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Articles 181 - 210 of 234
Full-Text Articles in Linguistics
Studi Wacana Kritis, Pengajaran Bahasa Indonesia, Dan Perspektif Emansipasi, Anang Santoso
Studi Wacana Kritis, Pengajaran Bahasa Indonesia, Dan Perspektif Emansipasi, Anang Santoso
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
The characteristics of language use in the global era include language instability, the prominence of language hybridity, discourse commodification, and technologized discourse. Language has demonstrated its role as a determining factor in hegemony, a phenomenon that Indonesian language teachers should take into consideration. Therefore, the teaching of the Indonesian language should be developed based on the principles of critical discourse analysis. Consequently, learners of Indonesian should develop critical language awareness and language sensitivity from the perspective of emancipation.
An Evaluation Of English Coursebooks For Young Learners, Veronica Listiani Diptoadi, Ruruh Mindari
An Evaluation Of English Coursebooks For Young Learners, Veronica Listiani Diptoadi, Ruruh Mindari
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
This study evaluates two English coursebooks used at Wima Kids English Course, Hip Hip Hooray and Backpack, to determine whether they fulfill the objectives of teaching English at Wima Kids and whether they are designed in accordance with the principles of Teaching English to Young Learners (TEYL). It also examines the aspects in which Hip Hip Hooray can be complemented by the materials in Backpack. The instruments used in this study were the researchers themselves, equipped with Bilash’s (2009) Evaluation Checklist, and in-depth interviews with teachers who had used both coursebook series in their classes. Using the checklist, it was …
Upgrading Strategies In Disagreement Among Indonesian Efl Learners, Nurul Choyimah
Upgrading Strategies In Disagreement Among Indonesian Efl Learners, Nurul Choyimah
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
This study was aimed at finding out the patterns of relationship between English language proficiency levels and upgrading strategies in disagreement by using conversation analysis. Students taking the Seminar on Linguistics course in the School of Cultural Studies at Brawijaya University were selected as the subjects of this study. They were classified into pre-intermediate, intermediate, pre-advanced, and advanced proficiency levels. The results of the analysis show that the students performed both direct and indirect disagreement, each of which resulted in different upgrading strategies. Pre-intermediate, intermediate, and pre-advanced students predominantly used the double-negation strategy. Students at the advanced level never performed …
Kesepadanan Andung-Andung Batak Toba, Roswita Silalahi, Parlindungan Purba
Kesepadanan Andung-Andung Batak Toba, Roswita Silalahi, Parlindungan Purba
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
Andung-Andung (AA) ‘lamentation’ refers to expressions of sadness caused by the death of a loved one in the Toba Batak community. Lamentation consists of poetic expressions and is predominantly recited by grieving wives to express their deepest anguish, making it difficult to translate because of its unique linguistic and cultural features. This study was conducted to document and translate AA into Indonesian using a descriptive-qualitative method. The data were collected through observation, recording, interviews, content analysis, and focus group discussions (FGDs). The data were analyzed using an interactive analysis technique involving linguistic anthropology to interpret meaning, combined with content analysis …
Membangun Hubungan Interpersonal Positif Melalui Kesepadanan Kalimat Tanya Dan Unsur Nonverbal Di Kelas I Sekolah Dasar, Taufina Taufina
Membangun Hubungan Interpersonal Positif Melalui Kesepadanan Kalimat Tanya Dan Unsur Nonverbal Di Kelas I Sekolah Dasar, Taufina Taufina
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
Interrogative sentences are one form of verbal communication commonly used in classroom interaction. This type of sentence should be synchronized with its nonverbal elements. It is believed that verbal communication accompanied by appropriate nonverbal elements provides the basis for developing positive thinking patterns and students’ behavior, especially among first-grade primary school students. Therefore, teachers’ ability to synchronize interrogative sentences with their nonverbal elements is essential. Such a skill helps teachers enhance students’ self-confidence and enthusiasm for learning. Furthermore, it can establish positive interpersonal relationships between teachers and students. Hence, teachers, as one of the key factors determining the success of …
Efl Students’ Preferences For Corrective Feedback In Speaking Instruction Across Speaking Course Levels, Nurul Atma, Utami Widiati
Efl Students’ Preferences For Corrective Feedback In Speaking Instruction Across Speaking Course Levels, Nurul Atma, Utami Widiati
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
