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W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research

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Articles 1051 - 1080 of 1212

Full-Text Articles in Labor Economics

Program Applicants As A Comparison Group In Evaluating Training Programs: Theory And A Test, Stephen H. Bell, Larry L. Orr, John D. Blomquist, Glen George Cain Jan 1995

Program Applicants As A Comparison Group In Evaluating Training Programs: Theory And A Test, Stephen H. Bell, Larry L. Orr, John D. Blomquist, Glen George Cain

Upjohn Press

The authors begin with a thorough assessment of the many nonexperimental employment and training program evaluation techniques based on non-random comparison groups. These techniques typically use econometric methods to estimate the effects of employment and training programs by using comparison groups from non-program "external" sources. Then, recognizing the inherent drawbacks in these methods, Bell, Orr, Blomquist and Cain respond by reintroducing an evaluation method first implemented in the 1960s, the use of "internal" comparison groups consisting of nonparticipating program applicants. These groups include withdrawals, screen-outs and no-shows of the programs being evaluated in order to solve the selection bias problem. …

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Wage-Rate Subsidies For Dislocated Workers, Carl Davidson, Stephen A. Woodbury Jan 1995

Wage-Rate Subsidies For Dislocated Workers, Carl Davidson, Stephen A. Woodbury

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

An array of innovative policies has been suggested to address more effectively the needs of dislocated workers. In this paper, we model and simulate the impacts of a wage-rate subsidy (or salary supplement) program in which a dislocated worker who becomes reemployed would receive a payment equal to one-half the difference between the wage previously earned and the wage currently earned. The simulations are based on a search model that is institutionally rich and that provides estimates of the impacts of a wage subsidy by incorporating empirical results from the reemployment bonus experiments that were conducted in the mid- to …

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An Impact Analysis Of Employment Programs In Hungary, Christopher J. O'Leary Jan 1995

An Impact Analysis Of Employment Programs In Hungary, Christopher J. O'Leary

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

This paper presents estimates of the impact of retraining and public service employment (PSE) on reemployment and earnings in the Republic of Hungary during the early phase of post-Socialist economic restructuring. Since assignment to programs resulted in groups with vastly dissimilar characteristics, impact estimates were computed using a variety of methods. Controlling for observable characteristics, retraining may have slightly improved the chances for reemployment in a non-subsidized job, but the gain in reemployment was probably not sufficient to justify the cost of retraining. However, since the durability of jobs appears to be better for those who were retrained, the long …

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A Review Of Retirement Income Policy Models, Kevin Hollenbeck Jan 1995

A Review Of Retirement Income Policy Models, Kevin Hollenbeck

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

Public policymakers and program administrators often face decisions that impact the retirement incomes of individuals. An important question that these decision-makers may wish to address concerns the distributional impacts of the programmatic changes under consideration. Who (what population groups) would gain income and how much? Who would be unaffected? Who would lose and by how much? The question that this paper investigates is the extent to which computer models and associated policy analysis capability are available to provide decision makers with this kind of information. Specifically, the paper reviews a class of models that may be designated as retirement income …

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Using Performance Indicators To Improve The Effectiveness Of Welfare-To-Work Programs, Timothy J. Bartik Jan 1995

Using Performance Indicators To Improve The Effectiveness Of Welfare-To-Work Programs, Timothy J. Bartik

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

This paper argues that it is feasible to develop good indicators of the performance of a particular welfare-to-work program, office, or contractor. Performance indicators can motivate local offices, contractors, and staff to be more effective in achieving the program's goals. Performance indicators can provide information on what program strategies lead to the greatest long-run success. To be most useful, performance indicators must be simple and timely and control for factors other than the program's effectiveness that influence whether welfare recipients "succeed."

