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Articles 1021 - 1050 of 12313

Full-Text Articles in Geography

United States Mid Tropospheric Flow Patterns: A Monthly Climatology Based On Transect Difference Analysis, Brent R. Skeeter Mar 2025

United States Mid Tropospheric Flow Patterns: A Monthly Climatology Based On Transect Difference Analysis, Brent R. Skeeter

The Geographical Bulletin

A simple technique exists for documenting the strength and orientation of mean monthly mid-tropospheric flow. The technique involves finding the differences in the 500-mb heights between stations along selected north-south and east-west transects. Each difference is a measure of the pressure gradient along the transect. Differences along northsouth transects give a measure of the strength of the west to east flow between the two sites. Differences between the east and west sites give an indication of the strength of the meridional (i.e., northerly or southerly) flow component between these particular sites. By using multiple transects, the monthly flow characteristics across …


Climatic Implications Of A Tree-Ring Record Of Ground Heave, Ram River Area, N.W.T. Canada, David R. Butler Mar 2025

Climatic Implications Of A Tree-Ring Record Of Ground Heave, Ram River Area, N.W.T. Canada, David R. Butler

The Geographical Bulletin

Soil movements by ground heave and subsidence have affected areas of the North American Arctic for thousands of years (1). Zoltai (2) reconstructed the history of ground heave on hummocky permafrost terrain for the period 18101972 A.D. in the Inuvik and Norman Wells (Northwest Territories) areas, using compression-wood growth patterns in annual rings of conifers affected by heaving. His data revealed above-average levels of activity for the period 1847 to 1943, and low levels of activity since the mid-1940s. He suggested that the high levels of activity were related to higher than normal fall temperatures and precipitation; i.e., activity related …


Editor's Comments, C. Nicholas Raphael Mar 2025

Editor's Comments, C. Nicholas Raphael

The Geographical Bulletin

I wish to extend my thanks to the officers of The Geographical Bulletin for selecting me as its new editor. Professor James W. Gallagher was one of my former geography teachers and the first editor of The Bulletin. Professor Robert "Rocky" Ward, your retiring editor and I have been colleagues at Eastern Michigan University since 1969. Rocky has held the editorship since 1979. Under his guidance The Bulletin was expanded to two issues per year.


Cover And Forewords, Robert M. Ward Mar 2025

Cover And Forewords, Robert M. Ward

The Geographical Bulletin

Cover and Forewords


News From The Chapters Of Gamma Theta Upsilon, Robert M. Ward Mar 2025

News From The Chapters Of Gamma Theta Upsilon, Robert M. Ward

The Geographical Bulletin

News from the Chapters of Gamma Theta Upsilon


Volume 29-1 Complete Issue, Robert M. Ward Mar 2025

Volume 29-1 Complete Issue, Robert M. Ward

The Geographical Bulletin

Volume 29-1 Complete Issue


Signature Of A Precipitation Event: A Comparison Of Three Spatial Perspectives, Stephen J. Walsh, Mark S. Gregory Oklahoma State University Mar 2025

Signature Of A Precipitation Event: A Comparison Of Three Spatial Perspectives, Stephen J. Walsh, Mark S. Gregory Oklahoma State University

The Geographical Bulletin

On April 03, 1981, a precipitation event in the form of a series of thunderstorm cells affected the central portion of Oklahoma. The event was recorded by the WSR-57 radar positioned at the National Severe Storms Laboratory in Norman, Oklahoma. In addition, the rainfall from the series of thunderstorms was recorded at rainfall gauges located at the Oklahoma Cooperative Weather Stations distributed throughout the state. The ground pattern of the corresponding rainfall event also was detected by the NOAA-6 (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) satellite over-pass on April 04, 1986, one day after the precipitation event. This paper presents three …


Impact Of Suburban Sprawl On Agricultural Property Tax: A Case Study In Michigan, Joseph Stevens Mar 2025

