Environmental Studies Commons^™

Global Farm Animal Production And Global Warming: Impacting And Mitigating Climate Change, Gowri Koneswaran, Danielle Nierenberg

Agribusiness Collection

BACKGROUND: The farm animal sector is the single largest anthropogenic user of land, contributing to many environmental problems, including global warming and climate change.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to synthesize and expand upon existing data on the contribution of farm animal production to climate change.

METHODS: We analyzed the scientific literature on farm animal production and documented greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as well as various mitigation strategies.

DISCUSSIONS: An analysis of meat, egg, and milk production encompasses not only the direct rearing and slaughtering of animals, but also grain and fertilizer production for animal feed, waste storage …

Hazard Adaptations Along The Ohio River: A Case Study Of Bushman's Lake, Clark County, Indiana, Jennifer L. Lathem

All-Inclusive List of Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Hazard researchers define a hazard as a threat to people and their belongings (Cutter 2001). An adaptation, for the purposes of this research, is any alteration, physical or behavioral, made by a person in which the person is better able to survive in their "hazardous" natural environment. The challenge facing individuals and communities is the ability to adapt to these hazards so as to continue with normal everyday life. People living near a waterway are faced with flooding, which becomes a hazard when it alters everyday social structures. The purpose of this study is to identify flood hazard adaptations in …

Human–Wildlife Conflict And Gender In Protected Area Borderlands: A Case Study Of Costs, Perceptions, And Vulnerabilities From Uttarakhand (Uttaranchal), India, Monica V. Ogra

Environmental Studies Faculty Publications

Human–wildlife conflict (HWC) is a growing problem for communities located at the borders of protected areas. Such conflicts commonly take place as crop-raiding events and as attack by wild animals, among other forms. This paper uses a feminist political ecology approach to examine these two problems in an agricultural village located at the border of Rajaji National Park in Uttarakhand (formerly Uttaranchal), India. Specifically, it investigates the following three questions: What are the “visible” and “hidden” costs of such conflict with wildlife? To what extent are these costs differentially borne by men and women? How do villagers perceive any such …

Climate Change And Student Behavior: Recommendations For The University Of Richmond, Claire Calise, Geoff Cox, Jennifer Fitts, Francisco Hazera, Kim Huson, Sam Pugsley, Blake Ramsby, Mariela Rich, Kellen Seligman, Naoum Tavantzis, Christine Wrublesky

Environmental Studies Senior Seminar Projects

We, the Environmental Studies Senior Seminar Class of 2008, choose to recognize climate change as an imminent threat. After rigorous examination of the scientific, social, and political aspects of climate change, we initially wanted to help construct the carbon emissions inventory required in the PCC. However, citing their ability to build the inventory through existing University institutions, our administration steered us towards the Scope 3 emissions inventory, a component which focuses on student behavior. While we found Scope 3 too limiting, we decided our goal as a class was to impact student climate change awareness on campus. Therefore, we separated …

Introduction: Cotton, Globalization, And Poverty In Africa, William G. Moseley, Leslie C. Gray

Environmental Studies and Sciences

This volume employs a modified commodity chain approach, focusing on the social, economic, and environmental dimensions of cotton production in Africa, and the links between this production and the global market. Individual chapters may examine one or multiple levels in the commodity chain and employ different theoretical approaches, from ethnography, to agroecology, to political ecology, to classic economic analysis. We want to acknowledge, however, that while the commodity chain is an important part of cotton dynamics, it is not the only force at work in African cotton. There are new and interesting developments outside the commodity chain that work for …

Cotton Production In Burkina Faso: International Rhetoric Versus Local Realities, Leslie C. Gray

Environmental Studies and Sciences

Voices ranging from the editorial page of the New York Times to organizations such as Oxfam and the presidents of Burkina Faso and Mali have argued that U.S. cotton subsidies depress world cotton prices and hurt African farmers. These policies deny West African countries their comparative advantage in cotton, which they can produce more cheaply and with lower environmental impacts than farmers in the United States. Some have gone as far as phrasing this as a national security issue; editorials in the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal have suggested that removing subsidies would have a strong auxiliary …

