factors, as well as the gender of defendants, the aggravating nature of the crime and victim vulnerability. An exploratory cross-tabulation analysis evaluated the percentages and relationships between juror closed-ended CJP survey responses to mental sentencing factors and mental evidence presented at trial for 38 cases. While the sample size was too small in some cells for significance testing, the percentages demonstrated patterns. A detailed qualitative analysis of 12 cases with strong evidence of mental …
We Can Work It Out : The Hidden Role Of The Workplace In Shaping Urban Crime Control, Chris E. Rees
We Can Work It Out : The Hidden Role Of The Workplace In Shaping Urban Crime Control, Chris E. Rees
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Ethnoracial minorities have rapidly integrated into American workplaces over the last half-century, yet little research has examined the effects of this integration on wider social processes. Drawing from minority threat theory and the contact hypothesis, this thesis examines the impact of workplace segregation on metropolitan levels of police force size during the year 2010. Findings indicate that, net of controls, workplace segregation is associated with higher levels of police forces size. Moreover these effects are a stronger predictor of police forces than residential segregation. The thesis concludes with a relevant discussion on the research and policy implications of these findings.
Criminal Behavior In The Life Course : The Sex Difference And The Role Of Childbirth In The Desistance Process, Siyu Liu
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
My dissertation demonstrates sex differences in offending over the life course with a flexible model on the age-crime curve using a longitudinal dataset, and examines the causal role of childbirth in the process of desistance for both sexes.
Correctional Group Quarters, Neighborhood Crime And Property Values, Kelly Mcgeever
Correctional Group Quarters, Neighborhood Crime And Property Values, Kelly Mcgeever
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The primary aims of this dissertation are to examine the association between correctional group quarters and crime rates and the effect of correctional group quarters on property values in urban neighborhoods. There has been a surprising lack of examination of these relationships, especially since community residents' anticipated fears of correctional facilities have been well documented. The few studies that have considered correctional facilities, crime, and property values have generally focused on one rural location and almost exclusively evaluate state prisons without consideration to the range of correctional facilities. Broken windows theory and `Not in My Backyard' literature are used to …
Family Structure And Juvenile Delinquency : An Examination Of Inter-Individual Difference And Intra-Individual Variability, Qing Wei
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Although a wealth of research in criminology identifies that family structure variables are critical in understanding adolescent and young adult involvement in delinquency and crime, family structure has been treated as static variables in most of the studies and the relationship between family structure and juvenile delinquency is often tested cross-sectionally. However, a full understanding on the role of family structure requires an examination of impacts of both the state and the change of family structure on adolescent behavior. It also requires an examination of both the short-term and the long-term impact of family transition on children's behavior.
On The Island : Marginalized Residents Of A Single Room Occupancy Motel, Christopher Philip Dum
On The Island : Marginalized Residents Of A Single Room Occupancy Motel, Christopher Philip Dum
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
One consequence of the punitive turn in criminal justice policy has been an increase in residential instability among previously incarcerated individuals. For registered sex offenders in particular, residence restriction laws severely limit housing options. Many formerly incarcerated individuals find difficulties securing employment, which limits their ability to afford a stable residence.
The Role Of Immigrant Assimilation And Segregation In Explaining The Effect Of Immigration Size On Neighborhood Crime, Ilir Disha
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The Role of Immigrant Assimilation and Segregation in Explaining the Effect of Immigration Size on Neighborhood Crime
The Sex Ratio, Gender Equality, And Women's Victimization : A Cross-National Analysis, Laura M. Demarco
The Sex Ratio, Gender Equality, And Women's Victimization : A Cross-National Analysis, Laura M. Demarco
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The relationship between the sex ratio and crime is underdeveloped in the criminological literature, particularly regarding the victimization of women. Much of the existing work draws on theorizing by Guttentag and Secord (1983) on the interpersonal dynamics related to dyadic power. In this line of research, the characteristics of structural power are largely taken for granted. Drawing on literature about gender inequality and women's victimization, this study recasts Guttentag and Secord's notion of structural power as a continuous measure of gender equality. I examine the effect of the sex ratio on women's victimization, and evaluate if that effect is contingent …
Socially Situated Identities Of Gay Gang- And Crime-Involved Men, Vanessa R. Panfil
Socially Situated Identities Of Gay Gang- And Crime-Involved Men, Vanessa R. Panfil
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Within the criminological literature, gay men have primarily been portrayed as victims of anti-gay bias crimes or intimate partner violence, or as sex workers and/or drug users. This coverage, which is limited in scope, largely fails to recognize that gay men have agency (choice or power to control the situation). It also provides an incomplete picture regarding gay men's involvement in gangs, violence, and crime.