This cross-sectional survey study investigates the preferences of freshmen and sophomores for corrective feedback in speaking instruction, including their perceptions of corrective feedback, the types of errors to be corrected, the timing of correction, the sources of correction, and the types of corrective feedback. Using questionnaires and interviews to collect the data, the study found that both groups welcomed corrective feedback, acknowledged its benefits, but felt embarrassed when corrected orally. Both freshmen and sophomores wanted all of their errors to be corrected. Whereas the freshmen preferred grammatical errors to be corrected consistently, the sophomores preferred phonological errors to be prioritized. …
Oposisi Makna Dalam Bahasa Lio, Ni Made Suryati
Oposisi Makna Dalam Bahasa Lio, Ni Made Suryati
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
This study aims to describe and explain: (1) the types of antonyms in the Lio language; (2) the categories of Lio antonyms; and (3) the linguistic units that may express oppositional meanings in Lio. The study is based on semantic theory, particularly the theory of antonymic word-meaning relations. The data were collected through direct observation and interviews, supported by note-taking and audio recording techniques. The results show that: (1) there are five types of antonymic relations in Lio, namely (a) absolute opposition, (b) polar opposition, (c) relational opposition, (d) hierarchical opposition, and (e) compound opposition; (2) the lexical categories that …
Writing Learning Model Based On Écriture Automatique Method In Course Aufsatz I, M. Kharis
Writing Learning Model Based On Écriture Automatique Method In Course Aufsatz I, M. Kharis
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
This study aims to describe the process and results of implementing the Écriture Automatique writing method in the Aufsatz I course. Specifically, it presents the findings based on data collected through questionnaires. The study indicates that the Écriture Automatique method encourages students to write, stimulates their creativity, and helps them elaborate their ideas. Based on the students’ writing activities across two class meetings, the average scores ranged from 80.1 to 84.1 out of a maximum score of 100, both of which fall into the good category.
Sunan Kalijaga Dalam Novel Babad Walisongo, Wali Sanga, Dan Kisah Dakwah Wali Songo, Erlis Nur Mujiningsih, Erli Yetti
Sunan Kalijaga Dalam Novel Babad Walisongo, Wali Sanga, Dan Kisah Dakwah Wali Songo, Erlis Nur Mujiningsih, Erli Yetti
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
This research aims to demonstrate that the novels Wali Sanga by Shashangka, Babad Walisongo by Yudhi AW, and Kisah Dakwah Wali Songo by Kusuma represent the crystallization of discourse interaction surrounding the Walisongo. The scope of this study is to examine how these three novels construct and represent discourse interactions across various narrative perspectives on the Walisongo. This study employs a qualitative research method. The data sources are the novels Babad Walisongo by Yudhi AW, Wali Sanga by Shashangka, and Kisah Dakwah Wali Songo by Kusuma. The data consist of words, sentences, and discourses found in the three novels. The …
Sikap Generasi Muda Terhadap Bahasa Bali Di Destinasi Wisata Internasional Bali, Ni Luh Nyoman Seri Malini, Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya, Ni Luh Putu Laksminy, I Ketut Ngurah Sulibra
Sikap Generasi Muda Terhadap Bahasa Bali Di Destinasi Wisata Internasional Bali, Ni Luh Nyoman Seri Malini, Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya, Ni Luh Putu Laksminy, I Ketut Ngurah Sulibra
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
This writing aims at investigating the language attitudes of the Balinese young generation toward Balinese, their mother tongue, in tourist destinations. A qualitative approach is applied in this research. The data are in the form of spoken data, written data, and the researcher’s language intuition. Through participative observation, the data are collected from the young generation in tourist destinations such as Kuta, Sanur, and Ubud by using questionnaires and observation sheets. The respondents were given 10 question items related to cognitive, affective, and behavioral (conative) aspects. The collected data were then analyzed using language attitude theory. The study reveals that …
Student-Centred Learning (Scl) Approach In Efl Classes, Karmila Mokoginta
Student-Centred Learning (Scl) Approach In Efl Classes, Karmila Mokoginta
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
This article discusses the Student-Centred Learning (SCL) approach. It is argued that while the application of SCL is related to classroom learning activities, it is also strongly connected to efforts to motivate learners, involve them in creating learning goals, and encourage them to find relationships between their learning and life experiences. Furthermore, the article explains that the application of SCL is partly related to cultural issues, viewed from both teacher and learner perspectives.