Conclusion: Hanging By A Thread: The Future Of Cotton In Africa, Leslie C. Gray, William G. Moseley

Environmental Studies and Sciences

Several broad themes emerge from the chapters in this volume. While declining world prices are a serious issue, the ability of farmers to weather declines in prices is often determined by national and local issues. These include government policy, institutions that provide marketing and supply services, access to resources such as land, labor, and agricultural inputs, and individual decision making. Despite declining world prices, some cotton growing economies have had success with cotton production while others have not fared well. In particular, the failure of cotton institutions in many countries is striking.Whether it comes to managing input distribution, new technologies, …

Timber Industry, Susie Van Kirk

Susie Van Kirk Papers

Extensive newspaper references on logging, mills and the industry in Humboldt County. Overall date range spanning 1898-1988 with bulk dates spanning 1939-1960.

Cultural Resources Survey At Old Velaso Townsite, 41bo125 Brazoria County, Texas, Andrea Stahman

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

At the request of Port Freeport and the United States Army Corps of Engineers, Galveston District, PBS&J has conducted a cultural resources survey of a portion of Old Velasco (41BO125), a historic townsite at the current location Brazoria County, Texas. Initially settled by Stephen F. Austin in the 1820s, Old Velasco became an important coastal port and military outpost during the 1830s and early years of the Republic of Texas, but declined during the mid-nineteenth century and was eventually abandoned by the late 1870s. The purpose of the survey was to identify potential impacts from the proposed widening of the …

The Henry Chapman Site (41sm56), Mark Walters

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In the mid-1950s, Sam Whiteside conducted excavations at the Henry Chapman site, his site P-5 (41SM56), on Prairie Creek in eastern Smith County, Texas, some 18 miles east of Tyler, Texas. Mr. Whiteside was an amateur archaeologist who discovered and explored numerous sites up and down Prairie Creek as well as other important sites in Smith and adjoining counties. The Chapman site was one of the first sites to be investigated by Mr. Whiteside, and the major part of the work took place there in 1957 and 1958.

In August 1957, the site was visited by Edward B. Jelks and …

Caddo Ceramics From The D'Ortolan Site (41na299), Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The D'Ortolan site (41NA299) is a late 1790s to 1830s ranch established by Bernard D'Ortolan on Bayou Loco, a tributary to the Angelina River, in Nacogdoches County, Texas. The ranch was known as Rancho San Bemando del Loco. Tom Middlebrook, Texas Archeological Steward, located and identified the rancho in 2003.

During the course of archaeological investigations conducted at the site over the next few years, a small sample of aboriginal Caddo ceramic sherds were found on the rancho in contexts indicating that Caddo ceramic vessels were in use during the rancho occupation. These vessels had to have been obtained by …

A Study Of Chipped Stone Artifacts From The Redwine Site (41sm193), Smith County, Texas, Harry J. Shafer

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

This article presents a detailed analysis of chipped stone artifacts from the Redwine Site (41SM193), a Middle Caddo mound and village site located on the headwaters of Auburn Creek, a tributary of the Sabine River. The collection includes chipped stone recovered from the surface, test excavations, and arrow points associated with two adult burials. The site was investigated by avocational archeologist Sam Whiteside in the 1960s and more recently by Mark Walters and Patti Haskins under the direction of John Keller of Southern Archaeological Consultants. The investigations and material culture have been briefly described. This study is designed to take …

A Probable Early 19th Century Coushatta Village Site On Big Cypress Bayou In Northeastern Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Bryan E. Boyd

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In February 2002, avocational archaeologists from northeastern Texas and northwestern Louisiana conducted archaeological investigations in an area along Big Cypress Bayou in Marion County, Texas, to search for and identify a pre-1841 Coushatta Indian village depicted on a 1943 General Land Office map. That map showed a "Coushatti" village with at least seven to eight structures (a common way at the time to indicate an Indian village, but not necessarily an accurate characterization of the number of structures once present at the site) near the confluence of Black Cypress Bayou and Big Cypress Bayou. This article describes the results of …

Historic Caddo Archaeology On The Red And Lower Sulphur River Areas Of Northeast Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Post-ca. A.D. 1685 Caddo archaeological sites are somewhat surprisingly uncommon on the Red and lower Sulphur rivers in Northeast Texas compared to other parts of this broad region. For instance, there are more Historic Caddo sites known in Nacogdoches County in the Neches and Angelina river basin in East Texas than there are in all of the Red and lower Sulphur river regions.