Developing A Typology Of Juvenile Sex Offenders, Creaig Anthony Dunton
Developing A Typology Of Juvenile Sex Offenders, Creaig Anthony Dunton
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Understanding juvenile sex offenders is of the utmost importance in order to ensure effective treatment and reduce recidivism. A more thorough recognition of this population is the best option in preventing future offending, because most adult sex offenders began their criminal careers in adolescence. Extant typologies of this population have been limited to be only descriptive or not empirically verified and thus of limited use. Hierarchical cluster analysis is used to develop a taxonomy based upon the content of case files from two juvenile treatment programs, based upon demographic information, offense details, psychological and behavioral issues, and participation in treatment. …
Dynamics Of Drug Markets : An Examination Of Arrestee Drug Acquisition Behavior, Tanya T. Meisenholder
Dynamics Of Drug Markets : An Examination Of Arrestee Drug Acquisition Behavior, Tanya T. Meisenholder
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Using data from the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program, and from the 2000 U.S. Census, this exploratory study examined drug market acquisition behaviors and how this behavior differs by drug type, user characteristics, and across locations. A descriptive and comparative assessment of drug markets and acquisition behavior revealed substantial differences within and across drug types. This wide variation was evident across drug market clientele and across locations, regardless of the measure considered. The analysis also demonstrated that this data can be used to identify drug buyers that may also be drug sellers. Hierarchical and K-means cluster analysis was used …
Gentrification And Crime In New York City 1980-2009, Michael Scott Barton
Gentrification And Crime In New York City 1980-2009, Michael Scott Barton
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
It is a well supported fact that crime rates in cities across the United States increased between the 1960s and 1980s before dramatically declining during the 1990s. While scholars agree that this decline occurred, they continue to debate the cause of the decline (Greenberg, 2013; Zimring, 2011). References to changes in neighborhood crime rates as a result of gentrification have been common in previous research on gentrification, but only a few studies have empirically assessed the association between gentrification and crime. Kreager, Lyons, and Hays (2011), Papachristos, Smith, Scherer, and Fugiero (2011), and Smith (2012), who utilized innovative measures of …
Factors Related To Recidivism Among Mentally Disordered Offenders : Differential Impact Of Historical And Dynamic Clinical Indicators Across Risk Level, Lori J. Torgersen
Factors Related To Recidivism Among Mentally Disordered Offenders : Differential Impact Of Historical And Dynamic Clinical Indicators Across Risk Level, Lori J. Torgersen
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Understanding the factors related to recidivism among mentally disordered offenders is important so that criminal justice and mental health systems can prioritize resources to intervene with those most likely to reoffend by targeting factors that are most likely to reduce risk. While there is a sound body of literature identifying the predictors of recidivism among non-disordered adult offenders, the same inquiry in the case of mentally disordered offenders has been more equivocal.
The New Welfare State : Reconsidering The Welfare-Crime Nexus, Colin Gruner
The New Welfare State : Reconsidering The Welfare-Crime Nexus, Colin Gruner
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
A sizeable body of literature has found that welfare reduces crime, but the majority of these studies have used data from before 1996. In 1996 the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) radically changed the welfare system of the United States. Control of welfare programs shifted from the federal government to the states and PRWORA increased the emphasis on getting people off welfare via the introduction of lifetime limits on the receipt of aid and mandatory participation in work programs for able-bodied recipients. Consistent with this emphasis, researchers have documented a precipitous drop in caseload sizes across the …
Capital Punishment In The Lone Star State : A County-Level Analysis Of Contextual Effects On Sentencing, Jennifer Lynn Owens
Capital Punishment In The Lone Star State : A County-Level Analysis Of Contextual Effects On Sentencing, Jennifer Lynn Owens
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
In its landmark decision, Furman v. Georgia (1972), the Supreme Court held all existing death penalty statutes unconstitutional, largely due to the arbitrary nature of the capital sentencing processes that resulted from them. In response to the Furman decision, several states revised their death penalty statutes to address the Court's concerns. Although the Court upheld the newly-drafted statutes in Gregg v. Georgia (1976) and its companion cases, subsequently reinstating the death penalty, intrastate variation in death sentencing suggests that the death penalty may continue to be applied in an arbitrary and capricious manner inconsistent with the Eighth Amendment. This dissertation …
The Inter-Rater Reliability Of A Multi-Factor Sex Offender Risk Classification System : An Experimental Simulation, Elizabeth Rahmberg Walsh
The Inter-Rater Reliability Of A Multi-Factor Sex Offender Risk Classification System : An Experimental Simulation, Elizabeth Rahmberg Walsh
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
This research is an experimental simulation that explores the interrater reliability of a multi-factor sex offender risk classification system, specifically, the system outlined by the Massachusetts Sex Offender Registration Act (SORA). In Study 1, professionals holding the terminal degree in their field and qualified for appointment to the Sex Offender Registry Board administered the Massachusetts Classification Worksheet to four sex offender cases. Study 2 involved the use of master's level participants (including professionals with master's degrees and graduate student participants) to administer the Massachusetts Classification Worksheet to the same four sex offender cases. Participants assessed the offenders' risk as either …
Public Attitudes Toward Crime Control In Contemporary China : A Multilevel Analysis, Yue Zhuo
Public Attitudes Toward Crime Control In Contemporary China : A Multilevel Analysis, Yue Zhuo
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
This study applies the Western sociological theories in the Chinese context and systematically explores crime control attitudes in contemporary China. This research links individual-level data from the 2005 China General Social Survey with contextual-level data from China Procuratorial Yearbooks, Chinese Population Census 2000, and China Statistical Yearbooks. A multilevel framework informed by the instrumental perspective, the constructionist/conflict perspective, and the symbolic perspective is adopted to examine the individual-level and contextual-level social factors that affect the three dimensions of public attitudes toward crime control - satisfaction, spending, and due process.