Impact Of Suburban Sprawl On Agricultural Property Tax: A Case Study In Michigan, Joseph Stevens

The Geographical Bulletin

Americans have been subjected to changing political and economic policies during the early 1980's. President Reagan is promoting less government support for most domestic programs. This is causing many special interest groups to complain about insensitive austerity as the government attempts to wean the people from federal dollars. Farmers are one of the long lines of groups who are trying to draw attention to their economic hardships. Among topics most often overheard when farmers speak are money at high interest rates, declining equity, low market prices, rising equipment costs, and loss of agricultural exports. Frustration mounts since farmers have little …


Electric Power Generation From The Direct Combustion Of Feedlot Waste, Byron Augustin, Mark Bockenhauer Mar 2025

Electric Power Generation From The Direct Combustion Of Feedlot Waste, Byron Augustin, Mark Bockenhauer

The Geographical Bulletin

Energy consumption in this nation over the past 100 years has been closely tied to non-renewable fuel sources. However, in the past 10 to 15 years, a number of energy planners have suggested that our future energy needs should be met by increasing our dependence on renewable energy sources. One such renewable energy source is livestock waste. Most of the research involving the utilization of livestock waste has been concentrated in the field of anaerobic digestion to produce methane gas (1). However, the purpose of this paper is to examine a new commercial use of animal waste with a process …


A Geography Of Major Interscholastic Women's Sports In The United States, Carl F. Ojala Mar 2025

A Geography Of Major Interscholastic Women's Sports In The United States, Carl F. Ojala

The Geographical Bulletin

Women's interscholastic athletics have long been a component of the popular culture of the United States. However, programs for girls evolved more slowly than those for boys throughout the years. In fact, impressions exist of women's sports being suppressed in this country for some time. Such sentiment, however, need not be held for the period of the last decade or so. It is doubtful, indeed, that sports for women have ever been more generally dynamic than in the past ten years. During this period, both regional distribution and number of participants in several women's high school sports have adjusted to …


From Jitney To Giant: The Spatial Development Of Greyhound Bus Lines, Malcolm Fairweather, Thomas Rumney Mar 2025

From Jitney To Giant: The Spatial Development Of Greyhound Bus Lines, Malcolm Fairweather, Thomas Rumney

The Geographical Bulletin

The early growth of the intercity bus industry is difficult to document because of the limited availability of relevant state or federal statistics prior to 1925. In fact, it was only in 1922 that vehicle manufacturers began to design chassis and bodies specifically for buses. Most of the early buses, or "jitneys" (1) as they were called, were merely converted automobiles. As a result, the bus industry was developed by numerous one-vehicle taxi operators, scattered across the country, who decided to extend their intraurban services to link nearby communities (2). The first automobile-bus with regular routes and schedules (a common …


Volume 30-1 Complete Issue, C. Nicholas Raphael Mar 2025

Volume 30-1 Complete Issue, C. Nicholas Raphael

The Geographical Bulletin

Volume 30-1 Complete Issue


Cover And Forewords, C. Nicholas Raphael Mar 2025

Cover And Forewords, C. Nicholas Raphael

The Geographical Bulletin

Cover and Forewords


Collection And Measurement Of Airborne Particulates In Brighton, Michigan: An Experiment In Physical Geography, Eric J. Ojala, Carl F. Ojala Mar 2025

Collection And Measurement Of Airborne Particulates In Brighton, Michigan: An Experiment In Physical Geography, Eric J. Ojala, Carl F. Ojala

The Geographical Bulletin

The purpose of this project was to devise a simple, inexpensive method for collecting and measuring particulates in the atmosphere. After this was accomplished, the numbers were plotted on graphs opposite selected atmospheric conditions such as wind direction and velocity, precipitation, pressure, and so on. The investigation was conducted in Brighton, Michigan, a small town about 50 miles northwest of Detroit; little industrial pollution occurs there. The apparatus and technique developed in this study could be utilized quite easily in any area. Hopefully, this project will stimulate the curiosity of others and encourage futher analysis of atmospheric phenomena.