The low density of Historic Caddo archaeological sites on the Red and lower Sulphur river areas of Northeast Texas is a product of several factors, the most important likely being the rapid abandonment of much of the …

The Pine Tree Mound Site And The Entrada Of The Hernando De Soto Expedition Of 1542, Ross C. Fields

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The entrada into Texas of the Hernando de Solo expedition in July 1542, which was led by Luis de Moscoso after de Soto's death in June of that year, is relevant to the Pine Tree Mound site (4IHS15) because it appears that the site was occupied at that time, and the entrada likely followed a path that brought it very close to the site. In fact, we hypothesize that the Pine Tree Mound site, along with associated villages nearby, is specifically mentioned in entrada accounts as the province of Nondacao. These may have been the forebears of the Nadaco (Anadarko) …

Archaeological Investigations At The Henry M. Site (41na60): An Early Historic Caddo Farmstead In Nacogdoches County, Texas, Tom Middlebrook, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Henry M. site (41NA60) is an early historic (post-A.D. 1680) Allen phase farmstead on a natural rise in the Bayou Loco floodplain in western Nacogdoches County in East Texas. Bayou Loco, a relatively small stream, flows south a few miles to its confluence with the Angelina River. The dam for Lake Nacogdoches on the bayou is about 1.7 miles to the north. Construction of Lake Nacogdoches inundated a number of contemporaneous Allen phase farmsteads- some of which were the scene of 1970s excavations-including 41NA18. The Henry M. site in the mid-1980s. (41NA21), Iron Rock (41NA22), Loco Bottoms (41NA23), and …

Seed Bead Color Patterns From Colonial Period Sites In Texas And Louisiana, George Avery

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

This article focuses on the seed beads recovered from the Spradley site (41NA206), a possible Nacogdoches village site located south of Nacogdoches, Texas, and compares the seed bead color pattern to that of other colonial period sites in the region, including Deshazo (41NA27), Stephens (41NA202), Pearson (41RA5), Gilbert (41RAI3), Roseborough Lake (41BW5), Vinson (41LTI), Womack (41LRI), 41H064, Atlanta State Park (41CS37), Ware Acres (41GG31), and the shipwreck of La Belle in Texas; and Los Adaes (16NA16) and Colfax Ferry (16NA15) in Louisiana. The possible meaning of different seed bead color patterns is briefly discussed.

Archaeological Investigations At The Edwards Creek Site (41ft549) In The Trinity River Basin, Freestone County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Bo Nelson, Mark Walters, Leeannaa Schniebs

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Edwards Creek site (41Ff549) was found during the course of a 2005 archaeological survey of a proposed small lake project in the adjoining Indian Creek stream valley in southeastern Freestone County, Texas. The site was identified while reconnoitering the general project area, and at that time a darkly stained midden area was noted on the surface here, with animal bones and other artifacts visible across it. With the permission of the landowner, we returned to the Edwards Creek site to investigate the site and its midden deposits.

Analysis Of The Historic Caddo Ceramics From 41na223 In Downtown Nacogdoches, Nacogdoches County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In 1999, the late Dr. James E. Corbin of Stephen F. Austin University in Nacogdoches, Texas, recorded 41NA223 in a proposed parking lot associated with offices for the City of Nacogdoches. The site is located on the southern edge of an upland ridge (290 ft. amsl) between Banita Creek and La Nana Creek, southward-flowing tributaries of the Angelina River, and the area around it has a number of commercial buildings.