Integrating Media-And-Material Development Tasks Into Anextensive Reading Class, Siti Muniroh
Integrating Media-And-Material Development Tasks Into Anextensive Reading Class, Siti Muniroh
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
This article describes the integration of media-and-material development tasks in an Extensive Reading: Folk & Fairy Tales course. Fifty-eight students were instructed to write reflections on their experiences in performing reading and media-and-material development tasks. The results reveal that the practical application of teaching reading using materials for young learners was the most important aspect learned from the class. Moreover, most students reported that their creativity in media and material development, storytelling skills, and summarizing skills were enhanced through the tasks. The reading and media-and-material development tasks worked well for most students; nevertheless, some students viewed the caterpillar-making task as …
Kajian Stilistika Teks Bahasa Pedalangan Wayang Purwa Gaya Surakarta, D. Edi Subroto
Kajian Stilistika Teks Bahasa Pedalangan Wayang Purwa Gaya Surakarta, D. Edi Subroto
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
The purpose of this study is to identify and describe the linguistic elements used by writers to obtain specific effects (expressive function) in their creative process. The study applied a descriptive qualitative research model. The results of the study show that in the use of comprehensive and significant linguistic elements, janturan (pathet 6, pathet 9, pathet manyura) appears, especially janturan pathet 6. It is considered comprehensive because all linguistic elements are used together and support the expressive function. In the use of janturan pathet 6, writers illustrate kebinatharaan (the honor of the god Bathara) and the glory of a king, …
Tindak Direktif Bahasa Indonesia Dalam Wacana Kelas Sekolah Dasar, Alif Mudiono
Tindak Direktif Bahasa Indonesia Dalam Wacana Kelas Sekolah Dasar, Alif Mudiono
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
This study focuses on (1) directive speech acts in Indonesian elementary school classroom discourse and (2) the impact of their use in classroom interaction. The research employed an ethnographic method combined with a pragmatic approach. The results of the data analysis indicate that directive speech acts in elementary school classrooms include ordering, requesting, encouraging, questioning, and directing. Furthermore, the impacts of these directive acts are reflected in students’ responses, such as silence, performing tasks according to the given instructions, and displaying attitudes of willingness and responsiveness toward the learning process.
Using Concept Mapping To Improve The Reading Ability, Candra Jaya, Mohammad Adnan Latief
Using Concept Mapping To Improve The Reading Ability, Candra Jaya, Mohammad Adnan Latief
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
The objective of this study is to develop a concept mapping strategy to improve the reading ability of second-semester students at the College of Islamic Studies Ma’arif (STAI) Metro–Lampung. A classroom action research design was conducted in two cycles, each comprising planning, implementing, observing, and reflecting. Observation sheets, field notes, interviews, and tests were used during each cycle. The findings reveal that the concept mapping strategy, which involves using a concept mapping format completed based on comprehension of reading texts, successfully improved the reading ability of second-semester students in the English Department at STAI Ma’arif Metro Lampung. This success is …
Interferensi Bahasa Indonesia Ke Dalam Bahasa Inggris Pada Abstrak Jurnal Ilmiah, Any Budiarti
Interferensi Bahasa Indonesia Ke Dalam Bahasa Inggris Pada Abstrak Jurnal Ilmiah, Any Budiarti
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
This research aims not only to discuss the interference of the Indonesian language into English as reflected in scientific journal abstracts but also to describe the types of such interference. Thirteen scientific journals were examined in this study. The method applied was descriptive, employing distributional and similarity analyses. The data were collected from scientific journal abstracts published between 2003 and 2008. The results indicate three types of interference: morphological, syntactic, and semantic. Morphological interference occurs in verb forms for the third person singular, plural forms, and possessives. Syntactic interference includes ill-formed phrases, passive voice constructions, parallelism errors, and the omission …
Leksikon Dan Nilai Kultur Suwawa Gorontalo Dalam Ritual Momeqati, Kartin Lihawa
Leksikon Dan Nilai Kultur Suwawa Gorontalo Dalam Ritual Momeqati, Kartin Lihawa
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
This research aims to examine the use of the Suwawa lexicon, particularly related to traditional objects in the momeqati ritual and its associated socio-cultural values. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method using observation, interviews, and note-taking techniques to collect the data. The results show that the lexicon related to traditional elements of the momeqati ceremony is dominated by aesthetic values, including beauty, fragrance, harmony, health, perfection, softness, coolness, happiness, welfare, cleanliness, purity, glory, and enjoyment. Based on the Suwawa–Gorontalo community’s conceptual framework, the momeqati ritual ceremony is associated with girls’ jobs, which are intended to educate young women on …
Autonomous Learning In Reading Class: Building The Students’ Independence Character, Ida Fitri Rahmawati, Anik Nunuk Wulyani
Autonomous Learning In Reading Class: Building The Students’ Independence Character, Ida Fitri Rahmawati, Anik Nunuk Wulyani