Land Tenure And Range Management Practices In The Northern Kansas Flint Hills, Stanley Wilds, M. Duane Nellis Mar 2025

Land Tenure And Range Management Practices In The Northern Kansas Flint Hills, Stanley Wilds, M. Duane Nellis

The Geographical Bulletin

The only extensive tallgrass prairie remaining in North America is in the Kansas Flint Hills. The Flint Hills contain such high levels of local relief and rocky soils that is has been more suitable for grazing than cultivation. This research provides an understanding of the relationship between type of land tenure and land use decisions in the northern Flint Hills. The influence of land tenure on the management strategies of burning, stocking rates and grazing system relates most significantly to land ownership parcel size. Small land holders were less likely to use fire or change stocking rates and grazing system …


Water Resources For At Taif, Saudi Arabia; A Study Of Alternative Sources For An Expanding Urban Area, Hussain T. Sha Mar 2025

Water Resources For At Taif, Saudi Arabia; A Study Of Alternative Sources For An Expanding Urban Area, Hussain T. Sha

The Geographical Bulletin

Historically At Taif. Saudi Arabia was a small community depended upon local unconfined groundwater for its water supply. With increased urbanization the town was transformed into a major metropolitan area requiring additional water resources. To meet the increased demand, water projects were recently completed which transport water from wadi alluvia some 130 kilometers from At Taif. Realizing the inadequacy of these sources and the unfavorable geological conditions of the western province of the kingdom, the Saudi Arabians have elected to invest in desalination plants on the Red Sea coast and manage water resources on a national scale. In comparison groundwater …


Soil Profiles As Instructional Aids In The Introduction Of Climatic Geomorphology, Donald L. Plondke Mar 2025

Soil Profiles As Instructional Aids In The Introduction Of Climatic Geomorphology, Donald L. Plondke

The Geographical Bulletin

The teaching of geomorphic processes in American education has historically neglected the interrelationships of climate and landforms. Particularly at the introductory level of physical geography courses, there is a need to accentuate that current landscape features and residual or buried morphologies, including the soil mantle, contain evidence of climatic change. Climatic processes, surface biota, underlying geology, and the locally-dominant set of geomorphic processes coalesce in the surface layer, known as the solum, to reveal the recent geomorphic history. Soil profiles are useful illustrative devices in introducing the concept of morphogenetic regions and in comparing between regions the dynamic interplay of …


The Annual Gtu Scholarship Awards, Ralph C. Scott Mar 2025

The Annual Gtu Scholarship Awards, Ralph C. Scott

The Geographical Bulletin

Each year, the GTU Executive Committee awards two $500 academic scholarships to outstanding GTU members. One award is made to a college senior to apply toward graduate school expenses, and the other is made to a continuing graduate student. Applications for these scholarships are solicited in the spring and early summer, with a filing deadline of August 1. Scholarship winners are jointly selected by the President, First Vice President, and Second Vice President of the Executive Committee, and are announced at the annual meeting of the National Council for Geographic Education, usually held in October. All applicants are also notified …


Editor's Comments, C. Nicholas Raphael Mar 2025

Editor's Comments, C. Nicholas Raphael

The Geographical Bulletin

(The following comments by Lee Schwarz appeared in The Washington Post on Dec. 29,1987. Lee Schwarz is an assistant professor at the School of International Service, The American University, Washington, D.C.). The U.S. is Losing Ground on Geographic Awareness WASHINGTON-One of the less-publicized acts of the recently departed Congress was to pass a bill sponsored by Sen. Bill Bradley, D-N.J., proclaiming a "National Geography Awareness Week." It was a symbolic action, to be sure, but one that should not be trivialized in view of the alrarming degree of geographical illiteracy in the United States today. A few examples will suffice. …