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Who Moonlights And Why? Evidence From The Sipp, Jean Kimmel, Karen Smith Conway Jan 1995

Who Moonlights And Why? Evidence From The Sipp, Jean Kimmel, Karen Smith Conway

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

Multiple job-holding is a significant characteristic of the labor market, with approximately 6 percent of all employed males reporting a second job in 1993 (Mishel and Bernstein, 1995, p. 226). Moonlighting reflects growing financial stress arising from declining earnings, as well as an increased need for flexibility to combine work and family. Approximately 40 percent of moonlighters report taking the second job due to economic hardship. Additionally, moonlighting is a reflection of the worker's choice to pursue entrepreneurial activities while maintaining the financial stability offered by the primary job. To restate in economic terminology, moonlighting arises from at least two …

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Wage-Rate Subsidies For Dislocated Workers, Carl Davidson, Stephen A. Woodbury Jan 1995

Wage-Rate Subsidies For Dislocated Workers, Carl Davidson, Stephen A. Woodbury

Book Chapters

No abstract provided.

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Subsidizing Increased Employment For The Urban Poor: What Labor Market Problems Might Justify It?, Timothy J. Bartik Nov 1994

Subsidizing Increased Employment For The Urban Poor: What Labor Market Problems Might Justify It?, Timothy J. Bartik

Conference Papers

No abstract provided.

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A Reemployment Incentives Experiment In Canada: Issues In Design, Administration And Evaluation, Christopher J. O'Leary Jul 1994

A Reemployment Incentives Experiment In Canada: Issues In Design, Administration And Evaluation, Christopher J. O'Leary

Reports

No abstract provided.

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Rural Wages And Returns To Education: Differences Between Whites, Blacks And American Indians, Jean Kimmel Jun 1994

Rural Wages And Returns To Education: Differences Between Whites, Blacks And American Indians, Jean Kimmel

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

Workers in rural areas earn lower wages than nonrural workers and previous evidence has attributed these differences to lower returns to worker characteristics. This paper builds on that data by examining racial and gender differences within the broader group of rural workers. While there is extensive evidence on both the structure of wages and the source of racial wage differentials between Whites and Blacks, there is no such evidence for those in either group living in rural areas. Nor is there much evidence in this literature for American Indians. This paper's contribution to the literature is two-fold. First, it broadens …

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Urban Labor Markets, Randall W. Eberts Jun 1994

Urban Labor Markets, Randall W. Eberts

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

Urban labor markets are characterized by the spatial proximity of households and businesses, which offers firms and workers advantages that lead to more efficient markets, enhanced productivity, and greater economic success. Nevertheless, the nation's city, while generating a large proportion of the nation's wealth, houses much of the nation's economic disadvantaged workers. This paper describes the current conditions of urban labor markets and outlines a national urban policy agenda that addresses these concerns by taking into account cities' spatial dimension. The paper argues that a national urban labor policy should emphasize the effects of physical and informational proximity on growth, …

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An Anti-Poverty Proposal For Inner-City Residents Of Kalamazoo, Timothy J. Bartik, George A. Erickcek Apr 1994

An Anti-Poverty Proposal For Inner-City Residents Of Kalamazoo, Timothy J. Bartik, George A. Erickcek

Reports

No abstract provided.

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Workplace Literacy Programs: Why The Mismatch Between Availability And Need?, Kevin Hollenbeck Apr 1994

Workplace Literacy Programs: Why The Mismatch Between Availability And Need?, Kevin Hollenbeck

Employment Research Newsletter

No abstract provided.

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Labor Adjustment Under Different Institutional Structures: A Case Study Of Germany And The United States, Susan N. Houseman, Katharine G. Abraham Apr 1994

Labor Adjustment Under Different Institutional Structures: A Case Study Of Germany And The United States, Susan N. Houseman, Katharine G. Abraham

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

Like most Western European countries, Germany stringently regulates dismissals and layoffs. Critics contend that this regulation raises the costs of employment adjustment and hence impedes employers' ability to respond to fluctuations in demand. Other German labor policies, however, most especially the availability of unemployment insurance benefits for those on short time, facilitate the adjustment of average hours per worker in lieu of layoffs. Building on earlier work, we compare the adjustment of employment, hours and inventories to demand shocks in the German and U.S. manufacturing sectors. We find that, in the short run, whereas U.S. employers rely principally on the …

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Job Security V. Labor Market Flexibility: Is There A Tradeoff?, Susan N. Houseman Apr 1994

Job Security V. Labor Market Flexibility: Is There A Tradeoff?, Susan N. Houseman

Employment Research Newsletter

No abstract provided.