During the course of development of the parking lot for the County Courthouse of Nacogdoches, Caddo ceramics, animal bones, and late 18th early 19th century European artifacts were found on …

Trends And Varieties In Late Caddo And Historic Caddo Fine Ware Pottery Types In The Upper Neches River Basin, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

One of the goals of recent archaeological research investigations in the upper Neches River valley in East Texas is to better understand the temporal and stylistic character of the post-A.D. 1400/1450 Frankston and Allen phase Caddo ceramic assemblages found in this area. From this will hopefully arise a better understanding of the settlement history of Caddo peoples living here.

This research has involved a detailed examination of 278 vessels from burials on seven sites in the collections at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory (TARL), 31 vessels from burials at 41AN38, and a review of other vessel data (n=321 vessels) from …

Pottery From 41na202: The Stephens Site In Nacogdoches County, Texas, Robert L. Turner Jr.

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In late 1940 and early 1941, my father and I excavated the Stephens site (41NA202). The site is located on Bailey Creek approximately 5 km west of Central Heights in Nacogdoches County. The site had been identified by the land owner, who gave my father permission to excavate.

The purpose of this short article is to briefly describe the ceramic assemblage from the site. The assemblage is unique for this area of East Texas.

The excavated area from which the ceramic artifacts were recovered measured approximately 3 x 4.6 m with the long axis along the plow rows. The site …

Life On Jackson Creek, Smith County, Texas: Archeological Investigations Of A 14th Century Caddo Domicile At The Leaning Rock Site (41sm325), Mark Walters, Leslie G. Cecil, Linda S. Cummings, J. Phil Dering, Jeffery R. Ferguson, Michael D. Glascock, Timothy K. Perttula, Leeanna Schniebs, Harry J. Shafer, Jesse Todd, Chester P. Walker

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The 14th century Caddo Leaning Rock site was initially discovered in the Fall of 2004. It was located during reconnaissance to search out a location for the survey portion of the Texas Archeologica! Society's Academy IO I held in Tyler in February 2005. This was not a formal survey with transect lines. nor one using regularly spaced shovel tests. but was rather more of a "windshield"' type survey, consisting of driving across pasture lands looking at gopher mounds and checking fore, evidence of archeological deposits on likely looking landforms.

!n this area. landform and soil type seem to be the …

A Geoarcheological Survey Of The Proposed Plainview Hike And Bike Trail, Hale County, Texas, Charles D. Frederick, Jennifer L. Thompson, Karla J. Córdova

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In March of 2005, the Texas Department of Transportation issued work authorization #575-01-SA005 to the Center for Archaeological Research (CAR) at the University of Texas at San Antonio to conduct a survey of areas affected by proposed improvements to the Plainview hike and bike trail in southern Plainview, Hale County, Texas. The survey was conduced under Texas Antiquities Permit #3707 between March 31 and April 7, 2005. Steve Tomka and Raymond Mauldin served as Principal Investigators.

Trail construction included 2.0 miles of additional construction and 1.3 miles of improvements to existing trails. The Right-of-Way is 50 feet and extends from …

Archaeological Pedestrian Survey And Nrhp Eligibility Testing Of 41wb414 For The Killam Lake Wetlands Area On Chacon Creek, Webb County, Texas, Leonard Kemp

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In February of 2008, the Center for Archaeological Research (CAR) at The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA) conducted a 100 percent pedestrian survey of the Killam Lake Wetland Area located along Chacon Creek in Laredo, Webb County, Texas. Archaeological sites 41WB413 and 41WB414 were revisited as part of the archaeological investigations and eligibility testing was conducted on 41WB414. The archaeological work was completed for the City of Laredo Solid Waste Services Department, who planned to remove construction and industrial debris from the waterway, as part of a wetlands restoration project. Because the removal process has the potential to …

An Intensive Pedestrian Archaeological Survey Of The Salado Creek Greenway, Wetmore Avenue To Eisenhauer Road, San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas Phase Ii: N. E. Loop 410 To Wetmore Avenue, Antonia L. Figueroa