An Examination Of Energy Consumption In The Residential Sector Of The Contiguous United States, Peter T. Soule Mar 2025

An Examination Of Energy Consumption In The Residential Sector Of The Contiguous United States, Peter T. Soule

The Geographical Bulletin

In the past decade the field of energy research has been continuously stimulated by the variable nature of supply and demand for fuel and electricity. Much of the work contributed by geographers deals with the development of models which can predict or explain energy consumption at a variety of scales. This study investigates the relationship between economic, social, and climatological variables on the consumption of energy per household within the contiguous United States. A path analysis model is presented which explains 63 percent of the variance in residential energy consumption among states. Price of home heating fuel is shown to …


Transfer Learning In Junction With A Light Use Efficiency Model For Estimating Grassland Gross Primary Production, Ruiyang Yu, Yunjun Yao, Qingxin Tang, Xueyi Zhang, Changliang Shao, Joshua B. Fisher, Jiquan Chen, Xiaotong Zhang, Yufu Li, Jia Xu, Lu Liu, Zijing Xie, Jing Ning, Jiahui Fan, Luna Zhang Mar 2025

Transfer Learning In Junction With A Light Use Efficiency Model For Estimating Grassland Gross Primary Production, Ruiyang Yu, Yunjun Yao, Qingxin Tang, Xueyi Zhang, Changliang Shao, Joshua B. Fisher, Jiquan Chen, Xiaotong Zhang, Yufu Li, Jia Xu, Lu Liu, Zijing Xie, Jing Ning, Jiahui Fan, Luna Zhang

Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research

It is significant to simulate grassland gross primary production (GPP) to understand the terrestrial carbon budget over Inner Mongolia (IMG), China. Nevertheless, there is not sufficient in situ GPP data over this region. In this study, we proposed a novel model-based transfer learning (MTL) approach with generative adversarial networks-long short-term memory (GAN-LSTM) and light use efficiency (LUE) models to derive grassland GPP over IMG, China. We first used 25 grassland eddy covariance sites over the conterminous United States to establish the GAN-LSTM model and then fine-tuned it with six sites over IMG to estimate water constraints that were embedded into …


No. 36: ‘Going To The Supermarket Was Hard’: Pandemic Foodscapes And Unsettled Food Practices Of Refugees In The Waterloo Region, Sujata Ramachandran, Elizabeth Onyango, Zhenzhong Si, Zack Ahmed, Mercedes Eguiguren, Jonathan Crush, Neil Arya Mar 2025

No. 36: ‘Going To The Supermarket Was Hard’: Pandemic Foodscapes And Unsettled Food Practices Of Refugees In The Waterloo Region, Sujata Ramachandran, Elizabeth Onyango, Zhenzhong Si, Zack Ahmed, Mercedes Eguiguren, Jonathan Crush, Neil Arya

Migration and Food Security (MiFOOD) Network

In this paper, we examine how the ‘new normal’ of pandemic-living transformed the local food environment in Ontario as pandemic foodscapes. Using selected findings from mixed methods research with a small sample of recently resettled refugees in the Waterloo region, we evaluated how these changes affected their grocery shopping and food-sourcing habits. We identify the distinctive ways the pandemic-related restrictions altered our participants’ interactions with their local food environment and influenced their food availability and accessibility. Our study found that participants spent more time acquiring food from a reduced number of food sources and experienced an overall weakening of their …


No. 35: Venezuelan Migration And Covid-19 Response Measures In Urban Areas Of Ecuador, Cheryl Martens, Taymi Milán Mar 2025

No. 35: Venezuelan Migration And Covid-19 Response Measures In Urban Areas Of Ecuador, Cheryl Martens, Taymi Milán