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
This article reports efforts to improve students’ reading ability in understanding narrative texts through the implementation of an autonomous learning strategy at SMPN 1 Singosari. The autonomous learning strategy was adopted in response to the current need for a learning process that supports the development of Indonesian students’ character. The study involved eighth-grade students of SMPN 1 Singosari during the 2010/2011 academic year. The findings indicate that the implementation of the autonomous learning strategy in reading activities effectively enhanced students’ comprehension of narrative texts. In addition, the strategy encouraged students to participate actively in reading activities and fostered independent learning …
Researching Indonesian Students’ Attitude Towards Foreign Language, Ardi Marwan
Researching Indonesian Students’ Attitude Towards Foreign Language, Ardi Marwan
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
Foreign language attitude plays a significant role in enhancing one’s motivation to learn a particular foreign language. This study aims to obtain an understanding of Indonesian students’ attitudes toward the Japanese language. The data were collected from 160 students learning Japanese. The Foreign Language Attitude Questionnaire (FLAQ), originally developed by Pierson et al. (1980), was used in this study. In addition, attitude factors identified by Pennington and Yu (1994) based on the results of FLAQ factor analysis were incorporated into the current research. The findings indicate that the majority of students showed positive attitudes toward the Japanese language, with no …
Tuturan Tindakan Komunikatif Subjek Diri Dalam Wacana Narasi, Heri Suwignyo
Tuturan Tindakan Komunikatif Subjek Diri Dalam Wacana Narasi, Heri Suwignyo
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
Placing self-autonomy of human beings as purely rational subjects represents one extreme, while positioning rational human subjects as entirely dependent on psychological and socio-economic relations represents the other extreme. This study aims to explain how the main character, Minke, in narrative discourse addresses these two extremes. The data in this research were in the form of textual units analyzed using Bühler’s semiotic model. The results of the study show that there are three ways used by subjects to express themselves: (1) the symptomic way, expressed through validity claims of honesty; (2) the signalic way, shown through regulative speech using normative …
Efektivitas Metode Kolaboratif Dalam Pembelajaran Menulis, Sri Hapsari Wijayanti
Efektivitas Metode Kolaboratif Dalam Pembelajaran Menulis, Sri Hapsari Wijayanti
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
This study aims to describe how the subjects performed the editing steps and to examine whether the collaborative writing method, as part of the academic writing process—specifically the editing stage—can be used by lecturers to teach Bahasa Indonesia at the university level. Unlike previous studies, this research focuses on differences between men’s and women’s preferences in using collaborative writing. Based on data from sixty participants from the Faculty of Economics at Atma Jaya Catholic University Jakarta, this study employed a quasi-experimental design. Data were collected through essay writing tests, questionnaires, and in-depth interviews. The findings show that collaborative writing is …
Kompetensi Tindak Direktif Anak Usia Prasekolah, Eti Stiawati
Kompetensi Tindak Direktif Anak Usia Prasekolah, Eti Stiawati
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
This study aims to assess the competence of preschool children in producing directive acts. The data were collected in the form of utterances containing forms, functions, and strategies of directive acts. The subjects of this study were children aged 3;0–5;0 years from educated families. The theoretical frameworks employed were pragmatic theory and the Ethnography of Communication. The data were analyzed using an interactive model. The results show that preschool children already demonstrate: (1) fourteen competencies of directive acts, (2) six competencies of directive act functions, and (3) strategic competence in performing directive acts both directly and indirectly.
Strategi Komunikasi Mahasiswa Bahasa Jerman Fakultas Sastra Um Pada Matakuliah Konversation, Sri Prameswari Indriwardhani
Strategi Komunikasi Mahasiswa Bahasa Jerman Fakultas Sastra Um Pada Matakuliah Konversation, Sri Prameswari Indriwardhani
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
Communication strategies are systematic techniques used by foreign language learners to express their ideas when they encounter difficulties in communication due to incomplete mastery of B2-level proficiency. The Konversation course is a subject in which students are required to speak freely on particular topics. Moreover, learners are equipped with basic linguistic rules, which leads them to seek ways to make their messages acceptable. The communication strategies most widely used by JSJ UM students are transfer strategies, as they not only translate concepts literally but also use terms and vocabulary from their mother tongue and English when producing German utterances. The …
Strategi Kesopanan Berbahasa Masyarakat Bugis Pinrang Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan, Syarifuddin Achmad
Strategi Kesopanan Berbahasa Masyarakat Bugis Pinrang Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan, Syarifuddin Achmad
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