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Center for Archaeological Research (CAR) of The University of Texas at San Antonio conducted an intensive pedestrian archaeological survey of the Salado Creek Greenway project located in San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas to fulfill contract requirements with Adams Environmental, Inc. of San Antonio. The survey was conducted under the requirements of the City of San Antonio Unified Development Code Chapter 35, Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, and the Texas Antiquities Code. The survey was performed under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 4561, with Dr. Raymond Mauldin, CAR Assistant Director, serving as Principal Investigator and …

Report On The Archaeological Investigations Conducted Between 1992 And 1993 At The Alamo Sales Museum (41bx6) Bexar County, Texas, Steve A. Tomka, Anne A. Fox, Antonia L. Figueroa, Jennifer L. Thompson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Lone Star Archaeological Services, under the direction of Alton K. Briggs, conducted archaeological investigations in the vicinity and under the Sales Museum preceding the Sales Museum expansion project. The work was carried out between July 1991 and April 1993 under Texas Antiquities Committee permit number 1033 with Briggs serving as the Principal Investigator. Following the completion of the fieldwork, Briggs submitted several draft reports in order to fulfill permit requirements. The Texas Historical Commission rejected the draft reports and the permit lapsed into default. In 2003, the Center for Archaeological Research acquired the collection of artifacts recovered during the project …

Archaeological Services Associated With Improvements To Miraflores At Brackenridge Park,San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas, Kristi M. Ulrich

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In September and October of 2008, the Center for Archaeological Research carried out archaeological testing of Miraflores Park located on Hildebrand Ave between the San Antonio River and the AT&T parking lot. A total of 122 shovel tests were excavated within the project area on a modified 10 x 10 m grid. In addition to the shovel tests, four 50 x 50 cm units and one 50 x 100 cm test unit were excavated to gain more information of certain areas. Four hand-excavated trenches were dug within the project area in order to uncover encountered features. Testing revealed a prehistoric …

Archaeological Investigations Of The Proposed Convention Center And City Hall Project Area In Downtown Bastrop, Bastrop County, Texas, Jon J. Dowling

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In April of 2008, the Center for Archaeological Research (CAR) at The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA) carried out an intensive archaeological pedestrian survey and standing historic resources assessment of the proposed Bastrop Convention Center and City Hall project area for the City of Bastrop, Office of the City Manager. Since the proposed project will impact land owned by the City of Bastrop, a political subdivision of the State of Texas, it falls under the jurisdiction of the Antiquities Code of Texas administered by the Texas Historical Commission.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the presence …

Intensive Pedestrian Survey Of The Phase Ii Portion Of The Medina River Park Trail, Bexar County, Texas, Antonia L. Figueroa

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Center for Archaeological Research at The University of Texas at San Antonio performed an intensive pedestrian survey of the Phase II portion of the Medina River Park Trail, Bexar County, Texas in January 2008. The proposed Phase II trail corridor starts at Applewhite Road and runs approximately 3.75 miles to the vicinity of Neal Road, south of the Medina River. Eight previously recorded sites were revisited during the archaeological investigations that include 41BX545, 41BX546, 41BX533, 41BX531, 41BX537, 41BX538, 41BX833 and 41BX831. No new sites were encountered during the archaeological survey. The portions of the State Archaeological Landmark sites that …

Archaeological Reconnaissance And Survey Of The Northeast Lakeview College Campus, Live Oak, Bexar County, Texas, Kristi M. Ulrich

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Starting in October of 2008, the Center for Archaeological Research carried out a 100 percent archaeological survey of the proposed Northeast Lakeview College campus in the City of Live Oak in northeast Bexar County, Texas. A total of 102 shovel tests were excavated within the project area. Site 41BX15 was revisited to determine the condition of the site. Three new sites were identified during the course of the survey. 41BX1758 is a prehistoric site of unknown temporal affiliation consisting of debitage, burned rock and a biface. 41BX1759 is a prehistoric site of unknown temporal affiliation consisting of a retouched flake, …