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Kalamazoo County Education For Employment Outcomes Taskforce Presents Workplace Know-How Skills For Kalamazoo And St. Joseph Counties, Kevin Hollenbeck Mar 1994

Kalamazoo County Education For Employment Outcomes Taskforce Presents Workplace Know-How Skills For Kalamazoo And St. Joseph Counties, Kevin Hollenbeck

Reports

No abstract provided.

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Identification Of Workplace Know-How Skills Expected By Employers In The Local Labor Market, Kevin Hollenbeck Feb 1994

Identification Of Workplace Know-How Skills Expected By Employers In The Local Labor Market, Kevin Hollenbeck

Presentations

No abstract provided.

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Report And Recommendations: Transmitted To The President And Congress, U.S. Advisory Council On Unemployment Compensation Feb 1994

Report And Recommendations: Transmitted To The President And Congress, U.S. Advisory Council On Unemployment Compensation

External Papers and Reports

No abstract provided.

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Human Capital And Economic Development, Sisay Asefa Editor, Wei-Chiao Huang Editor Jan 1994

Human Capital And Economic Development, Sisay Asefa Editor, Wei-Chiao Huang Editor

Upjohn Press

Six essays are presented that explore human capital and its relationship to issues such as demographics, population growth, families, workplace training and economic progress.

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Evaluating Pooled Evidence From The Reemployment Bonus Experiments, Paul T. Decker, Christopher J. O'Leary Jan 1994

Evaluating Pooled Evidence From The Reemployment Bonus Experiments, Paul T. Decker, Christopher J. O'Leary

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

Social experiments conducted in Pennsylvania and Washington tested the effect of offering Unemployment Insurance (UI) claimants a cash bonus for rapid reemployment. This paper combines data from the two experiments and uses a consistent framework to evaluate the experiments and determine with greater certainty the extent to which a reemployment bonus can affect economic outcomes. Bonus offers in each of the experiments generated statistically significant but relatively modest reductions in UI receipt. Since the estimated impacts on UI receipt were modest, the reemployment bonuses did not generate the UI savings necessary to pay for administering and paying the bonuses. Hence, …

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A System For Evaluating Employment Programs In Hungary, Christopher J. O'Leary Jan 1994

A System For Evaluating Employment Programs In Hungary, Christopher J. O'Leary

Upjohn Institute Technical Reports

No abstract provided.

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Earnings Inequality In Germany, Katharine G. Abraham, Susan N. Houseman Nov 1993

Earnings Inequality In Germany, Katharine G. Abraham, Susan N. Houseman

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

Recent studies have documented the growth of earnings inequality in the United States during the 1980s. In contrast to these studies' findings, our analysis of micro data for the former West Germany yields virtually no evidence of growth in earnings inequality over the same period. Between 1978 and 1988, a reduction in the dispersion of earnings among workers in the bottom half of the earnings distribution led to a narrowing of the overall dispersion of earnings in Germany. Earnings differentials across education and age groups remained roughly stable, and there was no general widening of earnings differentials within either education …

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Report On A Survey Of Unemployment And Active Labour Market Programmes In Hungary, Martin Godfrey, György LáZáR, Christopher J. O'Leary Oct 1993

Report On A Survey Of Unemployment And Active Labour Market Programmes In Hungary, Martin Godfrey, György LáZáR, Christopher J. O'Leary

Conference Papers

No abstract provided.

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Suggested Revisions To The Polish Employment Law, Christopher J. O'Leary Oct 1993

Suggested Revisions To The Polish Employment Law, Christopher J. O'Leary

Reports

No abstract provided.