The aims of this research is to explore and to represent the form and the characteristics of linguistic politeness, linguistic strategy, the realization and the implication of siri’ cultural value in Buginese Pinrang society. This research applied etnomethodology viewed from pragmatics, semiotics, and face wants concept from Brown and Levinson (1987). The results of this research show the characteristics and the forms of linguistic politeness through some morphemes marked such as prefixes t and ta, suffix pronouns ta, ki, ni and some vocabularies such as honorific vocabularies such as puang, andi, daeng, and some lexemes iye, tabe, taddampengenga, some pragmatic …
Bahasa Melayu Di Kerajaan Buton (Studi Berdasarkan Naskah Kuno Koleksi Abdul Mulku Zahari Di Buton), La Niampe
Bahasa Melayu Di Kerajaan Buton (Studi Berdasarkan Naskah Kuno Koleksi Abdul Mulku Zahari Di Buton), La Niampe
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
Buton is one of the Malay Kingdoms located in Southeast Sulawesi. As time went by, more and more people from the Malay world came to Buton. This was due to the strategic position of Buton as a trade route in Eastern Nusantara. In addition, this movement was encouraged by the intention to spread Islam. As part of the Malay Kingdoms, the use of the Malay language was indispensable. The script collection of ancient texts of the Buton Kingdom (Abdul Mulku Zahari’s collection) indicates that the Malay language was taken as one of the official languages used in the kingdom, alongside …
Pola Interaksi Dalam Alquran Yang Tercermin Pada Ayat-Ayat Berbentuk Pertanyaan, Moh. Ainin, Imam Asrori
Pola Interaksi Dalam Alquran Yang Tercermin Pada Ayat-Ayat Berbentuk Pertanyaan, Moh. Ainin, Imam Asrori
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
The Qur’an is a medium of interaction between God and His creatures. This research aims to describe the patterns of interaction in the Qur’an. It employs a qualitative design and content analysis. The results show that the themes of interaction are varied, and the participants of interaction include God and His creatures. The responses in the interaction are categorized into responses based on their origin and those based on the relationship between questions and responses. The motives of interaction vary depending on the context. The background of interaction is divided into physical and non-physical contexts. In addition, the patterns of …
Learning English Through Poetry For Efl Students, I G A Lokita Purnamika Utami
Learning English Through Poetry For Efl Students, I G A Lokita Purnamika Utami
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
Poetry can help students become more sensitive to language. However, in an EFL situation, students may object to learning poetry. Thus, English teachers should know how to use poetry in their teaching. Teachers should also ensure that EFL learners do not feel worried about understanding poetry, as not all poems are difficult. Moreover, what matters most is learning English through poems rather than learning about the poems themselves. In short, it is suggested that EFL teachers encourage learners to explore poems and write their own. Poetry provides abundant language exposure that improves students’ language sensitivity and creativity in using English.
Peranti Kohesi Dalam Wacana Tulis Siswa: Perkembangan Dan Kesalahannya, Syamsul Ghufron
Peranti Kohesi Dalam Wacana Tulis Siswa: Perkembangan Dan Kesalahannya, Syamsul Ghufron
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
The aim of the study was to describe the cohesive devices found in students’ written discourse, along with their development and usage errors. The data were gathered from students’ writing products of 3rd, 4th, and 5th graders at SDN Baratajaya, Surabaya, using observation and tests as research instruments. The results show that all elementary students’ written discourses (Grades 3, 4, and 5) apply cohesive devices. The cohesive devices most widely used in their written discourse are conjunctions, lexical synonymy, and grammatical ellipsis. The findings illustrate not only the development of cohesive device usage, as reflected in the percentages of conjunctions, …
Peningkatan Kemampuan Berbicara Bahasa Prancis Dengan Menggunakan Jeux, Evi Eviyanti
Peningkatan Kemampuan Berbicara Bahasa Prancis Dengan Menggunakan Jeux, Evi Eviyanti
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
The objective of this action research is to find out how to increase students’ speaking proficiency in French by using games. Games represent one of the teaching techniques that can be used in teaching Expression Orale II. This research was conducted at the French Language Study Program, Faculty of Language and Arts, State University of Medan. The participants of this research were students of the 2007/2008 academic year enrolled in Expression Orale II. The research method used was action research conducted in two cycles. The procedures of this action research were planning, acting, observing, reflecting, and replanning. The results indicate …
Metaphors: Universal, Specific, And Public, Deli Nirmala
Metaphors: Universal, Specific, And Public, Deli Nirmala
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
Metaphors in written discourse, such as letters using bahasa Indonesia, can be derived from the metaphorical expressions used by writers to editors, showing conceptualization based on what they experience, feel, and think in their lives. This paper aims to find out the universality of the concepts shown by the metaphors and the users employing them. Using nonparticipant observation with a note-taking technique, the data are collected and selected purposively. Through distributional, referential, reflective introspective, and abductive inferential methods, the data are analyzed. The results indicate that metaphors can be grouped into universal, specific, and public types based on the universality …