Patterns Of Adolescent Drug Offending And Their Consequences In Making The Transition To Adulthood, Matthew David Phillips
Patterns Of Adolescent Drug Offending And Their Consequences In Making The Transition To Adulthood, Matthew David Phillips
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The life course perspective in criminology acknowledges that as an individual moves through successive stages in life, a host of factors in various domains influence the individual's developmental and behavioral patterns. The criminological literature is also replete with research that suggests an individual's involvement in drug offending has negative repercussions in these domains of life. Further, specific drug offenses are thought to affect outcomes in differing ways. Drug offenders are far from a homogeneous group, and that heterogeneity can produce vastly different outcomes. From a life course perspective, adolescence then becomes a particularly important stage since this is the time …
State Homeland Security : Variation And Patterns Among The U.S. States, Lisa N. Sacco
State Homeland Security : Variation And Patterns Among The U.S. States, Lisa N. Sacco
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
This dissertation examines the homeland security organizations of the 50 states, and describes what systems the states have created for homeland security policy and structure. The purpose of this dissertation is to determine how each state homeland security organization was developed, describe each organization, and ascertain if patterns of homeland security have emerged among the states. This descriptive study also uncovers philosophical differences in the states' interpretation of homeland security.
Impulsivity, Criminogenic Opportunity Structures, And Delinquency, Matt Vogel
Impulsivity, Criminogenic Opportunity Structures, And Delinquency, Matt Vogel
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Impulsivity has emerged as a strong predictor of delinquency. A growing body of research suggests that neighborhood disorganization moderates the association between impulsivity and delinquency. However, there are several competing perspectives on the direction of this moderation, and the empirical research has generated a small body of discordant findings. This dissertation addresses the research linking impulsivity, neighborhood disorganization, and delinquency in two ways. First, I propose that the inconsistent findings to date might be attributed to variation in measurement and modeling strategy across earlier studies. Second, I argue that the mechanisms underlying the differential effect of impulsivity on delinquency across …
The Causes And Consequences Of Self-Protective Behaviors In Violent Encounters, Ráchael Anne Powers
The Causes And Consequences Of Self-Protective Behaviors In Violent Encounters, Ráchael Anne Powers
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Self-protective behaviors are strategies that a victim utilizes during the course of a violent incident to either prevent its completion or to avoid or minimize physical injury. Research regarding the use of self-protective behaviors in violent incidents has focused predominantly on sexual assault, and the research that has examined non-sexual assaults has been limited with regard to the study sample, considered outcomes, and included covariates. To extend beyond prior work, this dissertation seeks to explore more thoroughly the use and consequences of self-protective behaviors in non-sexual assaults using the National Crime Victimization Survey. Self-protective behaviors were measured along two dimensions …
The Role Of Self-Esteem In The Treatment Of Youth In Residential Treatment Centers : An Examination Of Delinquency And Rearrest After Discharge From Treatment, Camela M. Steinke
The Role Of Self-Esteem In The Treatment Of Youth In Residential Treatment Centers : An Examination Of Delinquency And Rearrest After Discharge From Treatment, Camela M. Steinke
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The purpose of this research was to explore the effect of self-esteem on rearrest and delinquency for a population of youth who have been committed to, and received services through, a residential treatment center.