Migration and Food Security (MiFOOD) Network

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted Venezuelan migrants in Ecuador, exacerbating their vulnerabilities due to restrictive containment measures, socioeconomic instability, and barriers to healthcare and basic services. This paper examines the intersection of pandemic-related restrictions, migrant precarity, and state responses, highlighting the disproportionate effects on urban Venezuelan migrants. Key challenges included irregular migration pathways, increased food and housing insecurity, exclusion from early vaccination programs, and heightened exposure to gender-based violence. Despite Ecuador’s early adoption of an inclusive vaccination strategy, systemic inequalities persisted, limiting migrants’ social and economic integration. The findings contribute to broader discussions on migration governance, humanitarian responses, and the …


Cover And Forewords, C. Nicholas Raphael Mar 2025

Cover And Forewords, C. Nicholas Raphael

The Geographical Bulletin

Cover and Forewords


Volume 30-2 Complete Issue, C. Nicholas Raphael Mar 2025

Volume 30-2 Complete Issue, C. Nicholas Raphael

The Geographical Bulletin

Volume 30-2 Complete Issue


We Called Him "The Chief", Ross Pearson Mar 2025

We Called Him "The Chief", Ross Pearson

The Geographical Bulletin

This article in a brief way captures the personality of Professor Kenneth C. McMurry. Affectionately known as "The Chief" Professor McMurry began his teaching career at the University of Michigan in 1920 in a combined Department of Geography and Geology.


News From The Chapters 1987-88, C. Nicholas Raphael Mar 2025

News From The Chapters 1987-88, C. Nicholas Raphael

The Geographical Bulletin

The Gamma Zeta Chapter of G.T.U. at Eastern Michigan University had a terrific year. The chapter was reactivated with bi-weekly meetings and 15 new initiates. Each meeting was highlighted by a student presentation of some personal experience of field sessions . Gerald Hopper discussed his experiences on an archaeological dig in southwestern Montana in October. Evelyn Gallegos who was with the Peace Corps talked about her experiences in Peru in November. Bob Merte spent a summer on an archaeological dig in Israel. He said it was hot-politically and weather-wise! Following Bob's December talk, Susan Odom presented a program on Mexico.


The Modernization Of Agriculture In The United Arab Emirates, Saif S. Saif Mar 2025

The Modernization Of Agriculture In The United Arab Emirates, Saif S. Saif

The Geographical Bulletin

The United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.). with a population of 1.6 million is located in an arid landscape. That results in a scarcity of arable land and water. To understand the aims of the U.A.E. in adopting modern agricultural methods, current agricultural activity in the U.A.E. is examined. Also a background of traditional agricultural ways and tools are associated in order to comprehend the practices farmers must follow to secure their needs from their agricultural endeavors. This research focuses on the agricultural methods which have been promoted by the government. Modernization of agricultural methods has achieved higher production, and is related …


The Climatically Optimal Major League Baseball Season In North America, Brent R. Skeeter Mar 2025

The Climatically Optimal Major League Baseball Season In North America, Brent R. Skeeter

The Geographical Bulletin

Mean daily temperature data are analyzed for the 15 coolest cities which have major league baseball teams and do not have domed stadiums. The temperature data are used to determine the optimal (warmest) portion of the year for the baseball season to be held. These data, along with several additional climatic variables, indicate that from an entirely climatic viewpoint, the major league baseball season should begin and end somewhat later in the year than is presently the case. Some possible implications of such a shift are discussed.


The Estimation Of Numerosity On Dot Maps, Christine L. Butler Mar 2025

The Estimation Of Numerosity On Dot Maps, Christine L. Butler

The Geographical Bulletin

An important concern for cartographers is in making maps that convey information accurately and efficiently. Because the dot map is a popular method of portraying qualitative data, it is necessary to know how effective the symbolization is in eliciting the desired intellectual responses. This paper investigates whether dot numerosity differences are over or underestimated in a purely map context. An experiment was designed to determine if dot numerosity differences are over or underestimated or if they are perceived accurately. The results of the test indicated that for an area with a given number of dots, comparisons made to areas with …