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Culture, Human Capital, And The Earnings Of West Indian Blacks, Stephen A. Woodbury Sep 1993

Culture, Human Capital, And The Earnings Of West Indian Blacks, Stephen A. Woodbury

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

This paper offers an empirical analysis of West Indians' performance in the U.S. labor market, drawing adjusted comparisons between the earnings of native-born black American men of West Indian ancestry and the earnings of other native-born men, both black and white. The data required for these comparisons come from the 1980 Census of Population, in which native-born respondents reported their ancestry. The results offer a mixed picture of the success of West Indians, suggesting that native-born blacks of West Indian ancestry do have somewhat higher earnings than other native-born blacks, other things equal. Nevertheless, there is still a large earnings …

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The Effects Of Local Labor Demand On Individual Labor Market Outcomes For Different Demographic Groups And The Poor, Timothy J. Bartik Sep 1993

The Effects Of Local Labor Demand On Individual Labor Market Outcomes For Different Demographic Groups And The Poor, Timothy J. Bartik

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

The contribution of this paper is to use panel data on individuals (specifically, data from the Panel Survey on Income Dynamics) to examine how local demand conditions affect the economic well-being of disadvantaged groups and the poor. Previous research on local labor demand conditions uses data from a single cross-section of local economies, or a time-series of cross-sections of regions. With such data, estimated effects of local labor demand conditions on average labor market outcomes might be attributable to changes in local population composition, as we would expect local demand conditions to change in- and out-migration patterns. Because panel data …

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Reemployment Incentives For Unemployment Insurance Beneficiaries: Results From The Washington Reemployment Bonus Experiment, Christopher J. O'Leary, Robert G. Spiegelman, Kenneth J. Kline Aug 1993

Reemployment Incentives For Unemployment Insurance Beneficiaries: Results From The Washington Reemployment Bonus Experiment, Christopher J. O'Leary, Robert G. Spiegelman, Kenneth J. Kline

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

Unemployment insurance is intended to reduce hardship by providing labor force members with partial wage replacement during periods of involuntary unemployment. However, in performing this income maintenance function, unemployment insurance may prolong spells of unemployment. Evidence from a field experiment conducted in Illinois in 1984 suggested that offering unemployment insurance claimants a modest cash bonus for rapid reemployment would increase the speed of return to work and reduce program costs. In 1988 a similar experiment, examining several different bonus offers, was conducted in Washington State. Evidence from the Washington experiment indicates that bonus offers do change job seeking behavior, but …

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The Economic Payoffs To Workplace Literacy, Kevin Hollenbeck Aug 1993

The Economic Payoffs To Workplace Literacy, Kevin Hollenbeck

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

This paper focuses on one of the potential benefits to improving the Nation's literacy the economic payoffs. A more literate workforce provides economic benefits to the members of the workforce themselves, to employers, and to society. Workers who improve their basic skills through participation in workplace literacy programs should be more productive and hence earn higher wages and have greater job security. Employers with more productive workers will be more competitive in their industries and will be more profitable. Society gains by having a more productive and stable economy, by having more individuals employed with higher earnings and thus paying …

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A Net Impact Analysis Of Adult, Job-Specific Training Programs Funded By The Ohio Department Of Education, Kevin Hollenbeck, William Anderson Jul 1993

A Net Impact Analysis Of Adult, Job-Specific Training Programs Funded By The Ohio Department Of Education, Kevin Hollenbeck, William Anderson

Upjohn Institute Technical Reports

No abstract provided.

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Innovation In Planning Hungarian Labor Market Programs, Christopher J. O'Leary Jun 1993

Innovation In Planning Hungarian Labor Market Programs, Christopher J. O'Leary

Conference Papers

This paper summarizes the important features of the Hungarian ALPs (active labor market programs) and reports on the system to assess the effectiveness of ALPs which is now being implemented in Hungary. The system being introduced in Hungary is an example of "entrepreneurial government" in the sense of Osborne and Gaebler (1992). The paper lists performance indicators (PI) used for each program, and explains how they are used with administrative and follow-up data. The system of PI is designed to monitor performance while allowing decentralized decision making and avoiding adverse incentives. The system is designed to promote superior performance through …

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