Pay It Forward : The Effect Of Social Support On Crime, Jessica Singer
Pay It Forward : The Effect Of Social Support On Crime, Jessica Singer
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The purpose of this research is to explore the relationship between social support and crime. In 1994, Frank Cullen wrote an innovative article which was designed to construct social support as an organizing principle for criminology. Using this work to frame this research, I hypothesize that social support will be negatively related to crime. I explore this relationship on two levels of analysis. First, I investigate the relationship between state-level support and crime rates using a dataset that I constructed from a variety of sources. Second, I investigate the relationship between individual-level support and crime and deviance using data from …
How Patrol Officers Make Decisions : Comparing A Structural Model To A Process Model, Heidi Bonner
How Patrol Officers Make Decisions : Comparing A Structural Model To A Process Model, Heidi Bonner
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
A heavy research emphasis on the discretionary decision-making actions by police has led researchers to conduct a substantial amount of work regarding the individual, situational, organizational, and neighborhood influences on police behavior. The culmination of all this work results in one main conclusion - the majority of findings regarding the causes of police behavior are mixed. Further, current models of police behavior account for only a small amount of the variation.
Decisions To Exert Social Control In A Neighborhood Context : Social Dilemmas And Solutions, Shaohua Yu
Decisions To Exert Social Control In A Neighborhood Context : Social Dilemmas And Solutions, Shaohua Yu
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Prior literature on urban crime study has long indicated that residents' participation in informal social control activities is crucial in achieving low crime rates in urban neighborhoods. The question of what factors determine individual residents' decisions on whether or not to support collective crime prevention efforts, however, has yet to be addressed. The present study approaches this issue by bridging it with another important area of research-the study of social dilemmas-that explain cooperative tendencies in human groups. By defining informal social control as a form of collectively desirable action, the study tested the hypothesis that the solutions to social dilemmas …
Occupational Stress And The Homosexual Police Officer, David John Barton
Occupational Stress And The Homosexual Police Officer, David John Barton
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
This dissertation analyzed occupational stress among homosexual officers. Previous researchers have investigated occupational stresses experienced by racial, ethnic and gender minority police officers; however, research has not examined the occupational stresses experienced by homosexual officers. This study utilized an internet survey to gather quantitative data that were statistically analyzed for similarities and differences in how homosexual officers perceive stressors common to all officers and stressors experienced only by minority subgroups, including discrimination. Because homosexual officers have the unique ability to disguise their minority status, this study also examined whether the officers' choices to reveal or conceal their sexual preference affected …
Grace Under Fire : Altruistic Behavior And The Risk Of Criminal Victimization, Andy Lucas Blaize Davies
Grace Under Fire : Altruistic Behavior And The Risk Of Criminal Victimization, Andy Lucas Blaize Davies
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Two studies investigate whether the perceived risk of criminal victimization reduces altruistic behavior as social disorganization theory predicts it will. The first study, of 160 nation-states, suggests not. Rather, the relationship depends on national culture. In highly religious countries, for example, the perceived risk of victimization actually appears to increase altruistic behavior. The second study, an experiment conducted on samples both of undergraduate students and internet users, suggests that certain individuals for whom the risk of criminal victimization may be particularly salient - volunteers worried they may be put in harm's way, and fatalists paranoid about the inevitability of victimization …
Health Behind And Beyond Bars : Understanding The Link Between Incarceration And Health, Lauren C. Porter
Health Behind And Beyond Bars : Understanding The Link Between Incarceration And Health, Lauren C. Porter
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The primary aim of this dissertation is to better understand the link between incarceration and health. Drawing on a sample of young adults from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), the effect of incarceration on self-rated health, serious injury, STD infection, cold/flu symptoms, and blood pressure is assessed. The effect of incarceration on health behavior is also examined, including diet, smoking, binge drinking, and physical activity. In order to rule out selection bias, current and former inmates are compared to respondents who have been arrested (or arrested and convicted of a crime), but not incarcerated. Findings suggest …
Armed Off-Duty Police : Benefit Or Burden?, Theresa C. Tobin
Armed Off-Duty Police : Benefit Or Burden?, Theresa C. Tobin
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
This study examines the NYPD's Carry Policy; a policy allowing officers to be armed while off duty and informally in place for over 100 years and officially sanctioned since the 1940s. It was altered for the first time in 1981 and this research has analyzed ten sources of data during two recent decades (1990-1994 and 2000-2004). This
The Causes Of Risky Sexual Behavior Over The Adolescent-Young Adult Life Course And Its Consequences For Partner Relationships In Adulthood, Nicole Marie Schmidt
The Causes Of Risky Sexual Behavior Over The Adolescent-Young Adult Life Course And Its Consequences For Partner Relationships In Adulthood, Nicole Marie Schmidt
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
This dissertation uses data from the Rochester Youth Development Study (RYDS) to examine the causes and consequences of risky sexual behavior from adolescence through young adulthood using a developmental perspective. Developmental theories suggest that antisocial behavior, especially persistent antisocial behavior, during adolescence can amplify the effects of early family, school, and peer factors by setting in motion a chain of cumulative disadvantages that increase the likelihood that one will experience negative outcomes in adulthood. Drawing on developmental theories of antisocial behavior, the causes and consequences of risky sexual behavior are examined. First, wave-specific measures of risky sexual behavior spanning six …